喉切除术后咽瘘的预防和治疗

目的 本文讨论了减少喉切除术后咽瘘发生的外科技巧和围手术期处理。方法 共对365例经由喉全切除术和喉大部分切除术治疗的喉恶性肿瘤病例的临床资料进行分析,其中喉全切除术333例,喉大部分切除术32例。结果 365例喉切除术后28例发生咽瘘,发生率为7.7％;其中喉全切除术后27例发生咽瘘,发生率8.1%;喉大部分切除发音管重建术后1例发生咽瘘,发生率3.1％。结论 采用喉咽食管黏膜分层缝合方式,以及术后颈部持续负压引流对于降低咽瘘发生率关系密切。喉大部分切除发音管重建术的咽瘘发生率低于喉全切除术,可能与喉大部分切除保留一侧梨状窝黏膜,喉咽黏膜缺损较小有关。     

喉全切除术后喉咽闭锁

1 临床资料 患者,男,60岁,因喉癌喉全切除术后1年,喉咽闭锁不能进食6个月为主诉入院。患者1年前因喉癌于外院行喉全切除术及颈淋巴结清扫术,术后出现感染咽瘘并行局部清创、换药及颈部局部皮瓣转移喉咽修复、颏下皮瓣转移颈部缺损修复术治疗,咽瘘愈合后行根治性放疗,8个月前放疗结束,出现喉咽狭窄,仅能进水,于外院行胃造瘘术进行营养,逐渐加重,6个月前喉咽完全闭锁不能进食,于我院就诊,以喉癌术后喉咽闭锁收入院。患者一般状态良好,     

喉癌全喉切除术后咽瘘的原因分析

目的探讨喉癌患者行全喉切除术后发生咽瘘的原因,以预防或降低咽瘘的发生率,提高喉癌术后切口的愈合率.方法回顾分析141例喉癌患者行全喉切除术后发生咽瘘的原因.结果141例患者咽瘘发生率为27.66%,与手术时间,拔除胃管时间,术前有无合并感染,以及抗生素的应用有关.结论喉癌术后发生咽瘘的原因有多重性,避免相关因素,能有效降低咽瘘的发生率,提高患者术后生存质量.     

颏下翻转皮瓣修复声门上型喉癌术后咽瘘二例

咽瘘是喉癌手术后常见并发症之一,多发生于喉全切除术后[1].我们利用颏下翻转皮瓣修复声门上型喉癌喉水平部分切除术后感染,残留水平半喉与舌根裂开导致较大咽瘘的2例患者,现报道如下.     

带蒂组织皮瓣在喉全切除术后咽瘘中的应用现状[综述]

咽瘘是喉全切除术后常见且严重的并发症之一。当咽瘘口较大,保守治疗失败时需采取手术修复。皮瓣修补是最常用的手术治疗方法,尤其是对有放疗史,受区组织血供不佳的患者。游离皮瓣不但需要外科医师具备较高的显微血管吻合技术,而且放疗后患者受区血管条件差,游离皮瓣也常不适用。因此,带蒂组织皮瓣成为修复咽瘘的首选。本文就多种带蒂组织皮瓣治疗喉全切除术后咽瘘的应用现状、适用范围及优缺点等做一综述。     

闭合器和手工缝合在喉癌切除术后喉咽关闭中的比较

目的　比较闭合器和手工缝合关闭喉全切除术后喉咽黏膜的疗效,探索喉全切除术后喉咽关闭的优化技术。方法　2012年6月～2014年6月共采用闭合器关闭因喉癌（T3~T4未累及舌骨上会厌及喉咽黏膜）行喉全切除术后喉咽黏膜患者16例,以同一术者及T3~T4喉癌为条件非随机配对选取2010年6月～2012年5月手工缝合法闭合喉咽的喉全切除术16例对照组患者。对比临床参数,分析闭合器法的安全性、优缺点。结果　研究组缩短手术时间30 min,术后发生咽瘘1例,对照组4例。研究组术后平均住院天数10 d,对照组12 d。结论　对未累及舌骨上会厌及喉咽的喉癌行喉全切除术后采用闭合器关闭喉咽黏膜是安全的,可缩短手术时间,可能降低咽瘘发生率。     

