No survival advantage exists for patients undergoing loop ileostomy for clostridium difficile colitis

Background

We aim to compare outcomes between loop ileostomy (LI) and total abdominal colectomy (TAC) for clostridium difficile infection (CDI) and hypothesize that LI is associated with fewer complications.

Current status of surgical treatment for fulminant clostridium difficile colitis

Mortality rates attributable to fulminant Clostridium difficile(C.difficile) colitis remain high and are reported to be 38%-80%.Historically,the threshold for surgical intervention has been judged empirically because level I evidence to guide decision making is lacking.Studies of the surgical management of C.difficile infection have been limited by small sample size and the lack of a standard definition of fulminancy.Multiple small and medium-sized series have examined the surgical management of C.difficile.However,because of a lack of prospective,randomized studies,it has been difficult to identify the optimal point for surgical intervention in patients with severe fulminant C.difficile colitis.Our goal was to analyze the existing body of literature in an attempt to define host constellations,which would predict the development of the more aggressive form of this disease and hence justify an early or earlier surgical intervention.A Pubmed search was conducted using the keywords "fulminant","clostridium difficile","surgery",and "colitis".Reviews and Meta-analyses proposing indications for surgical consultation or operative management in patients with C.difficile colitis were included.After analyzing current literature,we identified a number of parameters that are associated with unfavorable outcomes.The parameters include age greater than 65 years old,peritoneal signs on physical examination,abdominal distension,signs of end-organ failure,hypotension less than 90 mmHg systolic blood pressure,tachycardia greater than 100 bpm,vasopressor requirement,elevated WBC count of greater than at least 16 × 10 9 /μL,serum lactate of greater than 2.2 mmol/L,and lastly,radiologic findings suggestive of pancolitis,ascites,megacolon,or colonic perforation.Even though fairly strong evidence exists in contemporary literature,we recommend use of these identified parameters with caution in clinical practice when it comes to the actual decision to treat certain patients more aggressively.The identified risk factors should be used to lower surgeons’ threshold for operative treatment early in the course of the disease     

颈椎后路术后手术部位感染的术中危险因素分析

目的 :探讨颈椎后路术后手术部位感染(surgical site infection,SSI)的术中危险因素。方法:回顾性分析2007年1月~2016年12月在北京大学第三医院骨科颈椎组住院接受颈椎后路手术的患者,患者主要诊断包括脊髓型颈椎病、颈椎外伤、颈椎后纵韧带骨化症等。筛选出术后发生SSI的病例(SSI组)。再从未感染的患者中按1∶4的比例随机抽取对应数量的患者作为对照(非感染组)。收集两组患者的性别、年龄、术前改良JOA(m JOA)评分、术前诊断、手术方式、内科合并症情况、体质量指数(BMI)、吸烟史、术中出血量、术中放置引流管数量、术中回输血量、手术节段以及手术时间等指标进行单因素分析,根据单因素分析结果进行二因素Logistic回归分析,分析与SSI相关的术中危险因素,并进一步使用受试者工作曲线分析确定危险因素的临界值。结果:10年间共有3720例患者在我院骨科颈椎组接受颈椎后路手术,手术方式主要包括颈后路单开门椎管扩大成形术、颈后路单开门椎管扩大成形+侧块螺钉固定术、颈后路椎管后壁切除+侧块螺钉固定术。其中13例患者发生SSI,发生率为0.35%(13/3720),女3例,男10例,年龄为58.38±2.52岁。从未发生SSI的患者中随机抽取52例患者作为对照组(非感染组)。两组患者年龄、性别比、术前m JOA评分、术前诊断、手术方式、内科合并症情况、BMI、术中输血量等均无统计学差异(P0.05),吸烟、术中出血量、术中放置引流管数量、手术节段以及手术时间有统计学差异(P0.05)。将有统计学差异的五个因素纳入二因素Logistic回归分析,结果显示术中出血量和手术时间为颈椎后路术后SSI的独立术中危险因素;其临界值分别为180ml及84.5min。结论:术中出血量多、手术时间长,术后发生SSI的风险高。     

