自制盐水瓶支撑架在血液净化中的应用

对 192 0 0套血路管及透析器分别采用自制的盐水瓶支撑架 (观察组 )和塑料网袋 (对照组 )支撑盐水瓶进行冲洗 ,比较两组冲管过程中更换盐水瓶及处理用具所耗费的时间。结果观察组在冲管过程中更换盐水瓶所耗费的时间较对照组明显减少 (P <0 .0 5 )。提示利用盐水瓶支撑架支撑盐水瓶对血路管、透析器进行冲洗 ,能简化工序、节约时间和提高工作效率。     

快速预充复用透析器效果观察

目的探讨快捷、简便、安全有效的复用透析器预充方法,提高工作效率,降低患者费用。方法将200只复用透析器随机分为对照组和实验组各100只,对照组采用传统预充方法预充,即先将透析器中的消毒剂排出,再用生理盐水冲洗血室和透析液室;实验组采用快速预充方法,先不排出透析器中的消毒剂,夹住侧管避免预充液流入,再将动脉血路驱净空气后直接连接复用透析器冲洗,并将透析机温度调至38℃。结果两组复用透析器测试全部合格,实验组生理盐水用量和预冲时间显著少于对照组(均P0.01)。结论快速预充复用透析器与传统预充法同样安全有效,且省时省力、节约成本,减少患者费用和等待透析时间。     

高危出血患者血液透析临床观察

我们对１４例高危出血患者采用小剂量局部肝索化并不输注生理盐水血液透析２３次,效果满意,现报告如下：材料与方法(１）选择透析器,选用抗凝性能良好的透析器,如：金宝１２ｃｍ～２血仿膜透析器和贝朗的 １．０ ｃｍ～２铜仿膜透析器．（２）血路以及透析器准备;将血路以及透析器的消毒液排尽,用1０００ ｍｌ生理盐水灌满血路以及透析器,排尽空气、再用肝素盐水（生理盐水５００ｍｌ＋肝素 １００ ｍｇ）密闭循环 １５－２０ ｍｉｎ．透析前不用生理盐水冲管,透析开始时,血液将血路以及透析器内肝素盐水排至静脉端接头处,连接静…     

乳腺癌创面游离癌细胞检查和术中温热低渗浸泡化疗的临床研究

目的　通过对乳腺癌创面游离癌细胞的定性研究 ,探讨术中温热低渗浸泡化疗在预防其复发的效果。方法　将 94例乳腺癌患者分成实验组 (n =48)和对照组 (n =46)。取两组创面冲洗液送检找癌细胞。然后实验组手术创面用 41℃～ 42℃生理盐水 3 0 0 0ml +氟脲嘧啶 1.0g浸泡化疗 ,每次 5min ,分 3～ 4次。对照组手术创面用等量生理盐水浸泡。两组再取浸泡液送检找癌细胞。并对两组癌细胞检出率和乳癌术后局部复发率进行对照研究。结果　冲洗液癌细胞检出率实验组为 2 9.2 % ,对照组为 2 6.1% (P >0 .0 5 ) ;浸泡液癌细胞检出率实验组为 8.3 % ,对照组为19 .6% (P <0 .0 5 )。术后局部复发率实验组为 6.3 % ,对照组为 15 .2 % (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　乳腺癌术后创面有脱落癌细胞。术中温热浸泡化疗可以杀灭游离癌细胞 ,降低局部复发率。     

血液透析病人透析器首次使用综合征预处理的探讨

目的探讨减少血液透析病人出现透析器首次使用综合征 (FUS)的护理方法。方法将首次使用透析器的 10 8例病人随机分为治疗组与对照组各 5 4例。治疗组在血液透析前予地塞米松 5mg加入 0 .9%氯化钠注射液 5 0 0ml中循管 10min ;对照组仅用 0 .9%氯化钠注射液 5 0 0ml循管 10min。结果治疗组FUS发生率 3.7% ,对照组31.5 % ,两组比较 ,差异有显著性意义 (P <0 .0 1) ;两组均无出血征象 ,透析开始后 1、2hAPTT值比较 ,差异均无显著性意义 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论血液透析病人第 1次透析或更换不同类型透析器时使用地塞米松 5mg加入 0 .9%氯化钠注射液 5 0 0ml中循管 10min的预处理方式能减少FUS的发生 ,且不增加出血风险。     

