儿童后尿道狭窄手术径路的应用评价

目的 评价儿童后尿道狭窄各种手术径路的应用,提高儿童后尿道狭窄的治疗效果。方法 对24例儿单后尿道狭窄患者的手术径路进行回顾性分析。结果 19例(79.2％)手术治愈。采用单纯经会阴径路5例中治愈3例(60％);经会阴耻骨下缘径路10例中治愈9例(90％);经耻骨联合会阴径路9例中治愈7例(77.8％)。结论 儿童后尿道狭窄的各种手术径路均存在一定的优缺点。经会阴耻骨下缘径路具有操作方便,创伤小,并发症少,且不破坏骨盆稳定性等优点,尤其适合于儿童。     

复杂性后尿道狭窄81例治疗分析

目的探讨复杂性后尿道狭窄或闭锁的手术治疗方法,提高手术治疗效果。方法1991～2008年收治的81例复杂性后尿道狭窄／闭锁患者,狭窄／闭锁段长度为3～10cm,其中〉5cm者27例;66例曾有1～4次手术史;62例行改良尿道套人术,19例尿道端端吻合术;73例经会阴或腹会阴切口,8例经耻骨或切除部分耻骨下缘切口。15例应用尿道替代物成形。结果76例（93．8％）术后排尿满意,5例失败,其中改良尿道套入术和尿道端端吻合术成功率分别为95．2％（59／62）、89．5％（17／19）（P〉0．05）。15例应用尿道替代物成形术均取得成功。结论复杂性后尿道狭窄／闭锁的治疗应根据尿道病变情况选择不同的手术径路及术式,改良尿道套入术具有创伤小、操作简便、成功率高等优点。尿道狭窄段〉5cm者应考虑应用尿道替代物成形。     

经腹会阴联合径路治疗复杂性后尿道狭窄

目的：探讨经腹会阴联合径路治疗复杂性后尿道狭窄的效果。方法：对48例复杂性经尿道狭窄患者行经腹会阴联合径路手术治疗，并对其临床资料进行回顾分析。结果：一次手术治愈42例，其中直针吻合20例，弯针吻合22例。失败6例，失败原因：术后会阴血肿感染1例，术前会阴瘘及耻骨炎处理不彻底1例，并发直肠瘘未先期行结肠造瘘4例。结论：对长段、高位、多次手术失败或有严重骨盆畸形的后尿道狭窄修复，以腹会阴联合径路直针吻合法是值得采用的理想术式之一。     

复杂尿道狭窄合并尿道直肠瘘的手术径路选择

目的 探讨复杂尿道狭窄合并尿道直肠瘘的手术径路选择及疗效.方法 后尿道狭窄合并尿道直肠瘘患者34例.其中医原性6例,骨盆骨折尿道损伤所致26例,坠落伤所致2例.34例均采用尿道端端吻合同时行直肠瘘修补.4例尿道狭窄段1.5～2.5 cm采用单纯性经会阴途径;30例尿道狭窄段3.0～7.0 em者采用经会阴切除耻骨下缘途径21例,经会阴与经耻骨联合途径9例. 结果 单纯经会阴途径手术4例均获成功;经会阴切除耻骨下缘途径21例中成功19例(90%),经会阴加经耻骨联合途径9例中成功7例(78%).术后仍有尿道狭窄2例,发生直肠瘘2例. 结论 复杂尿道狭窄合并尿道直肠瘘的手术径路选择应根据尿道狭窄长度、瘘道部位与大小、病因及既往手术史决定.经会阴切除耻骨下缘途径手术效果好.     