晚期喉咽癌和喉癌全喉切除术后咽皮肤瘘

目的:探讨晚期喉咽癌和喉癌患者施行全喉切除术后咽皮肤瘘的位置、易患因素、处置及其结果.方法:回顾性分析因喉咽癌或喉癌施行全喉切除术的198例患者的资料,分析多因素对咽皮肤瘘形成的影响.结果:发生咽皮肤瘘患者33例(16.7%),内瘘口位于黏膜吻合口上段23例(69.7%),下段7例(21.2%),中段3例(9.1%);喉咽癌与喉癌的咽皮肤瘘发生率分别为24.7%和11.6%,其差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);术后持续发热>5 d与≤5 d者咽皮肤瘘的发生率差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01);28例通过保守治疗痊愈,5例手术修复.结论:全喉切除术后咽皮肤瘘内瘘口多发生于舌根处和气管造瘘后上方,肿瘤部位和术后发热是咽皮肤瘘形成的重要易患因素.     

胸大肌肌皮瓣在放疗后喉癌及喉咽癌术后咽瘘中的应用

目的　探讨胸大肌肌皮瓣在放疗后喉癌及喉咽癌术后咽瘘修复中的重要作用及临床应用价值。方法 通过对8例放疗后喉癌及喉咽癌术后并发巨大咽瘘患者的治疗,并结合文献进行回顾性分析。结果　8例患者均先行局部换药、抗感染及营养支持等保守治疗,瘘口未能彻底愈合,再行带蒂胸大肌肌皮瓣修复咽瘘,7例手术均取得成功,术后经口进食,并行碘油造影证实喉咽及食管无造影剂外渗及梗阻情况,1例患者因胸肩峰动脉变异导致皮瓣坏死手术失败。结论　喉癌、喉咽癌行喉全切除术后并发咽瘘是该手术最常见的严重并发症之一,多数经换药等保守治疗方法可治愈,但对于放疗后喉癌及喉咽癌术后并发咽瘘的患者,因其颈部血供差,组织活性低,保守治疗很难使其痊愈,胸大肌肌皮瓣供血可靠,成活率高,抗感染能力强,对术前曾放疗的咽瘘患者可起到很好的修复作用。     

喉全切除后气管造瘘口复发癌缺损外科修复比较

目的探索喉全切除后气管造瘘口复发癌缺损外科修复的治疗效果。方法对18例喉全切除后气管造瘘口复发癌实施外科治疗。其中Ⅰ型7例,颈部单纯切口,胸大肌肌皮瓣修复颈部皮肤气管造瘘口缺损;Ⅱ型6例,颈肢或胸联合切口,前臂皮瓣或胸大肌肌皮瓣(游离前臂皮瓣5例,胸大肌肌皮瓣1例)修复部分喉咽切除;Ⅲ型3例,颈腹联合切口,游离空肠修复全喉咽、颈段食管;Ⅳ型2例,颈胸腹联合切口,胃上拉修复全喉咽、全食管。Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ型的颈部皮肤气管造瘘口缺损均用胸大肌肌皮瓣修复。结果颈部缺损胸大肌肌皮瓣均成活;咽瘘4例(其中游离空肠1例,前臂皮瓣2例,胃上拉咽瘘出血1例);全部病例术后均能进食;随访6～74个月,3例出现不同程度吞咽梗阻。结论喉全切除后气管造瘘口复发癌外科治疗缺损,修复选择应根据原发肿瘤治疗的经过及气管造瘘口复发癌侵及范围来确定修复方法。     

