1406例孕妇孕中期羊水细胞培养及染色体核型分析

目的通过对具有产前诊断指征的妊娠中期孕妇进行羊水细胞培养及染色体核型分析,探讨胎儿染色体异常特点,为产前诊断提供客观的实验依据。方法对2010年1月—2011年12月于我院就诊的1406例具有产前诊断指征的孕妇,在B超引导下行羊膜腔穿刺术,抽取羊水20 ml,进行羊水细胞培养,染色体制备及胎儿染色体核型分析。结果在1406例孕妇的羊水染色体检查结果中,共检出异常核型94例,包括染色体数目异常33例,结构异常61例,胎儿染色体异常率为6.69%,其中21-三体15例,18-三体7例,特纳综合征5例、47,XXX,2例,平衡易位6例、倒位27例、嵌合体6例,其他染色体结构异常26例。结论进行羊水细胞培养染色体核型分析在产前诊断中具有重要的作用,能有效地降低染色体病患儿的出生率。     

Non-mosaic trisomy 20 of paternal origin in chorionic villus and amniotic fluid also detected in fetal blood and other tissues

Trisomy 20 mosaicism is a common abnormality found in prenatal diagnosis. Its clinical significance remains unclear since approximately 90–93% of cases result in normal phenotype. Only 5 cases of non-mosaic trisomy 20 in amniotic fluid culture surviving beyond the first trimester have been reported. Moreover, trisomic cells are generally not detectable in blood and have only been reported in three cases. We present a case of non-mosaic trisomy 20 found in chorionic villi sample and amniotic fluid culture in a fetus with minor abnormalities not detected by ultrasound examination. Pathological examination of the fetus only revealed right pulmonary isomerism and camptodactily, and no major malformations were disclosed. Trisomic lineage was also detected in fetal blood, kidney, skin and brain tissue cultures. Molecular analysis revealed that the extra chromosome 20 was originated in paternal meiosis. To our knowledge, we report the first prenatal case of non-mosaic trisomy 20 of paternal origin that has been confirmed in several fetal tissues, including blood, in a fetus with minor malformations not detected prenatally.     

Histochemical survey of the distribution of the epidermal melanoblasts and melanocytes in the mouse during fetal and postnatal periods

In order to clarify the time of onset of the differentiation of epidermal melanoblasts and melanocytes in C57BL/10J mice, pieces of skin were excised on various days after gestation and subjected to the dopa reaction and to the combined dopa-premelanin reaction. Cells positive to the combined dopa-premelanin reaction (melanoblast-melanocyte population) were first identified on prenatal day 14 in the dorsal and ventral skin, and increased in number until day 17. The population remained constant (about 140 cells/0.1 mm² for the dorsal skin and about 65 cells/0.1 mm² for the ventral skin) until postnatal day 4, and then decreased. However, cells positive to the dopa reaction (melanocyte population) were first indentified on prenatal day 16 in the dorsal and ventral skin, and increased until postnatal day 4 (about 95 cells/0.1 mm² for the dorsal skin and about 25 cell/0.1 mm² for the ventral skin), then gradually decreased and disappeared by day 30. These results indicate that mouse epidermal melanoblasts begin to differentiate on prenatal day 14, and 2 days later tyrosinase activity is induced within the cells.     

羊水细胞学检查在产前诊断中的应用

目的：分析产前诊断的高危孕妇羊水细胞染色体核型,了解孕中期异常核型出现的频率,类型及与各种产前诊断指征之间的关系。方法：130例有产前论断孕妇（2例为双胎妊娠）在妊娠17－27周时行羊膜腔穿刺术,抽羊水行羊水细胞培养查染色体核型。结果：羊水细胞培养成功并进行核型分析的为126例,成功率为95．4％;妊17－20周与妊20－27周的羊水培养成功率未见显著差异,分别95．9％（71／74）,94．8％（55／58）,P＞0．05;发现异常核型10例,异常检出率为7．8％（10／126）;三体为主要的染色体异常,占异常核型的40％（4／10）,其中21三体占30％（3／10）,性染色体数目异常及平衡易位各1例,4例INV9;畸胎为指征的异常核型检出率高达33．3％（2／6）;发现1例单卵双胎妊娠两胎均为21三体儿;高龄为指征占成功产前诊断的46．3％（60／126）,检出异常核型3例,检出率5％（3／60）。结论：在有产前诊断指征的孕妇中,胎儿染色体异常核型的发生率为7．8％,三本仍是妊娠中期主要的异常核型,结合B超筛查及定位的羊膜腔穿刺术在产前诊断仍占有不可代替的重要作用。     

