加强压疮预防管理的对策

目的:提高压疮的防治率,最大限度降低压疮的发生率。方法:制定压疮管理措施,应用《褥疮危险因素评估量表》,实施压疮登记预报制度。结果:提高了预防压疮的护理能力和意识,降低了压疮的发生率。结论:预见性地进行有效的健康教育,加强过程管理,保证护理措施的落实,是防治压疮的关键和有效手段。     

Incidence,characteristics and risk factors of medical device-related pressure injuries: An observational cohort study

ObjectivesThis study aimed to investigate the cumulative incidence, characteristics, and risk factors of medical device-related pressure injuries (MDRPIs), including patient outcomes, in the intensive care unit (ICU) of a university hospital.Research methodology/designA prospective observational cohort study.SettingThe study was conducted in an university hospital between November 2019 and October 2020.MethodsThe study included patients over the age of 18 years who had a device in situ and stayed in the ICU for more than 24 h. Each device was monitored twice a day for 15 days; the clinical assessment was performed daily until ICU discharge or death. The Case Report Form, MDRPI Monitoring Form, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE-II), Braden Scale, National Pressure Injury Advisory Panel (NPIAP) staging and categories, and Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) were used for data collection. Patients with and without MDRPIs were compared for demographic and clinical characteristics, length of ICU stay, and mortality by using t-test and Chi-square test. Cumulative incidence was calculated. Logistic regression model was used to investigate risk factors.ResultsThe incidence rate of MDRPIs was 48.8% (84/172 patients). Most of the MDRPIs developed in the mucosa; hence, they could not be staged (63.7%). Of the remaining MDRPIs on the skin, 18.7%, 13%, and 4.6% were categorized as Stage I, II, and III, respectively. In terms of anatomical locations, most commonly occurred in the head and neck region (62.3%). Among the twelve medical devices that caused MDRPIs, endotracheal tubes (61 cases), urinary catheters (46 cases), nasogastric tubes (30 cases) and non-invasive masks (17 cases) were most commonly reported. In multivariate analysis, age (46–64 years) (p = 0.008, OR = 12.457), history of cardiovascular diseases (p = 0.021, OR = 0.044), administration of vasopressors (p = 0.013, OR = 0.089), length of ICU stay (≥22 days, p = 0.048, OR = 0.055) and requirement for mechanical ventilation (p = 0.028, OR = 10.252) were identified as independent risk factors of the occurrence of MDRPI.ConclusionsThis study provides a comprehensive understanding of the risk of MDRPI in critically ill adults. The incidence of MDRPIs was high and was associated with several factors. It is critical that MDRPIs are taken seriously by all members of the healthcare team, especially nurses, and that protocols should be established for improvements.     

营养风险对老年住院患者压疮发生的影响

目的 探讨营养风险对老年住院患者压疮发生的影响,为制订针对性营养支持方案提供依据.方法 应用营养风险筛查表(nutritional risk screening 2002,NRS-2002)及相关营养指标对150例神经内科老年住院患者进行营养风险筛查与评估,分析营养风险对老年人压疮发生的影响.结果 有营养风险者86例,压疮发生率为16.67％.无营养风险者64例,压疮发生率为42.67％.营养指标显示血红蛋白(HGB)、血清白蛋白(ALB)、前清白蛋白(PAB)、总淋巴细胞计数(TLC)在有营养风险组较营养正常组有差异.Logistic回归分析有营养风险老年患者压疮的发生率是营养正常者的6.99倍.结论 对老年住院患者进行营养风险筛查,采取积极、合理的营养支持计划与护理干预,可有效降低老年住院患者压疮的发生.     