中国人群脊柱术后手术部位感染相关危险因素的Meta分析

目的 :系统评价中国人群脊柱术后手术部位感染(surgical site infection,SSI)的危险因素,为临床制定脊柱术后SSI的预防控制措施提供参考依据。方法:计算机检索Pub Med(1966年1月~2017年5月)、EMBASE(1974年1月~2017年5月)、Cochrane Library(2017年5期)、CNKI(1994年1月~2017年5月)、CBM(1979年1月~2017年5月)、维普(1989年1月~2017年5月)和万方数据库(1982年1月~2017年5月),纳入关于中国人群脊柱术后SSI发生危险因素的病例-对照研究,检索时限均从建库至2017年5月。两名作者分别进行文献检索、资料提取(包括研究地点、研究时间、样本量、年龄、诊断、手术方式以及暴露因素)以及运用Newcastle-Ottawa Scale(NOS)质量评价量表进行质量评价。采用RevMan 5.3软件进行统计学分析。结果:共纳入29篇文献,包括18486例患者,其中感染组932例,对照组17554例。根据NOS文献质量评价标准进行质量评价,A级文献19篇,B级文献10篇。Meta分析结果显示,与中国人群脊柱术后SSI发生相关的危险因素有:性别(男性)[OR=1.33,95%CI(1.08,1.64),P0.05]、年龄(60岁)[OR=1.44,95%CI(1.01,2.04),P0.05]、肥胖[OR=2.64,95%CI(1.35,5.15),P0.05]、糖尿病[OR=3.86,95%CI(2.68,5.55),P0.05]、感染史[OR=6.64,95%CI(1.29,34.29),P0.05]、美国麻醉医师协会(American Society of Anesthesiologists,ASA)评分(2分)[OR=2.72,95%CI(1.38,5.38),P0.05]、尿失禁[OR=6.32,95%CI(3.40,11.76),P0.05]、脑血管疾病[OR=5.73,95%CI(1.62,20.35),P0.05],同种异体骨植骨[OR=3.02,95%CI(1.09,8.34),P0.05]、手术时间(3h)[OR=3.44,95%CI(1.92,6.13),P0.05]、失血量(1000ml)[OR=2.40,95%CI(1.73,4.77),P0.05]、输血[OR=2.61,95%CI(1.36,5.01),P0.05]、融合节段(3个)[OR=2.23,95%CI(1.55,3.23),P0.05]、没有预防性使用抗生素[OR=5.43,95%CI(2.66,11.08),P0.05]、术中参观人员[OR=2.28,95%CI(1.19,4.37),P0.05]。结论 :男性、年龄60岁、肥胖、糖尿病、感染史、ASA评分2分、尿失禁、脑血管疾病、同种异体骨植骨、手术时间3h、失血量1000ml、输血、融合节段3个、没有预防性使用抗生素、术中参观人员均为国人脊柱术后发生SSI的危险因素。     

Recent epidemiology of Clostridium difficile infection during hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Given the limited information on Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) during hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), we examined the recent epidemiology of CDI in HSCT recipients at our institution. During the two-yr retrospective study period (2005-2006), 361 transplants were performed: 60% allogeneic and 40% autologous. Among all hospitalized patients in a non-outbreak setting, CDI rates in HSCT recipients were ninefold higher than those in general patients and 1.4-fold higher than those in patients with cancer (24.0 vs. 2.6 vs. 16.8/10,000 patient-days respectively). Sixty-two episodes of CDI occurred in 51 (14%) HSCT recipients: 39 (18%) allogeneic vs. 12 (8%) autologous (p = 0.01). Almost half of CDI episodes occurred within 30 d post-HSCT and 22% before HSCT. Clostridium difficile toxin assay was initially positive in 28% of the first, 31% of the second and 27% of the third stool samples tested. All but one patient responded to therapy with metronidazole or vancomycin. Severe CDI occurred in one patient and recurrent CDI in two patients. CDI is common during HSCT especially in allogeneic transplants during the peri-HSCT period. Prospective studies to better define the epidemiology and identify unique risk factors for CDI and more accurate tests to confirm the diagnosis in this population are needed.     

Predisposing factors for surgical site infection of spinal instrumentation surgery for diabetes patients

Purpose

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is known as an important risk factor for surgical site infection (SSI) in spine surgery. It is still unclear however which DM-related parameters have stronger influence on SSI. The purpose of this study is to determine predisposing factors for SSI following spinal instrumentation surgery for patients with DM.

Methods

110 DM patients (66 males and 44 females) who underwent spinal instrumentation surgery in one institute were enrolled in this study. For each patient, various preoperative or intraoperative parameters were reviewed from medical records. Patients were divided into two groups (SSI or non-SSI) based on the postoperative course. Each parameter between these two groups was compared. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to determine predisposing factor for SSI.