连云港地区1234例羊水细胞染色体核型分析

目的分析连云港地区1234例孕中期羊水细胞染色体核型结果,探讨染色体异常核型在各产前诊断指征下发生的频率、类型及其之间的关系。方法根据产前诊断的不同指征,将染色体核型结果分组,分析染色体异常核型的检出率及分布。结果 1234例羊水细胞染色体核型中,母血清学产前筛查高风险900例（3.11%）;高龄（≥35岁）235例（2.13%）;超声提示胎儿异常62例（11.29%）;不良孕史24例（4.17%）;无创产前DNA检测提示异常7例（85.71%）,共检出异常核型48例（3.89%）。异常核型中染色体易位6例,5例遗传自亲代,1例为新发突变;染色体倒位6例,均遗传自亲代;性染色体异常7例,21三体15例,18三体4例,13三体1例,三倍体1例。结论羊水细胞染色体核型分析是临床产前诊断的经典方法之一。超声检查提示异常以及高龄孕妇应注意胎儿染色体异常的可能性。对于无创产前DNA检测的结果要进行羊水细胞染色体核型分析的验证。     

A case of first trimester chromosomal mosaicism confined to the cultivation of the gestational products

The advantages of the emergence and development of chorionic villi sampling (CVS) for early prenatal diagnosis are evident, but there are a host of new diagnostic problems caused by the use of extraembryonic tissues. We report a case in which 45X/46XY mosaicism was diagnosed by cultivation of chorionic villi and fetal cells. Direct chromosomal preparations of chorionic villi failed to diagnose the abnormality.     

1075例产前诊断中32例染色体异常胎儿预后分析

目的探讨胎儿染色体异常与产前诊断的高危因素的关系及胎儿预后。方法回顾性分析2004年10月至2009年8月间在我院因各种原因行羊膜腔穿刺或脐带血穿刺产前诊断的胎儿染色体核型。结果总共1075例产前诊断中共发现胎儿染色体异常32人,染色体异常检出率2.97%。其中检出45,XY,t(21.14)1例,双胎均为46,XX,22Pstk+1例,47,XY,+(?),1例,46,XX,t(8;16)1例,46,XY,t(1;18)1例,46,XY,t(2;14)1例,46,XX,t(11;12)1例,产前诊断指征均为夫妻双方之一染色体平衡异位。46,XY,inv(Y)1例,产前诊断指征为生育过唐氏综合征。46,XY,inv(9)10例,产前诊断指征为羊水少,单脐动脉1人,孕期使用胚胎毒性药物使用史1人,唐氏征筛查高危4人,高龄2人,地中海贫血1人。47,XXY1例,产前诊断指征为胎儿双肾盂分离。唐氏综合征6例,产前诊断指征为唐氏征高危2人,高龄3人,NT值高1人。47,XYY2例,产前诊断指征为唐氏征高危1人,高龄1人。47,XXY/46,XX1例,产前诊断指征为唐氏征高危。18-三体3例,产前诊断指征为高龄1人,NT值高1人,18,13-三体高危1人。结论夫妻双方之一染色体平衡异位胎儿染色体核型异常类型多样。唐氏综合征及18-三体胎儿常见于高龄,血清学筛查高危,NT值升高孕妇。孕11-14周B超测NT值及孕中期血清学唐氏综合征筛查可以提高产前诊断的效率,减少出生缺陷。     

Pregnancy outcome and prenatal diagnosis of sex chromosome abnormalities in Hawaii, 1986-1999