自制无菌吸痰治疗盒的应用研究

目的探讨自制无菌吸痰治疗盒在人工气道吸痰中的应用效果。方法将40例经有创人工气道吸痰的患者随机分为观察组和对照组各20例,观察组使用自制无菌吸痰治疗盒,每次吸痰时使用无菌注射器抽吸少量无菌生理盐水注入预冲盒和冲洗盒内(要求预冲和冲洗吸痰管时将生理盐水吸尽)。使用前对预冲盒和冲洗盒进行细菌培养取样,并在使用4h、8h、12h、16h、20h、24h分别取样进行细菌培养。对照组使用常规吸痰盘,使用玻璃瓶装生理盐水作为预冲液和冲洗液,4h更换1次,更换前进行取样细菌培养。对两组护士单次吸痰耗时及患者每日吸痰相关费用进行比较。结果两组预冲液、冲洗液使用前取样细菌培养均为阴性,使用后4h观察组预冲液为阴性,对照组2例阳性;观察组护士单次吸痰耗时显著低于对照组(P0.01),吸痰相关费用低于对照组。结论使用自制无菌吸痰治疗盒吸痰,24h更换1次不会增加患者的感染风险,并能减轻护士工作量,降低患者医疗费用。     

鱼腥草注射液膀胱冲洗预防泌尿系感染

将103例重型脑外伤病人随机分为对照组(51例)和观察组(52例)，对照组采用庆大霉素8万U加无菌生理盐水250m1进行膀胱冲洗，观察组采用鱼腥草注射液30m1加无菌生理盐水250ml进行膀胱冲洗，均为2次／d，连续3—14d。结果，尿细菌培养阳性率观察组显著低于对照组(P＜0．05)，提示鱼腥草注射液有良好的预防泌尿系感染作用，效果优于庆大霉素。     

丹参对大鼠内毒素休克性肺损伤的保护作用

目的　探讨丹参对内毒素休克性肺损伤的防治作用。方法　选用SD大鼠 5 4只 ,随机分成对照组、肺损伤组和丹参防治组。三组动物根据注入内毒素后时间不同分为 1、2和 4小时三小组。丹参防治组按 8g/kg体重经颈静脉注入丹参 ,30分钟后 ,再按 5mg/kg体重经颈静脉注入大肠杆菌内毒素 ;肺损伤组以生理盐水代替丹参 ;对照组中 ,丹参和内毒素均以等量生理盐水代替。实验结束后 ,取血和肺组织行血浆P 选择素、肺组织MPO活性、肺毛细血管通透性和血液流变学检测。结果　 (1)肺损伤组各时相点血浆P 选择素、肺组织MPO活性、肺毛细血管通透性均较对照组显著增高 (P <0 0 1) ;丹参防治组较肺损伤组有所下降 ,以 4小时为甚 (P <0 0 1)。 (2 )肺损伤组血液流变学指标较对照组明显升高 (P <0 0 1) ;丹参防治组与肺损伤组比较 ,血液流变学指标有不同程度的降低 ,以高中切变率 ηb和ERI差异有显著 (P <0 0 5或P <0 0 1)。 结论　丹参通过改善血液流变性 ,抑制P 选择素介导的PMN的浸润发挥对肺损伤的保护作用     

阿加曲班与肝素在血液透析抗凝治疗中作用的比较分析

目的：探讨阿加曲班（argatroban）在血液透析（hemodialysis,HD）抗凝治疗中作用的疗效及安全性.方法：将90例次HD患者随机分成实验组和对照组,实验组45例次,使用阿加曲班抗凝,对照组45例次,使用肝素抗凝,监测HD患者治疗前血路管动脉端、治疗中2 h、治疗结束前血路管动、静脉端及治疗后1 h活化部分凝血活酶时间（APTT）,治疗过程中管路和透析器凝血情况,治疗后穿刺点压迫止血平均时间及组织器官24 h内出血情况（包括牙龈出血、鼻衄、结膜出血、皮下出血点、血尿、黑便及便血等）.结果：实验组HD治疗中APTT明显延长,达到HD抗凝治疗要求,与HD治疗前比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）;实验组与对照组治疗中APTT比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）;实验组治疗后1 h APTT恢复基本正常,而对照组仍然很高,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）;实验组与对照组治疗中管路和透析器凝血情况比较差别不大,两组比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;实验组与对照组治疗后穿刺点压迫止血平均时间比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;实验组治疗后组织器官出血较对照组明显减少,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P ＜0.01）.结论：阿加曲班在HD抗凝治疗中与普通肝素效果相当,但出血风险少,安全性高,适用于有出血倾向的HD患者.     

产科手术腹壁非感染性切口的换药

目的探讨产科手术腹壁非感染性切口的换药体会。方法分析我院96例非感染性切口换药,分为实验组48例和对照组48例,实验组直接用无菌干纱布换药,对照组用0.9%无菌生理盐水冲洗换药。结果经t检验,换药达到有效经历的天数、达到显效经历的天数、达到痊愈经历的天数两组比较,P均<0.05。结论对于非感染性切口裂开者,用无菌干纱布换药切口达到有效、显效、痊愈所经历的天数明显短于用生理盐水者。     

回血方向对血液透析患者残血红细胞存数的影响

目的 比较单向回血法透析器不同方向回血对血液透析患者残血红细胞存数的影响.方法 选择血液透析患者35例,采用自身对照方法,每例患者分别实施动脉端向上回血法和静脉端向上回血法各5次.评估血液透析器凝血状况,测量透析器及管路中残血红细胞存数及回血时间等.结果 在回水量相同的情况下,动脉端向上回血法与静脉端向上回血法相比,透析器凝血状况回血时间以及透析器管路中残血红细胞存数差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 动脉端向上回血法能最大限度降低透析器中残血红细胞存数,减少回血时间.     

Pyrogenic reactions in patients receiving conventional, high-efficiency, or high-flux hemodialysis treatments with bicarbonate dialysate containing high concentrations of bacteria and endotoxin.

High-efficiency (HE) and high-flux (HF) hemodialysis are becoming increasingly popular methods for treating patients with chronic renal failure because they reduce the time required for dialysis treatment. HF and HE dialyzers require bicarbonate dialysate, often prepared from concentrates that can support bacterial growth with endotoxin production. There is a concern that endotoxins or bacteria may cross or interact at the membranes of these dialyzers, triggering the release of endogenous pyrogens (cytokines) by peripheral blood mononuclear cells to cause pyrogenic reactions (PR). To determine the incidence of PR and to examine the association between PR and levels of bacteria and endotoxin in dialysate, a cohort of patients receiving conventional, HE, or HF hemodialysis with bicarbonate dialysate and reprocessed dialyzers at three dialysis centers during a 12-month period was studied prospectively. All dialyzers underwent a test of membrane integrity before use. A total of 19 PR were identified among 18 patients in 26,877 hemodialysis treatments (0.7 PR/1,000 treatments). There was no significant difference in PR rates by treatment modality: conventional, 0.5 per 1,000 (7 PR/13,123 treatments) versus HE, 0.9 per 1,000 (9 PR/11,345) versus HF, 1.2 per 1,000 (3 PR/2,409) (P = 0.21; chi 2 test). Throughout the study period, bacterial counts for dialysate at each center significantly exceeded the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation's (AAMI) microbiologic standards for dialysate of less than 2,000 CFU/mL (mean, 19,000 CFU/mL), but water used in the reuse of dialyzers tested less than 200 CFU/mL.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Multistate outbreak of hemolysis in hemodialysis patients traced to faulty blood tubing sets

BACKGROUND: Hemolysis associated with hemodialysis is rare. The most frequent causes of hemodialysis-associated hemolysis are chemical contamination, heat, or mechanical injury of erythrocytes from occluded or kinked hemodialysis blood lines. When patients in three states developed hemolysis while undergoing hemodialysis between May 13 and 23, 1998, an investigation was initiated. METHODS: A case-patient was defined as any patient at healthcare facilities A (Nebraska), B (Maryland), or C (Massachusetts) during May 13 through 23, 1998 (epidemic period), who had hemolysis diagnosed > or =48 hours after undergoing hemodialysis. To identify case-patients and to determine background rates, the medical records of patients from facilities A, B, and C who were undergoing hemodialysis during the epidemic and pre-epidemic (that is, May 5 through 19, 1998) periods were reviewed. Experiments simulating hemodialysis with the same lot numbers of hemodialysis blood tubing cartridge sets used on case- and control-patients were conducted. RESULTS: The rates of hemolysis among patients at facilities A, B, and C were significantly higher during the epidemic than the pre-epidemic period (13 out of 118 vs. 0 out of 118, P < 0.001; 12 out of 298 vs. 0 out of 298, P = 0.001; and 5 out of 62 vs. 0/65, P = 0.03, respectively). All case-patients had hemolysis. Twenty (66%) had hypertension. Eighteen (60%) had abdominal pain, and 10 (36%) were admitted to an intensive care unit. There were two deaths. The only commonality among the three outbreaks was the use of the same lot of disposable hemodialysis blood tubing from one manufacturer. Examination of the implicated hemodialysis blood tubing cartridge sets revealed narrowing of an aperture through which blood was pumped before entering the dialyzers. In vitro experiments with the hemodialysis blood tubing revealed that hemolysis was caused by increased pressure on erythrocytes as they passed through the partially occluded hemodialysis blood tubing. CONCLUSIONS: Our investigation traced the multiple hemolysis outbreaks to partially occluded hemodialysis blood tubing produced by a single manufacturer. On May 25, 1998, the manufacturer issued a voluntary nationwide recall of the implicated lots of hemodialysis blood tubing cartridge sets.     