喉全切除术后咽瘘的预防

咽瘘是喉全切除术后的早期并发症。多年来人们一直在寻找有效的预防措施，努力降低其发生率。我们总结以前咽瘘发生的原因，采取了一些预防措施，使我院喉全切除术后咽瘘的发生率明显下降。现将我院１９９１～１９９５年因喉癌行喉全切除术２１８例患者术后发生咽瘘的情况进行回顾性分析，旨在探讨咽瘘发生的相关因素和预防措施。１　资料与方法２１８例中，男１４６例，女７２例；年龄３４～８０（平均５８．７）岁，按１９８７年ＵＩＣＣ标准Ⅱ期３４例，Ⅲ期９４例，Ⅳ期９０例。术前放疗者５例。１６８例同期行颈廓清术，其中单侧１０７…     

Avoiding Early Revision Rhytidectomy: A Biomechanical Comparison of Tissue Plication Suture Techniques

Background: Manipulation and suspension of the superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS) is performed by 74% of rhytidectomy surgeons. Multiple variations in suture techniques are employed in this task, but they have never been evaluated for differences in their ability to withstand stress. Objective: To compare the biomechanical properties of two different suture techniques that are used in SMAS plications during rhytidectomy: a double‐layered running locking (DRL) stitch and multiple horizontal mattress stitches. Methods: Fourteen horizontal mattress plications, in rows of six sutures, and comparable lengths of 16 DRL stitch plications of pig skin samples, were stressed using a tensometer with grip displacement increasing at a constant rate of 0.5 cm/Min. The required force to cause plication failure was recorded for each sample at three suture break points. Results: There was no significant difference between the two groups in the force required to cause the initial suture failure. Unlike the horizontal mattress plication, an initial break seemed to cause minimal to no distortion of the DRL tissue plication. When results were normalized by the initial break forces to account for small variations in tissue properties, the force ratio required to cause a second suture break was significantly larger in the DRL group than in the horizontal mattress technique. This is evidenced by the average second to first break force ratios of 1.62 vs. 1.13 for the DRL and horizontal mattress stitches, respectively, with a P‐value of .60. The mean ratios of third to first break forces for the DRL and horizontal mattress groups were 2.08 and 0.91, respectively, with a P‐value of .08. Conclusion: The DRL stitch requires more force than the horizontal mattress stitch to cause significant failure of tissue plication. This technique may enable plastic surgeons to avoid early revision rhytidectomy due to suture failure, and to create a long‐lasting, youthful cosmetic result.     

直线闭合器在喉癌全喉切除术中应用的临床分析

摘要：目的评价直线闭合器在喉癌全喉切除术中的应用价值,比较分析闭合器使用与手工缝合的优缺点。方法收集2012年10月1日~2016年1月1日中国医学科学院肿瘤医院诊治的喉鳞状细胞癌患者71例,按回顾性非随机对照研究法分为两组,其中闭合器组20例,手工缝合组51例。分析比较两组临床参数,包括手术时间、是否发生咽瘘、手术其他并发症,以及咽瘘与术前气切、术前放疗、切口选择的关系。结果闭合器组出现咽瘘3例（15%）,手工缝合组出现咽瘘8例（16%）。两组11例咽瘘患者皮肤切口均采用T型切口,各项临床参数差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论喉癌全喉切除术中采用直线闭合器与采用手工缝合两组咽瘘发生率无明显差异,临床中可根据患者具体情况进行选择。     

喉癌及下咽癌手术后咽瘘的治疗及预防

目的 探讨喉癌、下咽癌手术后并发咽瘘的治疗和预防措施。方法 喉癌手术后并发咽瘘5例,其中2例行胸大肌皮瓣修补术;下咽癌手术后并发咽瘘11例,其中2例行咽瘘缝合术。结果 喉癌术后咽瘘5例,3例经换药愈合,2例巨大咽瘘,其中1例行胸术肌皮瓣修补术,未愈合又行咽瘘缝合愈合,另1例第1次胸大肌皮瓣修补后失败,安装硅橡胶管后恢复正常饮食,6个月后行二次胸大肌皮瓣修补愈合。下咽癌术后咽瘘11例,经换药2～4周愈合9例,另2例经换药4周,局部炎症已控制,瘘口缩小为1～2cm,行咽瘘缝合术愈合。结论 喉癌、下咽癌术后并发咽瘘,是该手术的严重并发症之一。多数经换药治愈,少数病例必须行咽瘘修补术。应在手术前、手术中及手术后采取一些必要措施预防咽瘘。     