Sex chromosome abnormalities such as Turner syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, triple X syndrome, and 47,XYY can be prenatally diagnosed and electively terminated. This investigation examined the pattern of pregnancy outcome of prenatally and postnatally diagnosed sex chromosome abnormalities in Hawaii during 1986-1999 and calculated prenatal diagnosis and subsequent elective termination rates for various factors. Data were obtained from a statewide population-based birth defects registry. The study included 205 detected sex chromosome abnormality cases of which 93 (45%) were live births, 18 (9%) late fetal deaths, 37 (18%) early fetal deaths, and 57 (28%) elective terminations. Pregnancy outcome distribution varied by type of sex chromosome abnormality. Prenatal diagnosis was reported for 132 (64%) of the cases, of which 46 (35%) were subsequently electively terminated. Eleven cases were elective terminations where the sex chromosome abnormality was diagnosed after delivery. Elective termination rates subsequent to prenatal diagnosis differed by sex chromosome abnormality, being highest for 45,X (54%), followed by 47,XXY (46%), 47,XYY (29%), and 47,XXX (17%). Although prenatal diagnosis rates increased significantly over the time period (P = 0.006), the subsequent elective termination rate declined slightly, albeit the trend was not statistically significant (P = 0.440). The prenatal diagnosis rate was highest for the 35-39-year maternal age group, although this age group did not have subsequent elective termination rates higher than other maternal age groups. Pregnancy outcome distribution and prenatal diagnosis and subsequent elective termination of sex chromosome abnormalities appeared to depend on the type of sex chromosome abnormality, year of delivery, and maternal age.     

新疆地区羊水染色体检查在产前诊断中应用价值

目的探讨羊水细胞染色体分析在产前诊断中的应用价值。方法无菌条件下,取羊水细胞培养,常规收获,G显带,镜下核型分析。结果符合产前诊断指征320例妊娠中期羊水细胞培养成功315例,成功率为98.4%,共检出异常核型13例,检出率为4.06%,其中三体综合征4例,占30.7%;性染色体异常2例,占15%,平衡易位4例,占30.7%;性染色体三体1例,部分三体1例,部分单体1例;染色体多态性18例,占5.6%。结论对具有产前诊断指征的孕妇行羊膜腔穿刺术,进行羊水细胞培养及染色体分析十分必要,羊水细胞染色体检查是目前安全、有效、可靠诊断胎儿染色体的方法。     

Mosaic partial trisomy 17q2.

Examination of an infant born after prenatal diagnosis of mosaic partial trisomy 17q2 showed the unique phenotypic features of this chromosomal abnormality, that is, frontal bossing, large mouth, brachyrhizomelia, and hexadactyly. Amniocentesis was performed because of polyhydramnios and ultrasound diagnosis of fetal craniofacial dysmorphology and rhizomelic shortening of the limbs. Chromosomal mosaicism was restricted to fetal tissue and amniotic fluid cells. The placental chromosomal complement was normal, suggesting that the abnormality developed after differentiation of embryonic and trophoblastic cells. This emphasises the usefulness of cytogenetic evaluation of placental, fetal, and amniotic fluid cells in delineating the pathogenesis of congenital abnormalities.     

Prenatal diagnosis and fetal pathology of aspartylglucosaminuria

The prenatal diagnosis of aspartylglucosaminuria (AGU), a lysosomal storage disorder of glycoprotein degradation, was made by demonstrating the deficiency of N-aspartylglucosaminidase on cultured cells from a midterm amniotic fluid sample. Four other amniotic fluid studies from at-risk pregnancies gave a normal or a heterozygote level of enzyme activity. These pregnancies have gone to term and the delivery of healthy babies. The pregnancy with the affected fetus was terminated and the prenatal diagnosis was verified by enzyme assays on cord blood lymphocytes, cultured cells from skin biopsy, and from placental villi. Electron microscopic evidence of lysosomal storage was seen in several organs of the fetus with the notable exception of the central nervous system. The undifferentiated mesenchymal fibroblasts particularly were heavily loaded with cytoplasmic inclusions in skin, liver, kidney, and placenta.     