An exploration of the occurrence of pressure ulcers in a British spinal injuries unit

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is associated with increased risk of pressure ulcers, but there are few published data about this in the United Kingdom (UK). This article represents a quantitative exploration of the occurrence of pressure ulcers in a UK spinal injuries unit (SIU). The technique used is a retrospective review of records: details of 144 completed first admissions for SCI between 1998 and 2000 were entered on to a database (SPSS) for analysis. Thirty-two per cent of patients already had pressure ulcers on admission to the SIU, while a total of 56% experienced an ulcer at some stage between injury and discharge from the SIU. Four pressure ulcer risk assessment scales were used (Waterlow, Braden, Norton and SCIPUS-A). These appeared to have moderate predictive power in this population. Pressure ulcers were found to be associated with increased length of hospital stay, density of lesion, surgical stabilization of neck injury before transfer to the SIU, tracheostomy on admission to the SIU and delayed transfer to the SIU after injury. Implications for practice are discussed.     

Validation of pressure ulcer risk assessment scales: a critique

AIM: The aim of this paper is to present critical analysis of the validation methods of pressure ulcer risk assessment scales. BACKGROUND: The validation of pressure ulcer risk assessment scales remains a topic of considerable debate and uncertainty. The Braden scale and Norton scale are the most frequently used. Sensitivity and specificity are the recommended and most commonly used epidemiological tools to evaluate the validity of those risk assessment scales. DISCUSSION: The use of preventive measures influences both the sensitivity and specificity of the scales. Analysis of published studies on risk assessment scales reveals that, although some patients received preventive measures and others did not, this was not taken into account. Consequently, generalization of those results is not possible. Some possible alternative designs for studying the validity of risk assessment scales are discussed. CONCLUSIONS: Currently available risk assessment scales are of only limited value, and there use will result in many patients being falsely identified as at risk or not at risk. Sensitivity and specificity criteria are not the most appropriate tools to validate risk assessment scales. A risk assessment scale should be evaluated in combination with the preventive measures used.     

住院患者急性肾损伤发病情况及危险因素分析

目的 分析住院患者中急性肾损伤(AKI)的流行病学特点及AKI发生的危险因素,为临床更好地认识和预防AKI、改善预后提供依据.方法 应用医院实验室网络系统筛选2008年1月至12月上海市一家三级综合性医院所有住院患者;以急性肾损伤网(AKIN)推荐的AKI定义选择病史完整的AKI患者组成研究队列,回顾性分析AKI住院患者的发生率、病因及分布特点;Logistic回归分析影响AKI严重程度的危险因素.结果 符合入选标准的住院AKI患者共934例、发生AKI1001例次,住院患者的AKI发生率为2.4%(934/38734).患者男女比例为1.88∶1,年龄(60.82±16.94)岁,AKI发生率随年龄升高逐渐增高,其中内科331例(占35.4%),外科592例(占63.4%),妇产科11例(占1.2%).肾前性、肾性和肾后性AKI分别占52.0%、44.7%和3.3%.急性肾小管坏死(ATN,占37.5%)、绝对血容量不足(占33.6%)和相对血容量减少(占13.4%)是住院患者发生AKI最常见的原因.多因素Logistic逐步回归分析显示:合并慢性肾脏病(CKD)史[相对比值比(DR)=2.085,95%可信区间(95%CI)1.536～2.830,P<0.01]、使用肾损伤药物(DR=1.438,95%CI 1.087～1.901,P<0.05)及合并肾外器官衰竭(OR=1.327,95%CI 1.014～1.737,P<0.05)是早期AKI发展成中重度AKI的独立危险因素.结论 AKI是住院患者常见的临床综合征,发生率随年龄升高逐渐增加;肾前性AKI和ATN是住院AKI最常见的原因;合并CKD、肾损伤药物应用和肾外器官衰竭是发展成中重度AKI的独立危险因素.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the epidemiology and the risk factors of acute kidney injury (AKI)in hospitalized patients in order to help clinicians better understand and prevent AKI.Methods All patients hospitalized in Renji Hospital of Shanghai Jiao Tong University,which is a three-level General Hospital in Shanghai,during January to December of 2008 were screened by Lab Administration Network.Study group was comprised of the patients with full clinical data of AKI,as defined by Acute Kidney Injury Network(AKIN).The incidence,etiology and distribution characteristics of hospitalized patients with AKI were retrospectively analyzed.Logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the risk factors in severity of AKI.Results Nine hundred and thirty-four patients suffering from AKI for 1001 episodes were enrolled.The incidence of AKI in hospitalized patients was 2.4%(934/38734).The ratio of male to female was Three hundred and thirty-one(35.4%)patients with AKI were found in medical department,592(63.4%)patients in surgical department and 11(1.2%)patients in department of gynecologic and obstetrics.Analysis of the causes of AKI showed that pre-AKI accounted for 52.0%,followed by renal parenchyma AKI (44.7%)and postrenal AKI(3.3%).The most common reason for AKI was acute tubular necrosis(ATN,37.5%),followed by absolute(33.6%)and relative inadequacy of blood volume(13.4%).Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that chronic kidney disease(CKD)[odds ratio(OR)=2.085,95%confidence interval(95%CI): 1.536-2.830,P<0.01),renal injurious drugs(OR=1.438,95%CI:1.087-1.901,P<0.05),and failure of organs other than kidney(OR=1.327,95%CI: 1.014-1.737,P<0.05)were independent risk factors for stage Ⅰ-Ⅲ AKI.Conclusion AKI is one of the most common clinical syndromes in hospitalized patients.With the increase of age,the incidence increases gradually.The most common reasons for hospitalized AKI are pre-AKI and ATN.CKD,renal injurious drugs and failure of other organs are independent risk factors of medium to serious AKI.     