Modified Continuous Mucosal Connell Suture for the Pharyngeal Closure After Total Laryngectomy: Zipper Suture

Objectives

Pharyngocutaneous fistula is a serious complication after total laryngectomy, and there are some risk factors stated in the literature. The surgical suture techniques are not studied so much. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of ''modified continuous mucosal Connell suture'' on the incidence of pharyngocutaneous fistula after total laryngectomy.

Methods

This is a retrospective case series study based at a tertiary center with 31 patients who underwent total laryngectomy between July 2011 and December 2013. Pharyngocutaneous fistula formation after total laryngectomy was evaluated with the patients who underwent modified continuous mucosal Connell suture for pharyngeal repair.

Results

Pharyngocutaneous fistula was observed in only one patient (3.2%) who had a history of previous radiotherapy, and it was spontaneously healed within 6 days by conservative treatment.

Conclusion

We defined a new suture technique for the pharyngeal repair after total laryngectomy. This technique is a simple modification of continuous mucosal Connell suture. We named it as zipper suture. It is effective in the prevention of pharyngocutaneous fistula for pharyngeal reconstruction after total laryngectomy.     

全喉切除术后咽瘘的原因分析与防治措施

目的探讨全喉切除术后咽瘘发生的易感因素、治疗方法及预防措施。方法收集2000年1月～2011年12月行全喉切除术患者114例。对可能影响咽瘘发生的一系列因素包括年龄、术前放疗、颈廓清术范围、肿瘤位置和肿瘤临床分期等进行了回顾性研究。结果术后12例患者发生咽瘘(10.5%),7例咽瘘患者的愈合需要外科治疗干预,其中6例通过咽部黏膜组织的直接缝合而达到治愈,1例行胸大肌皮瓣移植术;另5例通过局部换药、加压包扎等保守方法,瘘口治愈闭合。所有患者均随访2个月以上。结论文献中关于咽瘘发生的相关因素虽存有很多的争议,但研究表明血红蛋白水平,是否有糖尿病,肿瘤位置,肿瘤TNM分级及临床分期与咽瘘发生密切相关。大部分患者的咽瘘通过保守换药治疗,必要时局部直接清创缝合的方法可以达到治愈的效果。     

梨状窝癌喉下咽切除残喉瓣修补下咽缺损

目的:探讨梨状窝癌喉下咽切除术后应用残喉瓣修补下咽缺损的可行性。方法:应用残喉瓣修补梨状窝癌喉下咽切除术后下咽缺损7例。术中切除患侧半咽和半喉,保留健侧半喉,剔除甲状软骨、环状软骨及杓状软骨,将软骨内膜保留于喉瓣上,形成一个与健侧舌根有宽广基蒂的大小约4.0cm×2.0cm的喉瓣,术中保留健侧的舌骨下肌群,勿损伤健侧喉上动脉。下拉舌根与咽侧壁上方切缘缝合,喉瓣切缘与下咽后壁及食管入口上方切缘缝合。术后均行放疗,剂量为60Gy。结果:术后6例患者一期愈合;1例患者出现局部感染和咽瘘,经局部换药2周内愈合。全部患者吞咽功能良好。7例术后随访3~5年,3年内死亡3例,4年内死亡1例。结论:对于适合的梨状窝癌患者,应用残喉黏膜瓣修补下咽缺损具有操作简单,安全可靠,损伤小,并发症少的优点。     