孕妇产前诊断指征与胎儿染色体异常的关系

目的探讨产前诊断指征和产前诊断胎儿染色体异常间的关系。方法选择2018年6月至2018年12月于贵港市人民医院就诊的孕妇100例,收集所有孕妇产前诊断指征的资料,同时收集羊膜腔穿刺术检测胎儿染色体核型分析的结果。结果胎儿染色体异常共9例,总异常率占9.00%,其中无创基因检测异常组的胎儿染色体异常检出率为60.00%,明显高于高龄组的3.03%、唐氏筛查高危组的5.26%及胎儿超声异常组的7.69%,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);夫妇染色体异常组的胎儿染色体异常检出率为50.00%,明显高于高龄组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);高龄组、唐氏筛查高危组、胎儿超声异常组间异常检出率无明显差异(P>0.05)。结论产前诊断指征与胎儿染色体异常密切相关,羊膜腔穿刺行染色体核型分析,能够有效检出胎儿染色体异常,对于有产前诊断指征的孕妇应尽早接受产前诊断,以降低新生儿出生缺陷的发生率。     

细菌人工染色体标记-微球鉴别/分离法对1239份羊水的快速产前诊断

目的探讨细菌人工染色体标记-微球鉴别/分离法(bacterial artificial chromosomes-on-beads,BoBs)联合染色体核型分析在产前诊断中的应用价值。方法1239例有产前诊断指征的孕妇羊水细胞行染色体核型分析和BoBs检测,检测结果进行比较分析。结果1239例羊水中共发现胎儿染色体异常30例,检出率为2.42%,其中染色体核型分析检出25例,BoBs检出25例。30例异常核型中,染色体非整倍体17例,BoBs检测结果与染色体核型分析结果吻合;染色体微缺失/微重复综合征8例,染色体核型分析检出3例;染色体结构异常5例,BoBs检测未见异常。结论BoBs技术联合染色体核型分析可快速检测胎儿染色体异常及常见微缺失/微重复综合征,大大提高了产前诊断的效率及准确性。     

Prenatal diagnosis of neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinoses

We report on the successful prenatal diagnosis of the late infantile "Jansky-Bielschowsky" variant of the neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinoses (NCL). The fetus was studied at 16 weeks of gestation because of an affected sib. Uncultured amniotic fluid cells were studied by conventional electron microscopic techniques. About one-third of a subpopulation of dark, elongated cells contained one or more deposits of curvilinear cytosomes bound by a single unit membrane. These findings were considered typical of the late infantile variant of NCL. After delivery at term, a skin punch biopsy and a buffy coat preparation from the baby were examined and found to have similar characteristic inclusions, which confirmed our prenatal diagnosis.     

早孕期绒毛活检在产前诊断中的应用价值探讨

目的探讨早孕期经腹绒毛活检在产前诊断中的应用价值及其安全性。方法 150例孕63-98天的孕妇经腹抽取绒毛组织,剪碎后部分原位培养进行染色体核型分析;部分直接低渗制片进行荧光原位杂交（FISH）分析。结果150例患者中,培养及核型分析成功148例,成功率98.7%。FISH分析成功149例,成功率99.3%。共发现异常核型20例,包括染色体结构异常2例,常染色体三体6例,性染色体异常6例,染色体多态性5例,嵌合体1例。FISH与核型分析结果完全一致。除1例患者术后当天有少量阴道出血外,未发现明显的并发症。结论早孕期经腹绒毛活检是一种安全可靠的产前诊断技术,对常见的染色体病和遗传病可做到早发现、早处理,减少中晚期引产的痛苦,避免缺陷儿的出生。     

孕中晚期21三体产前诊断的结果分析

目的通过孕中晚期21三体、18三体产前诊断的结果分析,评价孕中晚期产前诊断的价值。方法对怀孕16～29周符合产前诊断条件的孕妇经知情同意后,在B超介导下对孕16-24周孕妇行羊膜腔穿刺,抽取羊水;孕25-29周孕妇行胎儿脐静脉穿刺,抽取脐带血,进行细胞培养,染色体核型分析。结果在2689例产前诊断病例中发现异常核型149例,异常率为5.54%。常染色体结构异常-倒位核型43例、平衡易位18例、罗氏易位8例,常染色体非整倍体数量异常（21三体、18三体、13三体）48例,性染色体数量异常15例,性染色体结构异常12例,其它核型异常5例。常染色体非整倍体数量异常（21三体、18三体、13三体）占发现异常核型的32.2%（48/149）,为主要异常核型。结论羊水细胞、脐带血染色体核型分析是目前产前诊断21三体、18三体、13三体染色体异常胎儿必不可少的检查方法,对于预防缺陷儿出生,提高人口素质,优生优育具有十分重要的意义。     

