Osteonecrosis of bipartite patella following total knee arthroplasty without lateral release

We present a case of osteonecrosis of bipartite patella occurring after total knee arthroplasty using medial parapatellar approach without lateral retinacular release in osteoarthritic knee of a 66 year-old-male. The surgery was performed using traditional technique with medial parapatellar approach and patella was resurfaced. Patella was everted during surgery. There was no event during follow-up period after surgery. Range of motion of the knee was 135° without flexion contracture. Eight months after the surgery, patella was fragmented and resorbed on the radiographs which was consistent with osteonecrosis. The patient showed extension limitation of 30° with no pain. Patellar osteonecrosis has been rarely reported after total knee arthroplasty with lateral retinacular release. However, there was no report of patellar osteonecrosis after total knee arthroplasty without lateral retinacular release. Caution should be taken about patellar osteonecrosis in case of bipartite patella even though lateral retinaculum is preserved during total knee arthroplasty.     

The painful total knee arthroplasty: Keys to diagnosis

As the prevalance of patients living with total knee replacements continues to rise we continue to see a significant portion of patients living with pain following their primary total knee arthroplasty. For some patients, the etiology of their pain following knee replacement is obvious, yet in many cases the cause of pain remains elusive and thus creates a significant burden for the patient and treating physician. In this review article we focus on common sources of pain following knee replacement and discuss keys to diagnosis. We also propose a unique clinical pathway algorithm to guide diagnostic work up and treatment options.     

膝表面置换术在类风湿性膝关节炎和骨性膝关节炎的应用和比较

目的探讨膝关节表面置换术治疗类膝关节风湿性关节炎(RA)和膝关节骨性关节炎(OA)的临床疗效、安全性差异。方法自2010-01—2012-04采用膝关节表面置换术治疗68例(84膝)膝关节疾患,按照疾病类型分为OA组和RA组,对比分析2组手术时间、术中出血量、VAS评分、切口愈合时间、HSS单项评分及总分等。结果术后68例(84膝)获得平均47个月随访,随访期间无人工膝关节假体脱位。OA组手术时间、术中失血量、术后引流量及VAS评分显著低于RA组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。OA组术后1个月疼痛和HSS总分显著高于RA组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),OA组术后1年和3年疼痛、功能、活动范围单项评分和HSS总分均显著高于RA组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论OA及RA人工全膝置换术后功能均有一定改善,与OA相比,RA患者术后近中期疗效相对较差,但远期疗效差异有待进一步研究。     

全膝关节置换术后严重异位骨化与关节僵硬

[目的]探讨全膝关节置换术后严重异位骨化与关节僵硬的关系。[方法]对420例接受全膝关节置换术的患者随访,其中9例出现了Ⅲ级异位骨化,分别测量并记录该9例患者术后2周、12个月的疼痛评分和膝关节活动度,拍摄X线片,测量异位骨的大小。随机抽取9例无异位骨化的关节置换术后患者作为对照组,并测量疼痛评分及活动度。分别将异位骨化组和对照组的结果进行对比。[结果]关节置换术后Ⅲ级异位骨化的发病率为2.1%,X线片显示异位骨>5 cm,侵及股四头肌,引起关节疼痛。异位骨化组术后2周疼痛评分平均25.6分,关节最大伸直角度平均1.1°,最大屈曲角度119.1°,与对照组比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。异位骨化组术后12个月疼痛评分平均15.56分,低于术后2周(P<0.01),与对照组术后12个月(25分)比较有显著差异(P<0.01)。关节活动度:伸直6.1°,屈曲91.7°与术后2周和对照组术后12个月比较均有显著差异(P<0.01)。[结论]全膝关节置换术后Ⅲ级异位骨化可以导致关节疼痛和活动度受限,是术后关节僵硬的原因之一,严重影响置换术后临床效果。     

Anterior knee pain following primary total knee arthroplasty

Despite improvements in technique and technology for total knee arthroplasty (TKA), anterior knee pain impacts patient outcomes and satisfaction. Addressing the prosthetic and surgical technique related causes of pain after TKA, specifically as it relates to anterior knee pain, can aid surgeons in addressing these issues with their patients. Design features of the femoral and patellar components which have been reported as pain generators include: Improper femoral as well as patellar component sizing or designs that result in patellofemoral stuffing; a shortened trochlear groove distance from the flange to the intercondylar box; and then surgical technique related issues resulting in: Lateral patellar facet syndrome; overstuffed patella/flange combination; asymmetric patellar resurfacing, improper transverse plane component rotation resulting in patellar subluxation/tilt. Any design consideration that allows impingement of extensor mechanism anatomical elements has the possibility of impacting outcome by becoming a pain generator. As the number of TKA procedures continues to increase, it is increasingly critical to develop improved, evidence based prostheses that maximize function and patient satisfaction while minimizing pain and other complications.     