Health literacy in pressure injury: Findings from a mixed‐methods study of community‐based patients and carers

The present study, drawn from a larger mixed‐methods case study, provides insights into the health literacy of community‐based patients with pressure injuries, and their carers, and critically analyzes the patient information resources available; crucial because health literacy is associated with patient care and outcomes for patients. Two datasets were used to better understand patient literacy in relation to pressure injury: (i) narratives from patients and carers; and (ii) analysis of patient education resources. Narratives were subject to content analysis and patient education resources available to the patients were analyzed drawing on the Simplified Measure of Gobbledygook, the National Health Service Toolkit for Producing Patient Resources, and compared to an internationally‐advocated pressure injury leaflet. The study findings indicated that despite leaflets broadly meeting required production and content guidelines, patients appeared to poorly engage with these materials and demonstrated limited health literacy in relation to pressure injury. Although improvements in leaflet production and readability might be advantageous, emphasis should remain on quality patient–health‐care professional relationships to enable tailored patient education that can enhance awareness and engagement with treatment and prevention interventions.     

玉疮风险评估工具与预防进展

本文对国内外主要的压疮风险评估量表和压疮预防研究现状进行分析,结果发现：压疮风险评估量表中Braden量表具有较好的预测价值,但须进一步研究和明确不同量表的适用人群;应根据风险程度采取有效的预防措施,减轻局部压力、剪切力和摩擦力,增强皮肤耐受性,加强健康教育,从而减少压疮的发生。     

Patient participation in pressure injury prevention: giving patient's a voice

Pressure injuries burden patients and healthcare organisations, with some preventative practices having little impact on prevalence reduction. Patient participation in care may be an effective pressure injury prevention strategy, yet patient preferences are unknown. The aim of this interpretive study was to describe patients' perceptions of their current and future role in pressure injury prevention. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 20 adult inpatients recruited from four medical units, at two Australian metropolitan hospitals. Interview data were analysed using content analysis, with three categories emerging: ‘experiencing pressure injuries’; ‘participating in pressure injury prevention’; and ‘resourcing pressure injury prevention and treatment’. These categories reflect the complex nature of participants’ pressure injury experience. The findings suggest participants gather pressure injury knowledge from first‐hand and vicarious experience; knowledge they bring to hospital. Most participants preferred a proactive pressure injury prevention role. Many identified barriers in the healthcare environment that impeded their participation and affected their experience of pressure injuries and pressure injury prevention. If patient participation as a pressure injury prevention strategy is to be considered, nurses and organisations need to view patients as partners.