细菌人工染色体微珠联合染色体核型分析在产前诊断中的价值研究

目的探讨细菌人工染色体微珠(BACs-on-Beads,BoBs)联合染色体核型分析在产前诊断中的价值。方法2016年6月至2019年1月在本院接受侵入性产前诊断的2500例单胎妊娠孕妇作为研究对象,均采集羊水。同时进行羊水细胞的BoBs检测和染色体G显带核型分析。结果BoBs技术共检出93例胎儿染色体异常,检出率为3.72%,其中染色体数目异常78例(4例13号染色体三体,19例18号染色体三体,34例21号染色体三体,9例XXX,6例XXY,6例XYY)、染色体结构异常9例(6例未被核型分析检出)、嵌合型染色体6例。在6例染色体结构异常的胎儿中,DiGeorge综合征和Williams-Beuren综合征各1例,其余4例为染色体微缺失/微重复综合征。核型分析对胎儿异常的检出率为4.56%(114/2500),核型分析对染色体数目异常的检出率与BoBs检测相同。核型分析额外检出21例染色体结构异常和6例嵌合型染色体。结论染色体核型分析联合BoBs技术发挥了细胞遗传学和分子遗传学的技术优势,极大提高了染色体异常的检出率,值得在临床应用和推广。     

1782例羊水细胞培养及染色体分析

目的探讨孕中期(18w～23w)高危孕妇羊水细胞培养及染色体核型分析在产前诊断中的必要性及有效性,以及不同穿刺指征对于染色体病产前诊断的意义。方法对于成功培养的羊水细胞染色体核型结果进行分析,检出异常核型的类型、不同穿刺指征的异常检出率以及异常核型分布的特点。结果成功分析的1782例标本,检出异常核型44例,异常检出率为2.47%,其中常染色体数目异常16例,性染色体数目异常14例,染色体结构异常(易位,插入等)14例,染色体多态性变异核型152例。结论产前筛查和产前诊断是防止异常染色体儿出生的有效手段,有利于降低出生缺陷率、提高出生人口素质和生命质量。     

An abnormal retinal projection to the lateral posterior nucleus in micrencephalic rats

The retinofugal projections of albino rats made micrencephalic by prenatal exposure to the cytotoxic teratogen methylazoxymethanol acetate (MAM Ac) have been examined. The only abnormality noted was an increased projection to the lateral posterior nucleus of the thalamus in rats exposed to MAM Ac on embryonic day 15. The relatively normal retinofugal projections were surprising in view of the extensive damage induced by prenatal exposure to this drug.     

无创DNA检测技术在产前筛查中的临床应用

目的 探讨无创DNA基因检测技术应用于产前筛查中的临床价值及意义。方法 回顾性分析在我院2015年1月~2017年1月针对553例孕妇包括预产期年龄≥35岁的高龄产妇、唐筛结果为高风险、临界风险或单项指标异常、超声软指标等孕妇。在充分知情同意,进行遗传咨询后选择胎儿无创DNA产前检测,对检测结果为高风险孕妇进一步进行染色体核型分析,对低风险孕妇进行电话追踪随访。结果 553例孕妇外周血中,541例低风险,12例高风险,在高风险病例中7例提示21三体异常;2例提示18号染色体异常;1例提示13三体异常;2例提示胎儿性染色体异常;无创DNA检测结果为高风险的12例孕妇,均进行了羊水或脐血穿刺,7例21三体高风险中7例为47,XN,+21;2例18三体高风险者中1例为47,XN,+18,1例为46,XN;1例13三体高风险者中1例为47,XN,+13;2例性染色体异常中,1例为XXY,1例为45X。并对无创DNA检测阴性的出生新生儿进行随访,未诉明显异常。应用无创DNA检测技术诊断胎儿染色体疾病的敏感度为100.00%,特异度为99.91%,假阴性率为0,假阴性率为0.09%,无创DNA产前检测对21三体,13三体和性染色体的符合率为100.00%,对18三体的符合率为50.00%。结论 无创DNA检测技术在产前筛查中准确性高,假阳性和假阴性低的优点,可提高产前筛查效率,减少染色体疾病患儿的出生,是快捷、安全、较介入性产前诊断易于接受、值得推广的安全可靠的产前筛查方法,是今后发展的必然趋势。但无创DNA检测出的高风险孕妇,也必须进行羊水穿刺进一步确诊。