珠海市斗门区2000-2009年艾滋病流行特征分析

珠海市斗门区1998年在静脉吸毒人群中发现首例艾滋病病毒(Human immunodeficiency virus,HIV)感染者,随后HIV在该人群中快速传播,由经其他途径感染者相继发现,感染范围不断扩大,2006年感染总数达到最高峰,以后逐年下降。传播途径以注射吸毒及异性性传播为主,且随着对注射吸毒人群干预措施的实施,经注射吸毒感染者的比例逐年下降,经异性性传播途径感染者的比例逐年上升;艾滋病疫情由高危人群经桥梁人群向一般人群扩散。     

台州市吸毒人群HIV感染调查

目的 了解台州市吸毒人群中艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染状况，为采取干预措施提供依据。方法 对台州市戒毒所内l188名吸毒人员进行调查和血清HIV抗体检测。结果 吸毒者以无业的青年男性居多，静脉注射吸毒率34．72％。检出HIV感染者7例，HIV感染率0．59％。感染者均来自外省，均有静脉注射和共用注射嚣吸毒史。结论 台州市吸毒人群HIV感染率较低，要控制艾滋病在台州的传播蔓延，重点应放在对流动人口的管理干预上。     

静脉吸毒途径HIV感染者发生睡眠障碍的全国多中心调查

目的调查静脉吸毒途径艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染者睡眠障碍的发病率及风险因素。方法在全国20个艾滋病治疗机构的HIV感染者中进行横断面调查,收集HIV感染者社会人口学特征及HIV相关临床数据,采用匹兹堡睡眠质量指数问卷及医院焦虑与抑郁自评量表评估感染者睡眠障碍、焦虑障碍和抑郁障碍的患病率,利用Logistic回归模型寻找静脉吸毒途径HIV感染者发生睡眠障碍的相关因素。结果共收集4 100例HIV感染者的相关资料,其中255名通过静脉吸毒途径感染,静脉吸毒途径HIV感染者中有55.7%(142例)发生睡眠障碍,高于其他途径感染HIV人群(43.8%)。静脉吸毒途径HIV感染者发生睡眠障碍的风险因素包括抑郁水平[调整比值比(aOR)=2.170,95%可信区间(CI):1.179～3.997,P=0.013]和焦虑水平(aOR=3.279,95%CI:1.647～6.531,P=0.001)。结论静脉吸毒途径HIV感染者常发生睡眠障碍,主要与焦虑障碍、抑郁障碍等精神障碍有关,应受到足够重视。     

南京市2008-2010年不同感染途径和不同报告来源的HIV/AIDS病例的随访率分析

目的分析南京市新发现的艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染者和艾滋病(AIDS)病人(简称HIV/AIDS病人)的不同感染途径和报告来源,对随访管理以及CD4检测的影响。方法收集2008-2010南京市所有报告单位上报的病例及随访资料,对不同感染途径和报告来源的HIV/AIDS病人的随访管理率及CD4检测率进行分析。结果 2008-2010年南京市共报告HIV/AIDS病人955例,随访率呈现上升趋势,CD4检测率总体下降。母婴途径感染者随访率最高(100%),注射吸毒途径感染者随访率最低(71.4%);男男性途径感染者CD4检测率最高(71.3%),注射吸毒途径感染者最低(37.3%)。不同报告来源病例的随访率总体上升,专题调查发现的病例随访率降低;不同报告来源病例的CD4检测率总体下降,但是医院报告病例的CD4检测率上升。结论不同感染途径和病例报告来源对南京市HIV/AIDS病例的随访和CD4检测有不同程度的影响,注射吸毒感染和专题调查发现的病例应成为随访工作的重点,从强化初筛阳性者信息资料的收集入手,提高随访率。     

西昌市静脉吸毒人群HIV/AIDS流行趋势分析

目的 在西昌市静脉吸毒人群中，利用传播动力学数学模型预测未来几年艾滋病病毒(HIV)伎滋病(AIDS)的流行趋势。方法 对当地静脉吸毒人群进行HIV感染横断面和前瞻性队列研究获得的有关数据，利用离散型HIV／AIDS传播动力学数学模型进行分析。结果 建立了静脉吸毒人群中的HIV／AIDS传播动力学模型，给出了有关参数的确定；通过数值模拟对未来几年HIV感染情况进行了预测。结论 由模型可以看出：如果不采取干预措施，到2010年西昌市静脉吸毒人群中的累计HIV感染者／AIDS患者人数约为1070，HIV感染率约为18％；如果采取适当的干预措施，使得HIV感染者的传染性降低50％，则到2010年累计HIV感染者／AIDS患者人数约为630．HIV感染率约为8％。因此．对吸毒人群施加必要的干预措施．就变成一项非常有意义的工作。     