Factors affecting range of flexion after total knee arthroplasty

Many factors affect postoperative range of flexion after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). The purpose of this study was to identify the most important factors that affect range of knee flexion after TKA. Sixty-five patients (73 knees) were treated with Genesis II knee replacements. Minimum follow-up was 2 years. Patient demographics (sex, age, body mass index, previous surgery, component type, patella resurfacing, preoperative Knee Society score preoperative range of motion) and radiographic measurements (preoperative tibiofemoral varus/valgus angle, height of the joint line, length of the patellar tendon, shift and tilt angle of the patella) were analyzed statistically. Among these factors, preoperative range of flexion, positively, and preoperative varus/valgus tibiofemoral angle, negatively, affected postoperative range of flexion. The tilt angle of the patella and the tilt angle of the patellar button approached statistical significance in revealing a negative relation with postoperative range of flexion. TKAs in which the patella was not resurfaced tended to lose range of flexion, whereas TKAs in which the patella was resurfaced tended to have no loss of flexion, although the number of TKAs in which the patella was not resurfaced was small. In conclusion, preoperative range of flexion and preoperative varus/valgus tibiofemoral angle affected postoperative range of flexion. The tilt angle of the patella and tilt angle of the patellar button may be factors that affect postoperative range of flexion. Received: September 28, 2000 / Accepted: January 9, 2001     

Knee joint synovial cyst following total knee arthroplasty with bone allograft

Allograft has been shown to be highly successful for managing large osseous defects in total knee arthroplasty. We report a 68-year-old woman in whom a bone allograft had been used during total knee arthroplasty owing to a massive segmental medial tibia plateau defect 4 years earlier. Eighteen months after surgery, a 10 × 10 cm knee synovial cyst was detected by computed tomography scanning on the anteromedial side of the tibial plateau, and an en-bloc surgical excision was performed. At 36-month follow-up, a 16 × 12 cm cyst was found. Excision was again performed with removal of the allograft and application of an autologous iliac graft. After allograft removal, clinically and radiologically satisfactory results were achieved at the final follow-up.     

出院准备服务在全膝关节置换术病人中的应用

目的 探讨出院准备服务在全膝关节置换术（total knee arthroplasty, TKA）病人中的临床护理效果及意义。方法 将2018年1月至6月我科收治的58例单侧TKA病人纳入对照组,采用常规护理和健康教育;将2018年7月至12月收治的64例单侧TKA病人纳入观察组,在常规护理和健康教育的基础上提供出院准备服务。术前和术后3个月采用美国特种外科医院（Hospital for Special Surgery, HSS）膝关节功能评分标准和健康调查简表（the MOS item short form health survey, SF-36）评价病人膝关节功能和生活质量,出院时调查病人护理服务满意度。结果 术后3个月,观察组HSS膝关节功能评分为（89.56±7.17）分,优于对照组的（77.59±6.03）分,差异有统计学意义（t=9.030,P=0.007）;观察组SF-36评分为（68.29±8.68）分,优于对照组的（51.29±3.55）分,差异有统计学意义（t=5.060,P=0.014）。出院时,观察组护理服务满意度为96.88%（62/64）,明显高于对照组的86.21%（50/58）,差异有统计学意义（χ²=3.920,P=0.012）。结论 实施出院准备服务全面、有效地保证了TKA病人出院后康复训练的连续性,使病人及时、准确地获得膝关节功能锻炼指导,提升了TKA病人的膝关节功能、生活质量和护理服务满意度。     