Results

The SSI group consisted of 11 patients (10 %), and the non-SSI group of 99 patients (90 %). Univariate analysis revealed that preoperative proteinuria (p = 0.01), operation time (p = 0.04) and estimated blood loss (p = 0.02) were significantly higher in the SSI group compared to the non-SSI group. Multivariate logistic regression identified preoperative proteinuria as a statistically significant predictor of SSI (OR 6.28, 95 % CI 1.58–25.0, p = 0.009).

Conclusions

Proteinuria is a significant predisposing factor for SSI in spinal instrumentation surgery for DM patients. DM patients with proteinuria who are likely to suffer latent nephropathy have a potential risk for SSI. For them less invasive surgery is recommended for spinal instrumentation. In this retrospective study, there was no significant difference of preoperative condition in glycemic control between the two groups.     

Risk factors and prediction model for inpatient surgical site infection after elective abdominal surgery

BACKGROUND Surgical site infections(SSIs) are the commonest healthcare-associated infection. In addition to increasing mortality, it also lengthens the hospital stay and raises healthcare expenses. SSIs are challenging to predict, with most models having poor predictability. Therefore, we developed a prediction model for SSI after elective abdominal surgery by identifying risk factors.AIM To analyse the data on inpatients undergoing elective abdominal surgery to identify risk factors and develop...     

Colon and rectal surgery surgical site infection reduction bundle: To improve is to change

Background

Despite the introduction of the Surgical Care Improvement Project, surgical site infections remain a source of morbidity. The aim of this study was to determine the value of implementing a colorectal bundle on SSI rates.

Significance of a positive Clostridium difficile toxin test after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Patients with hematological malignancies show a high prevalence of asymptomatic colonization with Clostridium difficile (CD colonization). Therefore, it is difficult to distinguish CD colonization with diarrhea induced by a conditioning regimen from true Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) recipients. We retrospectively analyzed 308 consecutive patients who underwent a CD toxin A/B enzyme immunoassay test for diarrhea within 100 d after HSCT from November 2007 to May 2014. Thirty patients (9.7%) had positive CD toxin results, and 11 of these had positive results in subsequent tests after an initial negative result. Allogeneic HSCT, total body irradiation, stem cell source, acute leukemia, and the duration of neutropenia were significantly correlated with positive CD toxin results. In a logistic regression model, allogeneic HSCT was identified as a significant risk factor (odds ratio 18.6, p < 0.01). In an analysis limited to within 30 d after the conditioning regimen, the duration of neutropenia was the sole risk factor (odds ratio 10.4, p < 0.01). There were no distinctive clinical features for CDI, including the onset or duration of diarrhea. In conclusion, although CDI may be overdiagnosed in HSCT recipients, it is difficult to clinically distinguish between CDI and CD colonization.     

Clostridium difficile enteritis: A report of two cases and systematic literature review

Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) is the most common cause of healthcare associated infectious diarrhea. In the last decade, the incidence of C. difficile infection has increased dramatically. The virulence of C. difficile has also increased recently with toxigenic strains developing. C. difficile is generally a disease of the colon and presents with abdominal pain and diarrhea due to colitis. However, C. difficile enteritis has been reported rarely. The initial reports suggested mortality rates as high as 66%. The incidence of C. difficile enteritis appears to be increasing in parallel to the increase in colonic infections. We present two cases of patients who had otherwise uneventful abdominal surgery but subsequently developed C. difficile enteritis. Our literature review demonstrates 81 prior cases of C. difficile enteritis described in case reports. The mortality of the disease remains high at approximately 25%. Early recognition and intervention may reduce the high mortality associated with this disease process.     

脊柱术后手术部位感染的危险因素分析

目的 :分析脊柱术后手术部位感染的危险因素,总结降低脊柱术后手术部位感染发生率的经验。方法 :收集我科自1995年1月~2015年12月实施脊柱开放手术患者的资料,对文献中常见脊柱术后感染高危因素高龄、糖尿病、肥胖、长手术时间、内固定置入、输血、长期吸烟史、类固醇激素服用史、全身其他部位感染、脑脊液漏、二次手术、后路手术等进行统计并行单因素卡方检验,筛选出阳性危险因素,对阳性危险因素进行多因素Logistic回归分析。结果:共有3964例患者实施脊柱开放手术,术后36例发生手术部位感染,其中男9例,女27例;年龄16~76岁(61.2±3.6岁)。其中合并糖尿病者12例,全身其他部位感染(包括慢性感染)3例,类固醇激素服用史(自身免疫性、代谢性疾病)1例。单因素卡方检验提示高龄、糖尿病、肥胖、长手术时间、内固定置入、输血是脊柱术后感染相关阳性危险因素。长期吸烟史、类固醇激素服用史、全身其他部分感染、脑脊液漏、二次手术、后路手术与脊柱术后感染无相关性。多因素Logistic回归分析提示:高龄、糖尿病、输血、内固定置入及长手术时间会增加脊柱术后手术部位感染的风险,其中长时间手术、肥胖、输血导致脊柱术后手术部位感染的风险最高,其次是糖尿病和内固定置入,而高龄在所有阳性危险因素中导致脊柱术后手术部位感染的风险最小。结论:肥胖、高龄、糖尿病、输血、内固定置入及长手术时间会增加脊柱术后手术部位感染的发生风险。对于有相关危险因素的患者,应尽早控制相关危险因素,加强围手术期预防以降低脊柱术后手术部位感染的风险。     

Outcomes of primary fascial closure after open abdomen for nontrauma emergency general surgery patients

Background

Emergency general surgery patients are increasingly being managed with an open abdomen (OA). Factors associated with complications after primary fascial closure (PFC) are unknown.

Methods

Demographic and operative variables for all emergency general surgery patients managed with OA at an academic medical center were prospectively examined from June to December 2013. Primary outcome was complication requiring reoperation.

Results

Of 58 patients, 37 managed with OA achieved PFC. Of these, 14 needed re-exploration for dehiscence, compartment syndrome, infection, or other. Complications after PFC were not associated with age, type of operative intervention, time to closure, re-explorations, comorbidities, or mortality. Complications correlated with higher body mass index (P = .02), skin closure (P = .04), plasma infusion (P = .01), and less intraoperative bleeding (P = .05). Deep surgical site infection correlated with fascial dehiscence (P = .02).

Conclusions

Reoperation after PFC was more likely in obese and nonhemorrhagic patients. Recognition of these factors and strategies to reduce surgical site infection may improve outcomes.     

脊柱后路内固定手术后手术部位感染的危险因素及治疗策略

目的:探讨脊柱后路内固定手术后手术部位感染的相关危险因素及治疗策略。方法 :回顾性分析2015年1月～2018年1月在我院骨科行脊柱后路内固定手术患者3780例。其中男性1970例,女性1810例,年龄18～92岁(44.9±18.4岁),随访1.5±0.3年。根据患者术后1年内是否出现感染分为感染组和非感染组。收集两组患者的年龄(是否>60岁)、性别、体质指数(body mass index,BMI)(是否>30kg/m²)、融合节段(是否>2个)、手术持续时间(是否>3h)、低蛋白血症(白蛋白是否<35g/L)、是否贫血、是否合并糖尿病、是否异体输血、术后引流时间(是否>48h)、失血量(是否>1000ml)以及是否合并其他部位感染等资料进行独立样本t检验。对阳性结果进行进一步多因素Logistic回归分析,将感染组根据感染灶是否穿破深筋膜分为浅表感染组和深部感染组,收集感染组细菌培养结果,χ²检验分析病原菌构成比。结果:3780例患者中发生手术部位感染患者95例,感染发生率为2.51%,其中男性...     

脊柱外科术后感染的影响因素分析

目的分析脊柱外科手术后发生感染的独立危险因素。方法分析脊柱外科接受手术治疗的病例资料,40例术后30 d内发生感染的患者作为病例组,同时匹配同期40例未发生感染的患者作为对照组。收集可能影响术后感染的相关因素,采用单因素条件多因素条件Logistic回归分析对纳入的单因素进行逐步筛选,之后采用多因素条件Logistic回归分析进一步明确可造成脊柱外科术后感染的独立危险因素。结果单因素Logistic回归分析初步筛选出术后感染与年龄、营养状况、糖尿病、既往手术史、手术范围、术后转入ICU和预防性抗生素使用不当因素相关性较高(P0.05)。进一步采用多因素Logistic回归分析发现营养状况、糖尿病、术后转入ICU和预防性抗生素使用不当是影响脊柱外科术后感染的独立危险因素。结论营养状况、糖尿病、术后转入ICU和预防性抗生素使用不当是导致脊柱外科术后感染的独立危险因素,临床上应密切关注,以防感染。     