天津市接受艾滋病抗病毒治疗者合并HCV感染状况

目的了解天津市接受艾滋病抗病毒治疗的HIV感染者中合并HCV感染状况及其相关因素。方法选取2004年9月1日至2020年6月30日期间天津市艾滋病病例报告数据库及抗病毒治疗数据库中的HIV感染者,收集其人口学因素包括年龄、性别、民族、文化程度、职业等,HIV感染情况包括感染途径、确证时间、病程阶段,抗病毒治疗入组时CD4细胞计数、肝功能指标,抗-HCV筛查结果等信息。结果天津市接受抗病毒治疗的HIV感染者中共有4 170人进行过抗-HCV筛查,其中85人(2.04%)报告抗-HCV阳性。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示40～49岁年龄组与≥50岁年龄组的感染者HIV/HCV合并感染的风险是≤29岁年龄组的8.32倍(95%CI:1.95～35.59)和9.45倍(95%CI:2.11～42.32);经输血和注射吸毒途径感染的HIV感染者合并HCV感染风险是经男男性行为途径感染的6.68倍(95%CI:1.78～25.02)和133.25倍(95%CI:62.67～283.32)。抗病毒治疗入组时肝功能异常的感染者更可能是HIV/HCV合并感染者(与抗病毒治疗入组时肝功能正常的感染者相比OR=2.51,95%CI:1.37～4.62)。结论天津市接受抗病毒治疗的HIV感染者中,总体抗-HCV阳性率较低。注射吸毒途径传播及肝功能异常的感染者抗病毒治疗时需要重点关注是否有HCV合并感染情况发生。     

1990-2017年中国艾滋病疾病负担分析

目的 分析1990-2017年中国艾滋病疾病负担变化.方法 利用全球疾病负担研究资料分析1990-2017年中国艾滋病疾病负担变化趋势;描述1990年和2017年死亡、伤残调整寿命年(DALY)、伤残损失健康寿命年(YLD)和过早死亡损失寿命年(YLL)的年龄、性别分布.结果 1990-2017年中国艾滋病年龄别标化死...     

贵阳市908名艾滋病自愿咨询检测者的情况分析

目的分析贵阳市908名艾滋病自愿咨询检测(VCT)者的相关情况、艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染情况、VCT求询者抑郁状况,为艾滋病预防和干预提供科学依据。方法对贵阳市疾病预防控制中心VCT门诊2010-2012年908名VCT求询者的基本信息及HIV感染率进行分析,运用抑郁自评量表(SDS)对2012年237名VCT求询者进行调查,了解其心理抑郁状况。结果 908名VCT求询者中,HIV感染者160人,感染率17.62%;性接触为主要传播途径。男女比例为3.2∶1,青壮年是接受VCT的主体人群,文化程度低的人群感染率较高。HIV感染率较高的求询者分别是有注射吸毒史者(36.84%)、配偶/固定性伴阳性史者(33.77%)和男男性行为人群(MSM)(26.84%)。237名求询者中,有67.51%的人有抑郁症状,女性和文化程度低的人群抑郁症状较明显。结论 VCT门诊在发现HIV感染者、宣传和干预中起到重要作用。应加强对有注射吸毒史、男男性行为史和配偶/固定性伴阳性史者的干预。可在VCT服务中开展心理咨询及疏导。     

不同途径感染HIV人群的心理状态分析

综合近年来国内外对艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染者及艾滋病(AIDS)病人心理健康的研究,分别对有偿献血、吸毒和经性途径感染HIV人群的心理状态进行分类分析,由此得出不同传播途径感染HIV人群的心理感受和心理状态是不同的。有偿献血人群存在严重的抑郁、焦虑情绪障碍;吸毒人群存在较严重的强迫、敌对、焦虑、抑郁、精神病性问题,可能丧失生活信心,产生报复社会的情绪;女性性工作者人际关系敏感、强迫症、偏执等表现较为突出,有更强烈的社会支持的心理需求;男男性行为者会产生强烈的负罪感,感到焦虑,羞耻、难以适应,产生自杀念头。文章提出,要掌握不同途径感染HIV人群的心理特点,心理干预工作才能事半功倍,才能更好地提高HIV感染者及AIDS病人的生存质量。     