膝关节置换时股骨髓内定位对假体排列的影响

目的 :探讨膝关节置换时股骨髓内定位杆进针点的位置对下肢力线造成的误差及其相关的影响殷素。方法 :选取行TACK膝关节置换的骨关节病患者 40例。术中股骨截骨髓内定位杆的进针点为股骨滑车中心。术前术后于 14英寸× 17英寸X线片测量膝关节的股胫角 (FTA)、股骨外侧角。并根据数学模型计算TACK置换后可能造成的最大误差。结果 :股骨解剖轴线一般与股骨内侧髁相交 ,距滑车中心平均 7mm ( 0～ 11mm) ,膝外翻者股骨解剖轴线偏离滑车中心更多。术后测量股骨假体外侧角为 80～ 90° ,内外翻误差 2°以内者占 70 % ,理论计算如果进针点位于滑车中心 ,会导致外翻误差增加。结论 :真正的髓内定位杆进针点应位于股骨解剖轴线上 ,进针点外移会导致股骨假体过度外翻。术前应在全长或 14英寸× 17英寸站立正位X线画出股骨解剖轴线 ,根据股骨轴线与股骨髁交点的实际位置进行髓内定位 ,可减小误差     

Patellar resurfacing complications in total knee arthroplasty

Purpose

The ideal management of the patella during total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is still controversial. Patellar retention is generally associated with an increased rate of anterior knee pain; however, patient satisfaction is similar in cases of replacement or retention. When the patella is replaced, potential severe complications can occur. Aim of this study was to retrospectively review results of a continuous series of patients having been treated with TKA and patella resurfacing.

Methods

The charts of 1,600 consecutive total knee prostheses were analysed to evaluate the rate of patellar resurfacing. All implants were posterior stabilized; 310 patients having received a patellar replacement were reviewed at follow-up (FU) examination. Complete physical examination as well as administration of the Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS) score was performed. X-rays analysis included weightbearing anteroposterior (AP) and lateral views of the injured knee and bilateral skyline views at 30° flexion.

Results

Two hundred and eighty patients were available for clinical and imaging investigation at an average FU of 96 (58–144) months. Mean age at the time of surgery was 70 (62–80) years. Mean HSS score was 85.9 ± 7.6. The overall rate of patellofemoral complications was 7 % (19 cases); 13 patients claimed anterior knee pain, five had symptomatic patellar maltracking and one had patellar component loosening.

Conclusion

Our data are in accordance with those available in the literature. Recent meta-analyses demonstrated lower risk of re-operation after patellar resurfacing. However, when complications of the resurfaced patella occur, they can be potentially catastrophic events.     

屈曲挛缩畸形的膝关节置换术

目的：探讨屈曲挛缩畸形的膝关节行关节置换的方法及疗效。方法：收集膝关节屈曲挛缩畸形病例56例,63膝,行膝关节置换。分别记录术前术后膝关节畸形程度,HSS评分,活动范围。并进行比较。结果：所有病例获得随访,屈曲挛缩畸形均得到改善,膝关节HSS评分由术前20．7分提高到术后平均73．6分。膝关节活动范围由术前平均32．6°（0°～55°）提高到术后平均92．7°（80°～125°）。结论：晚期骨性关节病所致的屈曲挛缩畸形的膝关节行膝关节置换术,着重注意软组织松解,力线调整。疗效满意。     

不同程度膝内翻患者初次全膝关节置换术后下肢力线分布与近期临床疗效的关系

目的:探讨不同程度膝内翻畸形患者行初次全膝关节置换术后下肢力线分布与近期临床疗效之间的关系。方法:自2016年12月至2018年3月行初次全膝关节置换术治疗的膝骨性关节炎患者87例(101膝),男21例(25膝),女66例(76膝);年龄51～85(67.6±7.0)岁。根据患者全膝关节置换术后下肢髋膝踝角(hip knee ankle angle,HKA)不同分为4组:中立位组(A组),-3°≤HKA≤3°,50膝;轻度内翻组(B组),3°相似文献   