The role of dialysate in the stimulation of interleukin-1 production during clinical hemodialysis

To evaluate the role of the dialysate in the stimulation of interleukin-1 (IL-1) production during clinical hemodialysis (HD), we studied maintenance HD patients in two experiments. Cellulosic hollow-fiber dialyzers were obtained after 20 minutes of HD using either nonsterile standard dialysate (n = 6) or sterile pyrogen free 0.9% saline as dialysate (n = 6). After rinsing the blood compartment with normal saline, dialyzers were incubated at 37 degrees C for six hours. Aliquots from the blood compartment were analyzed for the presence of IL-1 by (1) rabbit pyrogenic response after intravenous injection or (2) thymocyte co-proliferation assay. The in vivo assay showed a significantly greater febrile response when standard dialysate was used than in the sterile saline group (P less than .001), and this response could be abolished by heat inactivation of aliquots (P less than .001). The in vitro assay confirmed the presence of significantly greater amounts of IL-1 (P less than .05). Studies were repeated using filter sterilized standard dialysate (n = 6) v standard dialysate (n = 6) for 240 minutes of clinical HD. The in vitro assay revealed significantly lower IL-1 levels in the filtered sterilized dialysate group (P less than .05), however, a blank control assay showed yet significantly lower levels (P less than .05). We conclude that IL-1 is produced during clinical HD and that endotoxin or its fragments play a role in the stimulation of IL-1 production, probably through monocytes adhering to the dialysis membrane. In addition to this dialysate factor, IL-1 production appears also to be stimulated by a blood-membrane interaction.     

Foreign particles contaminating hemodialyzers and methods of removing them by rinsing

Foreign particles contaminating hemodialyzers constitute a risk of microembolism and allergic reactions in hemodialysis patients. We investigated the size distribution of particles, and the effects of striking headers of dialyzers and flow rates of rinsing saline on the elimination of foreign particles from dialyzers. Saline used for rinsing was filtered through a Millipore filter, and the particles thus removed were observed microscopically. We also checked changes in particle counts in a closed circuit consisting of a dialyzer and blood lines during 5 h of continuous circulation with a blood pump. The number of contaminating particles increased exponentially as their size decreased. For the sake of reproducibility we counted particles having diameters larger than 3.0 micron to monitor the rinsing efficiency. During rinsing, particles in the dialyzer were effectively eliminated by striking the headers of the dialyzer. We found that striking should be started immediately after the blood line is filled with saline, and that variation in saline flow rates in the range of 350-700 ml/min of saline does not affect the rinsing efficiency. By filtration of saline used for rinsing, particles, mostly ranging from 5 to 200 micron in length, of many shapes and colors were found. Among them were fibers having a length of as much as a few millimeters. Once dialyzers were rinsed effectively, there was almost no change in particle counts in a closed circuit consisting of a dialyzer and blood lines. To rinse dialyzers effectively, at least 1,000 ml of saline are necessary, and striking the headers of dialyzers throughout the rinsing procedure is important.     

The effect of granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor on bacterial translocation after administration of 5-fluorouracil in rats

