Type 1 diabetes

Type 1 diabetes accounts for only about 5-10% of all cases of diabetes; however, its incidence continues to increase worldwide and it has serious short-term and long-term implications. The disorder has a strong genetic component, inherited mainly through the HLA complex, but the factors that trigger onset of clinical disease remain largely unknown. Management of type 1 diabetes is best undertaken in the context of a multidisciplinary health team and requires continuing attention to many aspects, including insulin administration, blood glucose monitoring, meal planning, and screening for comorbid conditions and diabetes-related complications. These complications consist of microvascular and macrovascular disease, which account for the major morbidity and mortality associated with type 1 diabetes. Newer treatment approaches have facilitated improved outcomes in terms of both glycaemic control and reduced risks for development of complications. Nonetheless, major challenges remain in the development of approaches to the prevention and management of type 1 diabetes and its complications.     

血管紧张素Ⅱ1型和2型受体

肾素 血管紧张素系统 (RAS)在维持人体心脏血管和神经内分泌体液平衡中起十分重要的作用 ,血管紧张素Ⅱ (AngⅡ )是该系统的主要活性肽 ,作用于血管紧张素Ⅱ受体 ,产生相应的生物学效应。过去认为AngⅡ在体内是由血管紧张素I(AngⅠ )在血管紧张素转化酶 (ACE)作用下生成的含有 8个氨基酸的多肽 ,现在认为AngⅡ产生除ACE经典途径外还有组织蛋白酶G、胃促胰酶、激肽释放酶、胰蛋白酶等非经典途径 ,血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂 (ACEI)可抑制ACE途径 ,但不抑制其它途径产生的AngⅡ ,所以不能完全阻断AngⅡ的产生。AngⅡ受体拮抗剂是在受…     

Vesicular autoantigens of Type 1 diabetes

Type 1 diabetes, also referred to as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), is an autoimmune disorder resulting from the destruction of pancreatic β-cells and insulin deficiency. In the last 10 years significant progress has been made in this field, primarily because of the identification of predisposing genes, the extensive investigation of animal models, and the characterization of major autoantigens. This review draws attention to how the study of β-cell autoantigens may contribute insight into the pathogenesis of IDDM and provides an update on the cell biology of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) and islet cell autoantigen 512, two major targets of autoimmunity in Type 1 diabetes on which I have focused my efforts. For reasons of space I have mostly considered here studies on GAD which have been published since 1994. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Type 1 diabetes in Japan

Type 1 diabetes is a multifactorial disease which results from a T-cell-mediated autoimmune destruction of the pancreatic beta cells in genetically predisposed individuals. The risk for individuals of developing type 1 diabetes varies remarkably according to country of residence and race. Japan has one of the lowest incidence rates of type 1 diabetes in the world, and recognises at least three subtypes of the condition: acute-onset (‘classical’), slow-onset, and fulminant type 1 diabetes. The incidence rate of type 1 diabetes in children aged 0–14 years in Japan increased over the period from 1973–1992, but remained constant over the last decade, averaging 2.37 cases per 100,000 persons per year; the incidence does not appear to have increased in older age groups. Although there are few reports regarding the incidence and prevalence of type 1 diabetes in adult-onset patients, it appears that the prevalence of type 1 diabetes in adults is more than twice that in childhood-onset patients and that two-thirds of them have a slow-onset form of type 1 diabetes. Differences and similarities in the association of MHC and non-MHC genes with type 1 diabetes are observed in Japan and in countries with Caucasoid populations. Highly susceptible class II HLA haplotypes identified in patients of Caucasoid origin are rarely seen in Japanese patients, whereas protective haplotypes are universal. Non-MHC genes associated with susceptibility to type 1 diabetes in both Japanese and Caucasoid patients include polymorphisms in the insulin gene, the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4) gene, the interleukin-18 (IL18) gene and the major histocompatibility complex class I chain-related gene A (MICA) gene. Fulminant type 1 diabetes is a unique subtype of type 1 diabetes that accounts for about 20% of acute-onset type 1 diabetes, and is seen mainly in adults. The challenge for the future is to investigate the underlying pathogenesis of beta cell destruction, including the genetic or environmental factors that may modify the form of onset for each subtype of Japanese type 1 diabetes.     

Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1

Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders -