大连市部分医疗机构诊疗用液体微生物污染调查

笔者于2011-2012年对大连市21家医疗机构正在使用或备用的128件医疗用液体(包括血液透析室的反渗水和透析液、内镜室的注水瓶水、ICU室的湿化液)的微生物指标进行了检测.依据YY 0572-2005《血液透析和相关治疗用水》和《血液净化标准操作规程》进行评价,透析用水菌落总数＜1 00 cfu/ml,透析液菌落总数＜200 cfu/ml,注水瓶水和湿化液不得检出细菌.     

邹城市个体诊所消毒工作质量检测

为了解我市个体诊所消毒工作状况,我站于1999年3月12日对全市个体诊所的消毒灭菌效果进行了监测,结果如下。1 内容及方法1.1 空气细菌污染检测 采用平板沉降法,以普通琼脂平板检测菌落总数,以血琼脂平板检测致病菌。菌落总数合格标准为500集落形成单位cfu/m~3,致病菌均不得检出。1.2 消毒液检测 采集使用中的消毒液进行检测,菌落总数<250cfu/ml为合格,致病菌不得检出。     

医院吸氧湿化瓶的消毒与湿化液的污染调查

１９９６年至１９９８年,我们对长春市二级以上医院使用的吸氧湿化瓶和湿化液,进行了消毒情况的调查和微生物污染的检测。现将结果报告如下。方法吸氧湿化瓶的消毒情况以检查询问为主,湿化液污染采样检测的合格标准参考国家生活饮用水标准。即细菌总数１００ｃｆｕ／...     

氧气湿化瓶与管道的消毒方法

随着医学及相关科学的不断发展，中心管道给氧等装置广泛应用于医院临床，因此，对于如何杜绝氧气湿化瓶引发院内感染问题，已逐渐引起广大医护人员重视。我院自2003年6月上旬-7月下旬，对全院氧气湿化瓶液及管道进行反复检测。发现所有湿化瓶液都有大量的细菌生长，每ml湿化瓶液的细菌在4000个以上，有6份标本培养出绿脓杆菌与致病菌，这是一种重要的院内感染因素。     

市售桶装矿泉水和纯净水微生物学指标检测结果

为了解鄂尔多斯市售桶装矿泉水和纯净水微生物指标的卫生质量,笔者于2004—2006年采集该市桶装水厂家生产的桶装矿泉水、纯净水共312件。依据GB8538—1995和GB4789—1994进行检验。依据瓶(桶)装饮用矿泉水、纯净水卫生标准进行评价,矿泉水菌落总数:≤50 cfu/ml;纯净水菌落总数:≤20 cfu/ml;瓶(桶)装纯净水总大肠菌群:<3 MPN/100 ml,每100 ml桶装矿泉水不得检出总大肠菌群,其中1项不合格者为不合格产品。     

三明钢铁厂职工医院消毒质量监测报告

在导致医院感染诸因素中,消毒灭菌质量为重要因素之一,现将等级医院评审前后我院消毒工作质量监测结果报告如下。1　方法检测方法和判断标准参照《消毒管理办法》和《消毒技术规范》进行,取评审前的1995-1996年与1999年的监测结果进行比较。项目:紫外线辐照值,物体表面、医护人员手、室内空气、消毒液细菌污染及灭菌医疗器械的达标率等。合格标准:紫外线辐照值≥70μWcm2,物表细菌总数<8cfu/cm2,医护人员手细菌总数<10cfu/cm2,室内空气以二类区域≤200cfu/m3,三类区域≤500cfu/m3,消毒液以≤100cfu/ml,灭菌医疗器械未检出细菌。表1　1995-1…     

高压氧舱氧气湿化液的细菌污染调查分析

目的了解医院高压氧舱氧气湿化液细菌污染情况,为避免因高压氧舱氧气湿化液污染引起的医院感染提供参考。方法分别采取定期更换湿化液措施前后,对医院高压氧舱3个氧气湿化罐中的氧气湿化液,每季度采样1次,进行细菌数量计数和细菌鉴定。结果更换湿化液措施前后,湿化液中的平均菌落数分别为(7.9×104)CFU/ml和(2.8×103)CFU/ml,分离出的细菌为条件致病菌:金黄杆菌属、鲍氏不动杆菌、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、白色假丝酵母菌等,金黄杆菌属的分离频率占分离菌株的首位,并无季节性变化。结论高压氧舱氧气湿化罐应定期消毒,湿化液应每日更换,湿化液中的菌落数最好<103CFU/ml。     

淮北市托幼机构消毒工作现状调查

1998年10－12月,对本市26所托幼机构消毒工作进行了调查,现将结果报告如下。1方法1．1室内空气参照（消毒技术规范》,用普通营养琼脂平板沉降法检测细菌总数,用血平板沉降法检测乙型溶血性链球菌,以细菌总数≤2500cfu／m3,且未检出乙型溶血性链球菌者为合格。1．2保教人员手及物品表面用涂抹法采样,以细菌总数≤8cfu／cm2为合格。1．3餐饮具用涂抹法采样,以细菌总数≤5cfu/cm2,且未检出大肠菌群者为合格。2结果2．1基本情况在调查的26所托幼机构中,有4所市级幼儿园和22所厂矿级幼儿园。其中3所有消毒隔离室（占11．54％）,9所有…     

加强使用中的氧气湿化水的管理

为了解我市消毒现状,2004年笔者对部分医疗机构进行消毒质量监测,结果报道如下。1材料与方法对医疗机构中氧气湿化水根据GB15982-1995《医院消毒卫生标准》中医疗用品的采样方法采样后,立即送本中心检验检测中心检验;评价按该卫生标准接触黏膜的医疗用品,菌落数20CFU/ml判断为合格。2结果对5所医院的重点科室共采氧气湿化水样品10份,合格4份,合格率为40%。其中手术室3份、合格1份;外科1份不合格;妇产科7份,合格2份。菌落数≤10CFU/ml4份、200~500CFU/ml3份,610CFU/ml1份,3000CFU/ml1份、12000CFU/ml1份。所有被采样单位的氧气湿化瓶…     

氧气湿化液细菌污染程度的检测

近年来医院内感染越来越引起广大医务人员及患者的重视 ,医院内感染又以呼吸道感染居多 ,故我们对全县各医疗单位氧气湿化瓶液作细菌菌落总数检测。现将检测结果报告如下。1　材料与方法1 1　材料　营养琼脂 :浙江省卫生防疫站生产供应。1 2　方法　依据ＧＢ15 982— 1995 ,于无菌操作条件下 ,用一次笥无菌注射器吸取湿化液 5ｍｌ,带回实验室作细菌菌落计数检测。每个稀释度倾注 2只平板 ,37℃培养 2 4ｈ后作菌落计数。2　结果检测 36份氧气湿化液结果 :<10ｃｆｕ/ｍｌ 4分 ,占 11 1% ( 4 /36 ) ;11～ 2 0ｃｆｕ/ｍｌ 4份 ,占 11 1% ( 4 /36…     

Comparison of the ActiDes-Blue and CARELA HYDRO-DES technology for the sanitation of contaminated cooling water systems in dental units