重庆地区192例HIV/HCV合并感染者的回顾性研究

目的分析重庆地区艾滋病病毒(HIV)/丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)合并感染的发生率及危险因素;了解HIV合并慢性HCV感染者HCV-IgG抗体的产生情况,分析部分病人不能产生HCV-IgG的可能危险因素。方法回顾性收集HIV/HCV合并感染者资料,分析合并感染的可能危险因素;统计HIV合并慢性HCV感染者HCV-IgG阴性发生率,分析其HCV-IgG阴性的可能危险因素。结果 3 013例HIV感染者/艾滋病病人中合并HCV感染192例(6.37%);合并感染HCV者的HIV病毒载量[(4.97±0.89)log拷贝/mL]低于单纯HIV感染者[(5.15±0.81)log拷贝/mL](P0.05);合并感染者中吸毒人数的比例(64.06%)高于单纯HIV感染者(0.92%)(P0.05)。合并感染者中13例(6.77%)HCV-IgG阴性。单因素分析显示,HCV-IgG阴性组较阳性组年龄偏大(P0.05),HCV-IgG阴性组通过性途径导致感染所占比例(92.31%)高于阳性组(31.84%)(P0.05);多因素分析显示,通过性途径导致合并感染者出现HCV-IgG阴性的风险,为通过静脉吸毒途径导致感染者的52.669倍。结论重庆地区HIV/HCV合并感染发生率较高,静脉吸毒是合并感染的高危因素;合并HCV感染可能抑制HIV复制;年龄、传播途径为HIV/HCV合并感染者产生HCV-IgG的危险因素,其中性传播为影响HCV-IgG产生的独立危险因素。     

Outcomes and Cost-Effectiveness of Integrating HIV and Nutrition Service Delivery: Pilots in Malawi and Mozambique

This paper provides the first estimates of impact and cost-effectiveness for integrated HIV and nutrition service delivery in sub-Saharan Africa. HIV and undernutrition are synergistic co-epidemics impacting millions of children throughout the region. To alleviate this co-epidemic, UNICEF supported small-scale pilot programs in Malawi and Mozambique that integrated HIV and nutrition service delivery. We use trends from integration sites and comparison sites to estimate the number of lives saved, infections averted and/or undernutrition cases cured due to programmatic activities, and to estimate cost-effectiveness. Results suggest that Malawi’s program had a cost-effectiveness of $11–29/DALY, while Mozambique’s was $16–59/DALY. Some components were more effective than others ($1–4/DALY for Malawi’s Male motivators vs. $179/DALY for Mozambique’s One stop shops). These results suggest that integrating HIV and nutrition programming leads to a positive impact on health outcomes and should motivate additional work to evaluate impact and determine cost-effectiveness using an appropriate research design.     

Pre-AIDS mortality and its association with HIV disease progression in haemophilic men, injecting drug users and homosexual men

OBJECTIVE: To study pre-AIDS mortality and its association with HIV disease progression in different exposure groups with known intervals of HIV seroconversion. DESIGN AND METHODS: The type and rate of pre-AIDS deaths were assessed in 111 HIV-infected haemophilic men followed in London, and 118 injecting drug users and 158 homosexual men followed in Amsterdam. In each group, the association between CD4+ T-cell count, HIV RNA and pre-AIDS mortality was studied using proportional hazards analysis. RESULTS: By 10 years after seroconversion 7.3% of the haemophilic men had died without AIDS and 38.2% had developed AIDS. These figures were 20.2 and 30.5% for injecting drug users, and 8.0 and 55.0% for homosexual men. The major causes of pre-AIDS mortality appear to differ in the three exposure groups. The risk of pre-AIDS death tended to increase with decreasing CD4 cell count and increasing HIV RNA levels in injecting drug users and homosexual men. In men with haemophilia the associations were less obvious, although the log-transformed CD4 cell count was predictive for pre-AIDS death. CONCLUSIONS: Pre-AIDS deaths occur and are at least partially related to HIV disease progression irrespective of how individuals became infected. Because of the longer life expectancy due to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), pre-AIDS deaths are likely to show a further increase. Methods to incorporate these intermediate outcomes should be considered in the estimation of the size of the HIV epidemic and in the survival analysis of HIV-infected individuals. Prevention and treatment of non-AIDS infections, especially hepatitis C virus infection, and cancers will become increasingly important in HIV-infected individuals. The interaction between these therapies and HAART should be closely monitored.     