后尿道狭窄外科治疗191例临床分析

目的探讨后尿道手术方法的选择及疗效。方法回顾分析1990年1月-2006年1月本院收治的191例后尿道狭窄或闭锁患者的临床资料。术前191例均行尿道造影,62例行尿道超声检查,48例行尿道镜检查,4例行尿道磁共振成像（MRI）检查。26例患者行尿道内切开;165例患者行开放性手术,其中单纯经会阴尿道吻合术66例,经会阴切开阴茎中隔48例,经会阴切除耻骨下缘30例,经耻骨尿道吻合术18例,尿道拖入术3例。术后随访6～48个月,平均26．6个月。结果后尿道狭窄或闭锁长度为1．5～8．0cm,平均3．6cm。后尿道狭窄（尿道连续性尚存）31例（16％）;后尿道完全闭锁160例（84％）,其中闭锁段〈3cm者102例（53．4％）,闭锁段〉3cm者58例（30．6％）。手术总体成功率（最大尿流率〉15ml／s）为84．3％（161／191）,其中尿道内切开为69％（18／26）,开放性手术为86．6％（143／165）。单纯经会阴尿道吻合术、经会阴切开阴茎中隔、经会阴切除耻骨下缘、经耻骨尿道吻合术及尿道拖入术的成功率分别为97％（64／66）、79％（38／48）、80％（24／30）、83％（15／18）和67％（2／3）。后尿道狭窄（尿道连续性尚存）的成功率为94％（29／31）;闭锁段〈3cm的患者为90％（92／102）;闭锁段〉3cm患者为69％（40／58）。结论开放性手术疗效优于尿道内切开,后尿道狭窄或闭锁段〈3cm患者疗效较好。     

小儿尿道损伤的诊断与治疗

目的：探讨小儿尿道外伤及外伤后尿道狭窄的诊治经验。方法：在8例新鲜完全性后尿道断裂患儿中,3例行经耻骨上与会阴入路的尿道修复术,2例行尿道会师术,2例行膀胱造瘘术,1例女童行经耻骨后尿道吻合术。在18例陈旧性后尿道外伤患儿中,10例行经尿道内切开（TUR）术,4例行经耻骨、会阴联合入路修复术,4例行经会阴修复术。结果：8例新鲜后尿道断裂患儿中,术后出现尿道狭窄5例,不完全尿失禁1例。18例陈旧性尿道蛱雅患儿中,行TUR的成功率为60．0％,经会阴及经耻骨、会阴联合入路行尿道修复术的成功率为91．7％,有不完全尿失禁5例,会阴尿道造瘘尚未修复1例。结论：后尿道外伤的急症处理非常重要,如患儿情况允许,应尽量行经耻骨、会阴联合入路尿道修复术。经尿道内切开适用于绝大多数单纯性后尿道狭窄,经耻骨、会阴联合入路或经会阴修复尿道适用于复杂性后尿道狭窄或TUR失败者。     

前尿道代后尿道成形术治疗男性复杂性后尿道狭窄

目的探讨长段复杂性后尿道狭窄治疗新方法。方法采用分期前尿道代后尿道成形术治疗3例复杂性后尿道长段狭窄（6．5—10．0cm）患者。第一期行阴茎转位尿道端端吻合术，术后3—6个月行二期阴茎伸直、尿道会阴造口术，6个月后行第三期前尿道成形术（Johanson Ⅱ期尿道成形术）。结果例1术后排尿通畅，膀胱尿道造影检查示尿道通畅，双侧输尿管返流近消失，最大尿流率18．8ml／s，随访2年，最大尿流率18ml／s，无剩余尿。例2术后排尿通畅，最大尿流率19．5ml／s，无剩余尿，尿道扩张可顺利通过22F尿道探子。例3经会阴一耻骨联合径路行第一期阴茎转位尿道端端吻合术、尿道直肠瘘、尿道会阴瘘切除、修补术，术后尿道直肠瘘及尿道会阴瘘治愈，但因耻骨联合切口感染致吻合口狭窄，有待进一步治疗。结论分期前尿道代后尿道加前尿道重建方法是治疗男性长段复杂性尿道狭窄的有效方法。     

套入隔离法修补复杂后尿道直肠瘘(附11例报告)

目的 探讨后尿道直肠瘘合并尿道狭窄或闭锁、肛管狭窄的手术修复方法。方法 对１１例复杂后尿道直肠瘘病人采用套入隔离法进行治疗。其中７例合并长段尿道狭窄或闭锁者采用经耻骨、会阴带蒂阴茎阴囊联合皮管套入瘘孔隔离法,４例合并肛管狭窄者采用经腹会阴直肠腔内结肠拖出瘘孔隔离法。结果 １１例均治愈,随访１～２０年,仅４例需短期尿道扩张,全部排尿、粪通畅。结论 对某些广泛硬化的复杂性后尿道直肠瘘采用瘘孔隔离方法修     

后尿道狭窄的诊断和治疗——2O年经验总结

吻合术142例次;经会阴加阴茎海绵体中隔切开86例次;经会阴加耻骨下缘切除196例次;经耻骨劈开联合会阴径路后尿道端端吻合术68例次.426例随访3～120个月,平均32个月.其中302例排尿通畅,无需尿道扩张;12例分别行尿道扩张2～6次后排尿稳定;32例行直视下尿道内切开术后排尿通畅;53例经过再次或3次后尿道端端吻合术获得治愈.总手术治愈率为93.7%(399/426). 结论 根据后尿道狭窄或闭锁患者的病情选择合适的影像学诊断方法和合理有效的手术径路和手术技巧,有助于提高后尿道狭窄的诊治水平.     

经会阴途径后尿道端端吻合术治疗创伤性后尿道狭窄十年回顾性研究

目的：评估各种尿道修复术式在不同程度后尿道狭窄中的运用及治疗效果。方法：从1997年1月～2006年12月共有296例外伤性骨盆骨折导致的后尿道狭窄患者接受后尿道端端吻合术,其中单纯端端吻合70例（Ⅰ组）;阴茎海绵体中隔切开结合端端吻合70例（Ⅱ组）;海绵体中隔＋耻骨下缘切除结合端端吻合154例（Ⅲ组）;耻骨下缘切除＋尿道从一侧阴茎海绵体旁绕结合端端吻合2例（Ⅳ组）。结果：296例后尿道端端吻合术中,254例成功,42例失败。Ⅰ组成功率78．6％,Ⅱ组成功率90．0％,Ⅲ组成功率88．3％,Ⅳ组成功率为0。结论：经会阴途径的不同辅助手术方法可有效地治疗后尿道狭窄。     

经会阴途径手术治疗复杂性后尿道狭窄(附28例报告)

目的提高经会阴途径手术治疗复杂性后尿道狭窄的临床效果。方法经会阴途径手术治疗２８例复杂性后尿道狭窄病人，对手术时期、手术方式及术后并发症进行了讨论。结果一次手术成功率８２％，术后２３例病人排尿良好，不需尿道扩张。结论经会阴途径手术治疗复杂性后尿道狭窄有较高的成功率，其手术方式可作为修补复杂性后尿道狭窄较为理想的方法之一。     

带蒂大网膜移位治疗复杂性后尿道狭窄(附六例报告)

目的　探讨带蒂大网膜移位治疗复杂性后尿道狭窄的临床疗效。　方法　复杂性后尿道狭窄 6例 ,均为男性 ,年龄 14～ 4 5岁 ,平均年龄 2 6岁。车祸伤 5例 ,坠落伤 1例。病程 6个月～ 5年 ,平均 2 .5年。狭窄段长 3.0～ 5 .5cm。合并尿道直肠瘘 2例 ,膀胱结石 1例 ,耻骨后死腔 3例。均采用经耻骨联合径路修补加带蒂大网膜移位术治疗。　结果　 6例患者均一次手术成功 ,4周后拔除导尿管均能自行排尿 ,无尿失禁及尿路感染。随访 6～ 38个月 ,平均 2 6个月。 4例排尿良好 ,不需尿道扩张 ;2例 3个月内再次出现不同程度的尿线变细、排尿困难 ,经 3～ 2 4个月的尿道扩张后治愈。　结论　带蒂大网膜移位治疗适用于尿道狭窄段较长或伴有尿道直肠瘘、假道等的复杂性后尿道狭窄 ,尤其是既往经会阴途径后尿道修复手术失败者 ,是修补复杂性后尿道狭窄较为理想的方法之一。     

Urethrorectal fistulas complicated by posterior urethral stricture: an appraisal of management by transpubic approach

Seven cases of difficult urethrorectal fistulas complicated by posterior urethral stricture following accidental trauma were repaired successfully by a transpubic approach. This method makes urethroplasty of complex posterior urethral stricture, closure of urethrorectal fistulas and an omental interposition possible. This approach was considered after a review of all techniques described to treat the urethrorectal fistulas.     