Background: The hygienic-microbiological control of 6 dental units being in use for the past 16 years revealed a significantly increased microbial contamination of their cooling water system. In order to comply with the requirements of the drinking water directive ("Trinkwasserverordnung"), the commercially available production system ActiDes, producing on-site ActiDes-Blue which is based on hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and generated by anodic oxidation, was investigated. Method: Water samples from the 6 contaminated dental units were examined for the total number of colony forming units (cfu), contamination with molds, L. pneumophila and P. aeruginosa. The control period for the total colony count was 4 weeks (8 samples/unit). The subsequent application phase of the ActiDes-Blue procedure was 6 months (31 samples/unit). Additionally, the redox potential and the pH value were measured.Futhermore, the decontamination agent CARELA HYDRO-DES, a two component agent based on H(2)O(2) with the addition of a mixture of sodium hydrogen sulphate and sulphuric acid in an aqueous solution effective at 0.1% and higher, was applied in a unit that had been put out of service for a month before. Before application, the system was first filled with a 5% solution of the alkaline pre-cleaning agent CARELA Solvent for bacterial slime; the system was left with this solution for 1 h. The pre-cleaning agent was then completely displaced from the system with tap water and a decontaminating solution of 5% CARELA HYDRO-DES and left in place for 1 h.Results: Drinking water quality level was reached only twice during the control phase. The average values of the dental units ranged between 3,633 CFU/ml and 29,417 c/ml. During the application phase, drinking water level could be achieved in 11 water samples. In another 6 water samples a total colony count of <150 cfu/ml was reached. The average values for the dental units' total colony count ranged between 529 cfu/ml and 87,450 cfu/ml. No significant differences between the control phase and the action phase could be demonstrated. During the control phase, contamination of the water samples with a mold was noticed so that examinations for molds were carried out beyond the scope of the drinking water directive. For this parameter as well, no significant differences between the phases of the study could be shown.The Legionella load of the dental units was low. L. pneumophila were yielded in only 4 out of 130 water samples. During the control phase, twice colony counts at 50 cfu/1,000 ml and 110 cfu/1,000 ml were measured. During the action phase, counts with Legionella spp. could be measured at 5 cfu/1,000 ml for one unit only. Also, with 1-10 cfu/100 ml, the P. aeruginosa contamination was low. During the application phase, it ranged between 0-7 cfu/100 ml.Redox potential and pH value showed a slight decrease during the application phase.Before treatment with CARELA Solvent and CARELA HYDRO-DES, the initial contamination of the total count of bacterial colonies was 1,432 cfu/ml at 22°C and 846 cfu/ml at 36°C as well as >1,000 cfu/100 ml for molds. 1 h after the decontamination, no bacteria and molds could be detected in 1,000 ml of tap water. Despite the fact that the unit was not used any longer, after 7 d the bacterial colony count was 3 cfu/ml at 22°C and 2 cfu/ml at 36°C while molds could not be detected. Even after a rest time of 14 d only 167 cfu/ml or 42 cfu/ml could be yielded. Molds were further not cultivable. A material damage could not be observed. Discussion: Pertaining to the ActiDes technology's effectiveness, it has to be pointed out that the dental units investigated were those used for dental students' teaching and therefore were clearly less frequently used than clinically used units in a dental practice. This resulted in distinctly longer stagnation periods which favored formation of biofilms. Conclusions: In summary, the ActiDes technology and ActiDes-Blue showed not to be sufficiently effective for the sanitation of contaminated water reservoirs in dental units under aggravated conditions of repeated and longer periods of non-use in connection with longer water stagnation periods. In comparison, the biofilm was sustainably eliminated through the combined application of CARELA(?) Solvent for Bacterial Slime with subsequent decontamination using CARELA(?) HYDRO-DES.     

某乡镇垃圾回收站冬季环卫作业细菌污染情况抽样调查

目的 分析东莞市塘厦镇中型垃圾回收站冬季细菌污染情况。 方法 以东莞市塘厦镇数量居多的中型垃圾回收站为研究对象,以细菌总数、大肠菌群、沙门氏菌的检测为卫生学指标,采用多阶段随机抽样选取研究站点;以入选站点全体工人为研究人群,检测工人手掌、清洁工具和运输车辆的手掌握持部件表面污染程度,同时检验站内空气及垃圾渗漏液,分析受污染情况。 结果 3家中型垃圾回收站纳入研究范围,对站内物体表面、环卫作业人员手部、回收站空气检测均未发现大肠菌群和沙门氏菌。对站内物体表面检测,电动车垃圾桶检出细菌总数最多为5 cfu/cm2;环卫作业人员手部洗手后细菌总数最高值为9 cfu/cm2,而未洗手前检出细菌总数为250 cfu/cm2。对3个垃圾站点站内值班房、垃圾压缩机、站内工具存放间空气进行检查,发现3个站点中垃圾压缩机中细菌总数污染最严重,A站点15 cfu/cm2,B站点17 cfu/cm2,C站点13 cfu/cm2。垃圾渗漏液细菌总数均高达1 000 cfu/mL。且检出大肠菌群、沙门氏菌及霉菌。 结论 冬季环卫作业细菌污染防护重点应在环卫工人手部,并对垃圾渗漏液进行及时处理,降低感染风险。     

武汉市某酒店地下蓄水池污染的调查

目的了解武汉市某酒店饮用水的污染原因.方法2004年1月8日,武汉市某酒店饮用水受到污染,在发现污染的当时和处理过程中分别采集酒店内的二次供水(蓄水池水和水箱水)与市政供水,检测感官性状、一般化学和细菌学指标,按《生活饮用水水质卫生规范》(2001)进行评价.结果该酒店二次供水浑浊度增加,最高达3.82 NTU;并检出尿素、氨氮和氯化物,其浓度高于市政供水,游离余氯＜0.05 mg/L,细菌总数最高达940 cfu/ml,总大肠菌群最高＞1 600 MPN/100ml,并检出粪大肠菌群(130 MPM/100 ml).结论武汉市该酒店饮用水污染原因是地下蓄水池渗漏所致.     

酸奶中霉菌和酵母菌污染水平及菌相分布检测研究

结果表明，６７．３３％的酸奶被霉菌或酵母污染，以酵母尤为严重（阳性率为５６．６７％）。所检阳性样品中每毫升霉菌及酵母最高计数分别为３９５００个和不可计数。玻璃瓶装酸奶中霉菌及酵母污染水平远高于塑料瓶装（Ｐ＜０．００５）。建议我国酸奶中霉菌及酵母限量标准为≤５０个／ｍｌ。     

医院感染控制干预前后抗菌洗手液使用中污染调查分析

目的 调查医院感染控制措施实施前后抗菌洗手液使用中的污染情况.方法 采用细菌检验技术,在感染控制干预前后,分别进行现场采集使用中抗菌洗手液进行细菌定量检测与菌种鉴定.结果 感染控制干预前290份使用中抗菌洗手液中,细菌总数≤200 CFU/g占3.8％;细菌总数201～1000 CFU/g占9.7％;细菌总数＞1000 CFU/g占13.1％,无菌生长为73.4％;铜绿假单胞菌检出率为10.3％,大肠埃希菌检出率为0.7％;干预前抗菌洗手液合格率为75.2％;干预后细菌总数≤200 CFU/g仅占1.4％,无菌生长的占98.6％,抗菌洗手液合格率为100.0％.结论 感染控制措施的有效实施,可有效防止抗菌洗手液的污染.     

Hygienic safety of alcohol-based hand disinfectants and skin antiseptics

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the overall risk of hand disinfectants and skin antiseptics to become contaminated with bacterial spores throughout the production process and the subsequent in-use period, hence posing a public health risk. Methods: Microbiological assessment of primary packaging material was carried out and long-term survival of bacterial spores in alcohol was assessed using sporulated B. subtilis ATCC 6633 as a standard. In-use contamination of alcohol-based formulations was tested by repeated use over 12 months under practical conditions and microbiological and physico-chemical data were determined.Results: Among 625 containers analyzed, 542 did not yield any microbial growth. Median colony count for aerobic spore-forming bacteria was 0.2 cfu/10 ml container content. No anaerobic spore-forming bacteria were detected. Additionally, long-term survival of bacterial spores in aliphatic C2–C3 alcohols revealed 1-propanol to reduce the number of spores most effectively, with 2-propanol and ethanol having a somewhat less pronounced impact. In-use tests did not detect any microbial contamination or change in the physicochemical properties of the tested products over 12 months. Conclusions: Our data reveals that state-of-the-art production processes of alcohol-based hand rubs and antiseptics can be regarded safe. Primary packaging material and use were not found to pose a significant contamination risk as far as bacterial spores are concerned. Based on the data from this study, a microbial limit of <1 cfu/10 ml can be suggested as a quality-control threshold for finished goods to ensure high quality and safe products.     

公共场所集中空调通风系统污染与卫生学评价

目的 调查评价公共场所集中空调通风系统污染状况，为卫生管理提供依据。方法 随机抽取深圳市各类公共场所20个集中空调通风系统，检查各部件清洁度；检测冷却塔水中军团菌、空调送风中可吸入颗粒物(PM10)、细菌总数、真菌总数、溶血性链球菌含量。结果 20个空调系统的250个部件中，有24％有尘粒，5％有污垢。未发现菌霉斑；空调送风中污染物的平均日均值分别为：可吸入颗粒物(PM10)0．12mg／m^ 3，细菌总数291cfu／m^3，真菌总数273cfu／m^3，未检出溶血性链球菌；分别有10％，5％的空调系统送风中可吸入颗粒物(PM10)、细菌总数超标；采集49份冷却塔水样，未检出军团菌。结论 公共场所集中空调通风系统仍存在卫生问题，应加强卫生管理。     

Microbial contamination of dialysate and its prevention in haemodialysis units

At the haemodialysis centres of nine hospitals in Japan, microbial contamination of treated water (reverse osmosis method), acid and bicarbonate concentrates, and dialysate was investigated. Among these fluids used in haemodialysis, the dialysate was most frequently contaminated and had the highest concentration of bacteria. Of 40 dialysate samples analysed, 42.5% showed a bacterial count of more than 2000cfu/mL, which was above the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI) standard. However, among the 40 samples from 20 dialysis machines, all six dialysate samples from three dialysis machines that used an ultrafiltration membrane in the circuit before the entrance of the dialysate into the dialyser, showed a bacterial count of < or =10 cfu/mL. In addition, when an ultrafiltration membrane was used in the circuit before the entrance of the dialysate into the dialyser for four dialysis machines showing dialysate samples contaminated with 10(4)-10(5)cfu/mL the bacterial count in dialysate samples from these machines became zero. Because dialysis machines are susceptible to microbial contamination, it is necessary to take measures such as placing an ultrafiltration membrane into the circuit before the entrance of dialysate into the dialyser.     

2011-2012济南市口腔门诊综合治疗台诊疗用水细菌监测情况

目的了解济南市医疗机构口腔门诊综合治疗台诊疗用水细菌污染状况,为医院感染控制管理提供依据。方法2011年1月至2012年12月,对济南市40家（次）医疗机构口腔门诊综合治疗台诊疗用水进行细菌学检测。结果检测水样379份,合格250份,合格率为65．96％,细菌菌落总数平均为2．6×10^3CFU／ml。水样合格率,2011年为61．81％,2012年为68．51％（P〉0．05）;水源水为70．37％,储水罐水为64．00％,手机喷水为57．97％,冲洗水为72．99％（P〉o．05）;二级以下医疗机构为52．22％,二级甲等医院为70．71％,三级甲等医院为69．23％（P〈0．01）。结论济南市医疗机构口腔门诊综合治疗台诊疗用水合格率较低,储水罐水较其他诊疗用水合格率低。     

Effect of chemical pollutants on bacterial counts in El-Temsah Lake area, Ismailia, Egypt

Sampling was carried out in El-Temsah Lake and side branch canal to determine the effect of organic and inorganic pollutants and physical parameters on the count of microorganisms of surface water. Standard Plate Counts (SPC) method and Most Probable Number (MPN) technique were used. With SPC, total coliform (TC) and fecal coliform (FC) count were found to be 236 x 10(3), 620/100 ml and 450/100 ml in the side branch canal where water was brackish, turbid and partially stagnant. In El-Temsah lake sites, where the water was salty, clear and agitated, count were 137 x 10(3), 460/100 ml and 137/100 1 in Sc-path way; 137 x 10(3), 420/100 ml and 110/100 ml in Seuz Canal Corporation (SCC) harbour and arsenal; 138 x 10(3), 410/100 ml and 120/100 ml in beach areas. Increase in microbial counts was directly related to increase in organic and inorganic pollutants. The FC counts in first sector exceeded the recommended safe concentration (200/100 ml), while in the other sector they were well within the safe concentration. Moreover bacterial counts were higher in the presence of the surrounding clay soil than in sandy soil. Gram negative rods ratios were higher in the first sector than the second, while gram positive cocci were higher in the second sectors (salted water) than in the first sector. Micrococci and Staphylococci were the dominant genera among positive cocci in salt water, probably due to the salt tolerance of the family Micrococcaceae. In beach area, Staphylococci predominated, due to their endemic nature on human skin.