1998年艾滋病状况和主要工作

截止1998年底,全国31省、自治区、直辖市共报告艾滋病病毒感染者12639例.其中艾滋病病人417例,死亡224例.经三种传播途径的感染均有发现,但主要经血—注射毒品感染.据估计,我国实际艾滋病病毒感染者可能已逾40万.1998年全国共报告艾滋病病毒感染者3306例.感染途径仍以静脉注射毒品为主,占75.2%;20个省、自治区、直辖市报告在吸毒人群中发现了艾滋病病毒感染者,以新疆和广西的疫情发展最快.新疆1998年报告数首次超过云南,居第一位.1998年,一半以上吸毒人群哨点发现了艾滋病病毒感染者,其感染率明显高于1997年;感染的性乱人群哨点数增加;局部高发地区,已发现孕妇感染,说明艾滋病病毒正从高危人群向一般人群扩散.指出了1998年全国艾滋病疫情报告和监测工作的不足点;总结了国家1998年艾滋病防治的主要工作及制订的艾滋病防治的主要文件、方针和策略.     

Cost-effectiveness of nevirapine to prevent mother-to-child HIV transmission in eight African countries

BACKGROUND: A comprehensive approach to preventing HIV infection in infants has been recommended, including: (a) preventing HIV in young women, (b) reducing unintended pregnancies among HIV-infected women, (c) preventing vertical transmission (PMTCT), and (d) providing care, treatment, and support to HIV-infected women and their families. Most attention has been given to preventing vertical transmission based on analysis showing nevirapine to be inexpensive and cost-effective. METHODS: The following were determined using data from eight African countries: national program costs and impact on infant infections; reductions in adult HIV prevalence and unintended pregnancies among HIV-infected women that would have equivalent impact on infant HIV infections averted as the nevirapine intervention; and the cost threshold for drugs with greater efficacy than nevirapine yielding an equivalent cost per DALY saved. RESULTS: Average national annual program cost was 4.8 million dollars. There was, per country, an average of 1898 averted infant HIV infections (2517 US dollars per HIV infection and 84 US dollars per DALY averted). Lowering HIV prevalence among women by 1.25% or reducing unintended pregnancy among HIV-infected women by 16% yielded an equivalent reduction in infant cases. An antiretroviral drug with 70% efficacy could cost 152 US dollars and have the same cost per DALY averted as nevirapine at 47% efficacy. CONCLUSIONS: Cost-effectiveness of nevirapine prophylaxis is influenced by health system costs, low client uptake, and poor effectiveness of nevirapine. Small reductions in maternal HIV prevalence or unintended pregnancy by HIV-infected women have equivalent impacts on infant HIV incidence and should be part of an overall strategy to lessen numbers of infant infections.     

New challenges for mathematical and statistical modeling of HIV and hepatitis C virus in injecting drug users

Injecting drug users are not only driving blood-borne transmission of HIV and hepatitis C virus but also likely drive sexual transmission of HIV in large parts of the world. Mathematical and statistical modeling can provide important insights in these epidemiological processes and on the potential impact of interventions but have been little used to date. This review aims to discuss the potential areas of application of modeling in the field of viral infections in injecting drug users. After reviewing key examples of published modeling work on HIV and hepatitis C virus in injecting drug users, we discuss recent developments in the epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of these infections. In particular, new methods for the diagnosis of early HIV infection, new antivirals for a more effective treatment of HIV, hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus infections, new concepts in design and surveillance of interventions for drug users and increasing possibilities of molecular typing of pathogens are changing the questions and decisions for public health policy makers who deal with drug-related infectious diseases. Research including mathematical modeling is needed to understand the impact of new diagnostic tools, new treatment options and combined intervention strategies on the epidemiology of viral infections in injecting drug users. Methodological advances in mathematical modeling are required to adequately approach some of the ensuing research questions. Modeling has much to offer for solving urgent policy questions, but current levels of funding in modeling research are insufficient and need to be scaled up to make better use of these possibilities.     