Complex urethral disruptions: In pursuit of a successful reconstruction

OBJECTIVES: We analyzed the methods and outcomes of urethroplasty in men with complex urethral disruptions. METHODS: The medical records of 40 men with complex urethral disruptions were analyzed. Surgical methods were individualized according to stricture location, severity and length of the stricture, bladder neck characteristics and presence of complicating factors. Patients were divided into four groups based on the above characteristics. RESULTS: End-to-end urethroplasty performed in six patients with short bulbar strictures (<3 cm) was successful in all. Elaborated perineal repair was performed in 10 patients with intermediate (3-6 cm) strictures with or without complicating factors. Elaborated perineal repair with urethral substitution was performed in nine patients with long segment stricture (>6 cm). Abdominal transpubic repair was successfully applied to patients with rectourethral fistula or lacerated bladder neck. Success rate of anastomotic urethroplasty was 95% while over all success rate was 85%. CONCLUSION: Guidelines for urethral reconstruction of complex urethral disruptions are predicated on stricture length, location, bladder neck characteristics and associated complicating factors. End-to-end urethroplasty with stricture excision is highly reliable for short strictures for which previous operative repair have failed. Elaborated perineal repair is extremely versatile for intermediate and longer strictures with associated complicating factors. Abdominal transpubic urethroplasty is effective for patients with rectourethral fistula or lacerated bladder neck.     

Transpubic approach for lower urinary tract surgery: a 15-year experience

Surgery on lower urinary tract organs sometimes is hindered by the symphysis pubis, which by its position and bulk could severely restrict maneuverability. Since 1972 we used a transpubic approach to improve surgical exposure in 287 patients operated on for prostate, bladder or urethral cancer, post-traumatic strictures and other conditions. The type of pubectomy performed (total, partial superior or partial inferior) depended upon whether a suprapelvic or infrapelvic diaphragm organ was the primary target of the approach. Total pubectomy was used in 137 patients, partial superior bone resection in 140 and partial inferior resection in 10 patients. Technical details for each type of pubectomy are illustrated. The transpubic approach was particularly useful for repair of posterior urethral strictures or removal of bulky tumors. Among the 3 types of approaches used, total pubectomy was associated with a high complication rate including bleeding, pelvic instability, urinary incontinence and stricture of the vesicourethral anastomosis. Therefore, we have abandoned the technique since 1978. Partial pubectomy provides exposure comparable to that of total pubectomy but with minimal complications, making it an alternative to the standard approach in difficult cases.     

Operative techniques of anastomotic posterior urethroplasty for traumatic posterior urethral strictures

Objective： To elucidate the details of operative technique of anastomotic posterior urethroplasty for traumatic posterior urethral strictures in attempt to offer a successful result. Methods： We reviewed the clinical data of 106 patients who had undergone anastomotic repair for posterior urethral strictures following traumatic pelvic fracture between 1979 and 2004. Patients＇ age ranged from 8 to 53 years （mean 27 years ）. Surgical repair was performed via perinea in 72 patients, modified transperineal repair in 5 and perineoabdominal repair in 29. Follow-up ranged from 1 to 23 years （ mean 8 years ）. Results： Among the 77 patients treated by perineal approaches, 69 （95.8 % ） were successfully repaired and 27 out of the 29 patients （93. 1% ） who were repaired by perineoabdominal protocols were successful. The successful results have sustained as long as 23 years in some cases.Urinary incontinence did not happen in any patients while impotence occurred as a result of the anastomotic surgery. Conclusions： Three important skills or principles will ensure a successful outcome, namely complete excision of scar tissues, a completely normal mucnsa ready for anastomosis at both ends of the urethra, and a tension-free anastomosis. When the urethral stricture is below 2. 5 cm long, restoration of urethral continuity can be accomplished by a perineal procedure. If the stricture is over 2. 5 cm long, a modified perineal or transpubic perineoabdominal procedure should be used. In the presence of a competent bladder neck, anastomotic surgery does not result in urinary incontinence. Impotence is usually related to the original trauma and rarely （5.7 % ） to urethroplasty.