人工全膝关节置换术治疗终末期膝关节病变合并膝外翻畸形的手术技巧及临床疗效评价

目的探讨对终末期膝关节病变合并膝外翻畸形患者行经髌旁内侧入路人工全膝关节置换(total kneearthroplasty,TKA)时膝外翻畸形矫正方法及临床疗效。方法 1998年11月-2010年10月,收治64例72膝合并膝外翻畸形的终末期膝关节病变患者。男18例,女46例;年龄23～82岁,平均62.5岁。骨关节炎44例49膝,类风湿性关节炎17例20膝,血友病性关节炎2例2膝,创伤性关节炎1例1膝。双膝8例,单膝56例。膝关节屈伸活动度为(82.2±28.7)°,X线片测量股胫角为(18.0±5.8)°。膝关节学会评分系统(KSS)临床评分为(31.2±10.1)分,功能评分(37.3±9.0)分。根据Krackow膝外翻分型标准:Ⅰ型65膝,Ⅱ型7膝。手术经髌旁内侧入路,采用常规方法行股骨及胫骨截骨,Ranawat技术进行软组织松解。6例7膝采用保留后交叉韧带型假体,54例60膝采用后稳定型假体,4例5膝采用髁限制型假体。结果术后患者切口均Ⅰ期愈合。1例血友病性关节炎合并严重膝外翻畸形(股胫角41°)、屈曲挛缩20°的患者术后出现腓总神经麻痹,经保守治疗1年后神经功能恢复。1例术后2年发生深部感染,行二期翻修术后治愈。患者术后均获随访,随访时间1～13年,平均4.9年。末次随访时X线片示股胫角为(7.0±2.5)°,与术前比较差异有统计学意义(t=15.502,P=0.000)。KSS临床评分为(83.0±6.6)分,功能评分(85.1±10.5)分,膝关节屈伸活动度为(106.1±17.0)°,与术前比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。5例遗留12～15°膝外翻畸形,但患膝关节功能良好。结论通过恰当的术中截骨和软组织平衡,采用经髌旁内侧入路TKA治疗合并膝外翻畸形的终末期膝关节病变可有效改善膝外翻畸形和恢复关节功能,临床疗效满意。     

Physical activity after total knee arthroplasty: A critical review

Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is the most commonly performed elective surgery in the United States. TKA typically improves functional performance and reduces pain associated with knee osteoarthritis. Little is known about the influence of TKA on overall physical activity levels. Physical activity, defined as “any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that results in energy expenditure”, confers many health benefits but typically decreases with endstage osteoarthritis. The purpose of this review is to describe the potential benefits (metabolic, functional, and orthopedic) of physical activity to patients undergoing TKA, present results from recent studies aimed to determine the effect of TKA on physical activity, and discuss potential sources of variability and conflicting results for physical activity outcomes. Several studies utilizing self-reported outcomes indicate that patients perceive themselves to be more physically active after TKA than they were before surgery. Accelerometry-based outcomes indicate that physical activity for patients after TKA remains at or below pre-surgical levels. Several different factors likely contributed to these variable results, including the use of different instruments, duration of follow-up, and characteristics of the subjects studied. Comparison to norms, however, suggests that daily physical activity for patients following TKA may fall short of healthy age-matched controls. We propose that further study of the relationship between TKA and physical activity needs to be performed using accelerometry-based outcome measures at multiple post-surgical time points.     

全膝关节置换术围手术期镇痛

目的探讨全膝关节置换术(TKA)围手术期镇痛效果,获得最佳的镇痛方案。方法2005年1月至2006年4月的82例单侧TKA手术患者随机分成两组,采用不同的镇痛方案进行围手术期镇痛治疗。对术后疼痛进行评分分析并观察并发症。结果两种镇痛方法均具有明显的镇痛效果,患者满意率及功能康复效果取得明显改善,并发症发生率较低。结论TKA围手术期采用积极的综合镇痛措施,具有重要意义。     

Clinical and radiographic results of the total condylar III and constrained condylar total knee arthroplasty

The Total Condylar III (Johnson and Johnson, Braintree, MA) and Constrained Condylar (Zimmer, Warsaw, IN) knee prostheses are nonlinked, semi-constrained prosthetic alternatives to rigid or rotating hinge prostheses for use in complex knee reconstructions. Forty-six Total Condylar III or Constrained Condylar prostheses were implanted with cement in 36 patients and followed for a mean of 5 years (range, 2–9 years). There were 25 primary total knee arthroplasties and 21 revision total knee arthroplasties. The knees were evaluated using The Hospital for Special Surgery 100-point knee rating system. Overall, 40 knees (87%) had a good or excellent clinical result, 2 knees (4%) had a fair result, and 4 knees (9%) had a poor result. There was one revision for loosening of a cemented, nonmodular Constrained Condylar prosthesis, and one knee had a debridement for a late, metastatic infection, but the components were retained. There were no mechanical failures in those knees that were primary arthroplasties, but two mechanical failures occurred in those knees that were revision arthroplasties. Radiographic review showed one asymptomatic loosening of a Constrained Condylar tibial component with an uncemented press-fit stem, and only 8 knees had scattered nonprogressive tibial bone—cement radiolucent lines. The Total Condylar III and Constrained Condylar semiconstrained prostheses are successful when used in complex knee reconstructions.     

Surgical factors for total knee arthroplasty in younger patients

With improvements in implant modularity and polyethylene, it is important to assess the contemporary performance of cement vs. cementless fixation in total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Aseptic loosening is the most common indication for revision. Registry data indicates that the type of fixation (cemented, cementless, or hybrid) makes little difference in revision rates for younger patients (<55 years old). Regardless of the type of fixation, there is an opportunity for improvement. Attention to surgical factors, such as coronal alignment and cementing technique, can improve the survivorship of TKA.     

Verification of biomechanical factors of gait related to medial knee loading in patients 6 Months after total knee arthroplasty

BackgroundThe knee adduction moment (KAM) is considered an index for estimating the knee mechanical load, and increased KAM peak and KAM impulse are related to increased medial knee load and progression of knee joint degeneration. We aimed to verify the biomechanical factors of gait related to medial knee loading in patients 6 months after TKA.MethodsThirty-nine women who underwent TKA were enrolled. A three-dimensional gait analysis was performed 6 months postoperatively to generate data on the lower limb joint angle, moment, and power at the backward component (braking phase) and forward component (propulsion phase) peaks of the ground reaction force. Medial knee loading was evaluated using the time-integrated value of KAM during the stance period (KAM impulse). The higher the value of the KAM impulse, the higher the medial knee joint load. The relationships between the KAM impulse and the data for biomechanical factors were evaluated using partial correlation analysis with gait speed as a control factor.ResultsIn the braking phase, the KAM impulse positively correlated with the knee adduction angle (r = 0.377) and negatively correlated with the toe-out angle (r = −0.355). The KAM impulse positively correlated with the knee adduction angle (r = 0.402), the hip flexion moment (r = 0.335), and the hip adduction moment (r = 0.565) and negatively correlated with the toe-out angle (r = −0.357) in the propulsive phase.ConclusionThe KAM impulse 6 months after TKA was related to the knee adduction angle, hip flexion moment, hip adduction moment, and toe-out angle. These findings may provide fundamental data for controlling variable medial knee joint load after TKA and implementing patient management strategies to ensure implant durability.     

Wound healing after total knee arthroplasty

Wound healing complications in the early postoperative period can be severely detrimental to clinical outcomes after total knee arthroplasty. Thorough knowledge of preoperative risk factors, meticulous surgical technique and wound closure, along with careful postoperative wound monitoring can prevent wound complications or lead to their resolution without subsequent morbidity. If complications arise in the postoperative period, the wound must be evaluated and treated promptly to avoid periprosthetic infection.     

Socio-demographic factors impact time to discharge following total knee arthroplasty

AIM To determine social, logistical and demographic factors that influence time to discharge in a short stay pathway(SSP) by following total knee arthroplasty(TKA). METHODS The study included primary TKA's performed in a highvolume arthroplasty center from January 2016 through December 2016. Potential variables associated with increased hospital length of stay(LOS) were obtained from patient medical records. These included age, gender, race, zip code, body mass index(BMI), number of pre-operative medications used, number of narcotic medications used, number of patient reported allergies(PRA), simultaneous bilateral surgery, tobacco use, marital status, living arrangements, distance traveled for surgery, employment history, surgical day of the week, procedure end time and whether the surgery was performed during a major holiday week. Multivariate step-wise regression determined the impact of social, logistical and demographic factors on LOS. RESULTS Eight hundred and six consecutive primary SSP TKA's were included in this study. Patients were discharged at a median of 49 h(post-operative day two). The following factors increased LOS: Simultaneous bilateral TKA [46.1 h longer(P 0.001)], female gender [4.3 h longer(P = 0.012)], age [3.5 h longer per ten-year increase in age(P 0.001)], patient-reported allergies [1.1 h longer per allergy reported(P = 0.005)], later procedure endtimes [0.8 h longer per hour increase in end-time(P = 0.004)] and Black or African American patients [6.1 h longer(P = 0.047)]. Decreased LOS was found in married patients [4.8 h shorter(P = 0.011)] and TKA's performed during holiday weeks [9.4 h shorter(P = 0.011)]. Non-significant factors included: BMI, median income, patient's living arrangement, smoking status, number of medications taken, use of pre-operative pain medications, distance traveled to hospital, and the day of surgery. CONCLUSION The cost of TKA is dependent upon LOS, which is affected by multiple factors. The clinical care team should acknowledge socio-demographic factors to optimize LOS.