Decline in HIV incidence and injecting, but not in sexual risk behaviour, seen in drug users in Amsterdam: a 19-year prospective cohort study

OBJECTIVE: To study temporal changes in HIV incidence, HIV transmission routes, and both injecting and sexual risk behaviour in the open Amsterdam Cohort Study (ACS) among drug users. Initiated in 1985, the ACS enables us to study changes in trends since HAART became widespread in 1996. METHODS: Person-time techniques were used to study the trend in HIV incidence among HIV-negative drug users. HIV transmission routes were determined using detailed standardised questionnaires. Trends in injecting and sexual risk behaviours were evaluated with a logistic regression model adjusted for correlations between visits of the same individual. RESULTS: The 1315 HIV-negative individuals, of whom 93 seroconverted for HIV, yielded 6970 HIV-negative person-years of follow-up. The HIV incidence was seven per 100 person-years in 1986 and varied between 0 and 0.5 per 100 person-years after 1999. The odds ratio was 15.6 (95% confidence interval, 2.6-94.6) for HIV transmission through unprotected heterosexual contact versus injecting after 1996 compared with the period before. Reports of both injecting and borrowing needles significantly declined over the period 1985-2004. Reports of sexual risk behaviour and sexually transmitted infections at follow-up visits decreased before 1996, but not after 1996. CONCLUSION: The HIV incidence among drug users in the ACS has declined since 1985. Accompanied by a reduction in injecting drug use and needle sharing, this decline occurred despite continued sexual risk behaviour. At present, new HIV seroconversions are related mainly to unprotected heterosexual contacts. Therefore, HIV prevention programmes for drug users should pay specific attention to the importance of safe sex practices.     

HIV prevalence among injecting drug users in England and Wales 1990 to 2003: evidence for increased transmission in recent years

OBJECTIVE: To describe trends in HIV prevalence among injecting drug users in England and Wales between 1990 and 2003. METHODS: Analysis of surveillance data from voluntary unlinked anonymous cross-sectional surveys collecting oral fluid samples and behavioural information from injecting drug users recruited from both drug agency (n = 24,304) and community settings (n = 3628). RESULTS: HIV prevalence in England and Wales declined from 5.9% in 1990 to 0.6% in 1996 and then remained stable until 1999, after which it increased to 1.4% in 2003. Few HIV infections were detected among short-term injectors between 1994 and 1999, but in recent years prevalence among this group has increased. Other factors associated with higher odds of HIV infection were being recruited in London and from community settings, and ever having had a voluntary confidential HIV test. Incidence estimated through a force of infection model was 2.8% per annum among those injecting for less than a year in London between 1998 and 2003. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that incidence and prevalence of HIV may have increased, whereas other indicators suggest an increase in risk behaviour. It is critical that harm reduction measures are reinvigorated, and evolve in response to changes in drug use risk behaviours and policy.     

注射吸毒人群HIV/AIDS抗病毒治疗的研究进展

通过查阅相关文献了解并分析注射吸毒人群HIV感染者/AIDS患者(HIV/AIDS)抗病毒治疗的研究现状,为进一步完善我国注射吸毒人群中HIV/AIDS治疗策略提供参考依据。针对注射吸毒人群中HIV/AIDS,我国采取了针具交换、阿片类药物替代以及抗病毒治疗等措施治疗并预防新发感染,同时也广泛开展抗病毒治疗效果的评估研究,探讨了相关影响因素并不断优化药物治疗方案。今后需继续扩大检测监测覆盖面,最大限度地发现注射吸毒人群中HIV/AIDS,并尽早进行抗病毒治疗,提高依从性、降低其病死率。     

Bloodborne viral infection in Irish injecting drug users

Aims. In Dublin, harm reduction strategies have greatly expanded since 1990. We sought to determine the prevalence of, and factors associated with, hepatitis C (HCV), hepatitis B (HBV) and HIV infections among injecting drug users (IDUs) against this background. Design. Cross-sectional survey. Setting. Addiction treatment clinic. Participants. Seven hundred and thirty-five IDU tested for antibody to HCV (anti-HCV) between September 1992 and September 1997. Measurements. Socio-demographic and drug use characteristics. Serology tests for anti-HCV, HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) and HIV. Findings. The vast majority (89%) commenced injecting since 1990. Prevalence of anti-HCV was 61.8% (453/733), of HBsAg was 1.0% (7/729) and of HIV was 1.2% (7/600). Logistic regression analyses indicated that longer history of injecting and increased daily drug expenditure were the only independent variables associated with significantly increased risk of HCV. The only characteristic associated with increased prevalence of HBsAg was a history of injecting prior to 1990 (3.8%, 3/80). HIV prevalence was significantly higher when aged over 24 years (3.7%, 6/162), when injecting commenced prior to 1990 (6.3%, 4/64) and when injecting over 5 years (6.5%, 4/62). Conclusions. HIV prevalence has sustained a low level in this population. Interventions which aim to halt transmission of HCV are necessary and will need to target IDU very early in their injecting careers and also those at risk of commencing to inject.