Pharyngeal Reconstruction After Laryngectomy

A method of pharyngeal reconstruction following laryngectomy is described. In 44 successive laryngectomies using this technique, no postoperative pharyngocutaneous fistulas occurred. Ten of the patients had received full courses of radiation therapy prior to the surgical procedure and had recurrent carcinomas. Other reports have noted that laryngectomy following full courses of “unplanned preoperative” radiation therapy is usually associated with a high incidence of postoperative pharyngeal fistula. The pharyngeal fistula problem, and the pharyngeal repair that was used in our series, are discussed. The pharynx was closed carefully in three layers with fine, absorbable sutures, and a submucosal inverting technique was used for the important mucous membrane closure. Tube feedings were used for two weeks after surgery. A high incidence of pharyngocutaneous fistula after laryngectomy in the irradiated patient can be prevented.     

Otoplasty: an analysis of technique over a 33-year period

OBJECTIVE: To compare the merits of otoplasty technique with a diverse patient population as experienced spanning a period greater 30 years. STUDY DESIGN: A review of a series of otoplasty cases that occurred in two distinctly different clinical settings during a 33-year period. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of 211 patients undergoing otoplasty from 1969 to 1982 in a military hospital setting was compared with 118 patients receiving otoplasty from 1982 to 2002 in a university/private practice setting. The patient population consisted of 180 adults and 149 children. RESULTS: Otoplasty patients in the military setting were primarily adults, whereas those in the university/private practice setting were primarily children. In the adult population, 98.9% of patients required use of lateral conchal cartilage resection combined with a mattress suture technique. In the pediatric population, all patients required use of a mattress suture technique and in 83.2% of selected cases limited lateral conchal cartilage resection was required. CONCLUSION: Otoplasty technique involving lateral conchal cartilage resection, mattress suture fixation, or a combination of both is applicable to diverse patient populations.     

鼻中隔连续褥式缝合术在局部麻醉的鼻内镜手术中的临床应用

目的通过局部麻醉下行鼻中隔矫正术后对鼻腔填塞或行鼻中隔连续褥式缝合术的对比,证明鼻中隔矫正术后行鼻中隔连续褥式缝合术更能减轻患者痛苦。方法将2012年5月～2013年4月我科住院行鼻中隔矫正术的成年患者分为甲乙对照组,甲组行鼻中隔矫正术后立即行鼻中隔缝合术不伴鼻腔填塞,乙组行鼻中隔矫正术后行双侧鼻腔膨胀海绵填塞。术后第1、2、3d对患者行视觉模拟评分（visualanalogscale,VAS）,并随访3个月观察有无并发症。所得数据应用SPSSl8．0统计软件进行重复测量的方差分析进行统计学分析。结果：甲乙2组患者在术后第1、2、3d的VAS评分比较,有显著性差异（P=0．000〈0．05）,两组术后＼,AS在术后不同处理方法下随时间有交互作用。即鼻中隔术后鼻中隔缝合术的患者症状随时间减轻的更明显;术后3个月随访,甲乙两组均未发现鼻中隔血肿、鼻中隔穿孔、塌鼻等并发症。结论：通过鼻中隔术后对鼻腔填塞或行鼻中隔缝合术的对比,鼻中隔连续褥式缝合术更能减轻鼻中隔术后的症状。     

下咽癌术中经口使用环形吻合器重建消化道的临床探讨

目的探讨下咽癌术中经口使用环形吻合器连接重建消化道上吻合口的方法及疗效。方法回顾性分析2016年3月~2018年12月因下咽癌就诊于北京协和医院耳鼻咽喉科行手术治疗并于术中经口应用环形吻合器修复口咽缺损的7例患者的临床资料。结果7例患者均未出现咽瘘和上吻合口狭窄。1例于术后19个月因肺部转移死亡,1例于术后9个月出现下吻合口狭窄。 结论下咽癌术中可以经口置入环形吻合器以重建消化道上端,效果较好,术后吻合口瘘、上吻合口狭窄的发生率低于手工缝合,同时更加省时,可靠。关于经口使用环形吻合器的适应证与禁忌证仍需更多的临床探索。