The outcome of surgery in fulminant Clostridium difficile colitis

BACKGROUND: The clinical presentation of Clostridium difficile infection ranges from asymptomatic carriage, colitis with or without pseudomembranes, to fulminant colitis. Although not common, fulminant C. difficile colitis can result in bowel perforation and peritonitis with a high mortality rate. Colectomy is often indicated in these cases. METHODS: We retrospectively analysed the outcome of 14 patients who underwent surgery for fulminant C. difficile colitis in the period 1996-2003 in our Unit. RESULTS: The indications for surgery were systemic toxicity and peritonitis (n = 10), radiological and clinical evidence of progressive toxic colonic dilatation (n = 3) and progressive colonic dilatation with bowel perforation (n = 1). C. difficile infection as the cause of colitis was diagnosed pre-operatively in seven (50%) patients, six of whom underwent a total colectomy and one a right hemicolectomy. Overall mortality in our series was 35.7%. Total colectomy was associated with a lower mortality rate of 11.1% (1/9) when compared with left hemicolectomy was 100% (4/4) (P = 0.01). One patient who underwent a right hemicolectomy (on the basis of deceptively normal external appearance of the rest of the colon intra-operatively) survived after a prolonged hospital stay. CONCLUSIONS: Early or pre-operative microbiological diagnosis of C. difficile infection can be difficult in patients with a fulminant presentation. Those patients with C. difficile colitis, who develop signs of toxicity, peritonitis or perforation, should undergo a total colectomy as the operation of choice.     

艰难梭菌在炎症性肠病围手术期患者中的感染及其相关危险因素

目的 探讨炎症性肠病(IBD)围手术期患者艰难梭菌(C.difficile)的感染率,分析其相关危险因素.方法 应用聚合酶链反应(PCR)及酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)同时检测28例炎症性肠病围手术期患者及30例健康人群粪便标本中C.difficile的感染,并以问卷的形式收集相关临床资料.结果 纳入的28例IBD患者中,C.difficile阳性者为8例(8/28,28.6％),30例健康对照组中l例阳性(1/30,3.3％).全身使用激素、疾病处于复发活动期是C.difficile感染的危险因素,C.difficile感染者术后住院时间明显延长.结论 炎症性肠病围手术期患者C.difficile感染率显著高于健康对照组,C.difficile感染影响着炎症性肠病患者的临床结局.     

An evidence-based clinical guideline for antibiotic prophylaxis in spine surgery

Background context

The North American Spine Society's (NASS) Evidence-Based Clinical Guideline on Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Spine Surgery provides evidence-based recommendations to address key clinical questions regarding the efficacy and the appropriate antibiotic prophylaxis protocol to prevent surgical site infections in patients undergoing spine surgery. The guideline is intended to address these questions based on the highest quality clinical literature available on this subject as of June 2011.

Purpose

Provide an evidence-based educational tool to assist spine surgeons in preventing surgical site infections.

Study design

Systematic review and evidence-based clinical guideline.

Methods

This guideline is a product of the Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Spine Surgery Work Group of NASS Evidence-Based Guideline Development Committee. The work group consisted of neurosurgeons and orthopedic surgeons who specialize in spine surgery and are trained in the principles of evidence-based analysis. A literature search addressing each question and using a specific search protocol was performed on English language references found in MEDLINE (PubMed), ACP Journal Club, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effectiveness, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, EMBASE (Drugs and Pharmacology), and Web of Science to identify articles published since the search performed for the original guideline. The relevant literature was then independently rated using the NASS-adopted standardized levels of evidence. An evidentiary table was created for each of the questions. Final recommendations to answer each clinical question were developed via work group discussion, and grades were assigned to the recommendations using standardized grades of recommendation. In the absence of Levels I to IV evidence, work group consensus statements have been developed using a modified nominal group technique, and these statements are clearly identified as such in the guideline.

Results

Sixteen clinical questions were formulated and addressed, and the answers are summarized in this article. The respective recommendations were graded by the strength of the supporting literature, which was stratified by levels of evidence.

Conclusions

The clinical guideline for antibiotic prophylaxis in spine surgery has been created using the techniques of evidence-based medicine and best available evidence to aid practitioners in the care of patients undergoing spine surgery. The entire guideline document, including the evidentiary tables, suggestions for future research, and all the references, is available electronically on the NASS Web site at http://www.spine.org/Pages/PracticePolicy/ClinicalCare/ClinicalGuidlines/Default.aspx and will remain updated on a timely schedule.