BACKGROUND: After surgical resection for colorectal carcinoma there is a high recurrence rate and, therefore, adjuvant chemotherapy may be useful in some patients. 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is the most commonly used chemotherapeutic agent in the management of patients with colorectal cancer. However, gastrointestinal injury induced by chemotherapeutic agents may result in bacterial translocation from the gut into the systemic circulation. Granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) may be used to prevent this side effect by means of macrophage activity stimulation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 45 rats were divided into three groups. Control group received intraperitoneal saline solution, 5-FU and GM-CSF groups received 50 mg/kg/day 5-FU intravenous infusion and GM-CSF group also received 200 ng/day GM-CSF subcutaneously for 6 days. Intestinal tissue was also sampled for pathological examination at day 7. Plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 were determined, bacterial translocation was quantified by lymph node, liver and spleen culture, and plasma endotoxin content was measured. RESULTS: White blood cell counts of the 5-FU rats were significantly lower than in the control and GM-CSF groups (P < 0.01). The plasma endotoxin, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 levels in the 5-FU and GM-CSF groups were significantly increased at day 7 compared with the control groups (P < 0.01), but these levels were significantly lower in the GM-CSF group compared to the 5-FU group (P < 0.01). 5-FU intervention caused significant increase in the frequencies of bacterial translocation at liver, spleen, mesenteric lymph node, and portal blood. Compared with 5-FU group, GM-CSF decreased the bacterial translocation (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: This study observed that the administration of 5-FU resulted in bacterial translocation. Activation of inflammatory response with GM-CSF is highly effective in prevention of bacterial translocation in 5-FU interventions.     

中药清口液在口腔护理中的应用

目的：探讨中药组方清口液用于口腔护理的临床效果。方法：将需口腔护理的120例病人随机分为三组（各40例），分别用清口液，生理盐水和呋喃西林溶液进行口腔护理，并观察比较三组口腔护理前后的pH值变化，细菌培养及临床疗效。结果：三组口腔护理前后的pH改变及组间对照经统计学处理，差异无显著性意义（P＞0．05），清口液，生理盐水和呋喃西林液细菌培养的转阴率分别为67．4％，22．2％和82．3％，清口液组与生理盐水组比较，差异具有极显著性意义（P＜0．001），与呋喃西林组比较，差异无统计学意义（P＞0．05），三组疗效比较，清口液组总有效率达95．0％，生理盐水组和呋喃西林组分别为80．0％和82．5％，清口液组与生理盐水组比较，差异有显著性意义（P＜0．05），结论：清口液用于口腔护理，效果优于临床常用的生理盐水和呋喃西林溶液，且口感好，粘膜刺激小，可以替代以上两种溶液。     

Active warming of saline or blood is ineffective when standard infusion tubing is used: an experimental study

PURPOSE: To determine the effect of infusion rate, tubing length and fluid composition on the temperature of the infusate reaching the distal end of an infusion tubing with and without active fluid warming. METHODS: Warmed normal saline (W-NS) and packed red blood cells (W-PRBC), were infused with a fluid warmer through a modified infusion set. The fluids were delivered at eight infusion rates from 50 to 999 mL x hr(-1). The infusate temperature was monitored at 20 cm intervals on the iv tubing. The same temperature monitoring protocol was applied to PRBC without warmer (NoW-PRBC). RESULTS: In W-NS and W-PRBC groups, there was a decrease in the infusate temperature, at each flow rate, from the drip chamber to the distal end of tubing ( P <0.001). In NoW-PRBC group, there was a rapid increase in the infusate temperature from the bag to the drip chamber ( P <0.001). Thereafter, there was no change in temperature, except at the 999 mL x hr(-1) infusion rate, where a slight increase in the infusate temperature throughout the tubing was shown. In W-NS and W-PRBC groups increasing the flow rate produced a significant increase in the infusate temperature, at each measurement point ( P <0.001). In the NoW-PRBC group, increasing the flow rate did not alter the infusate temperature. The fluid composition did not influence the infusate temperature. CONCLUSION: There is an important heat exchange within the tubing, which is aggravated at low flow rates. At infusion rates appropriate for pediatric anesthesia the clinical and economic value of fluid warming without the use of heated extension tubing is questionable.     

全麻术后患者应用泻黄散加味行口腔护理研究

目的研制全麻术后患者优效口腔护理含漱液,提高口腔护理效果。方法将105例全麻术后脾胃伏火证患者随机分为三组各35例,均于术后开始口腔护理及用生理盐水进行预处理;之后生理盐水组用生理盐水含漱清洗及喷雾;银尔通组用银尔通含漱清洗及喷雾;泻黄散加味组制备泻黄散加味含漱液并用于含漱清洗及喷雾。2次/d,连续3d后评价效果。结果泻黄散加味组口臭发生率及菌落计数显著低于和少于生理盐水组,pH值显著高于另两组(P0.0125,P0.05);咽部不适防治效果及口腔黏膜炎发生率三组比较,差异无统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论泻黄散加味佩兰及薄荷,用于全麻术后患者口腔护理,可有效维持口腔正常pH值,有良好的抑菌效果,从而降低口臭发生率;预处理、含漱清洗及口腔喷雾干预模式有利于保持口腔持续湿润状态,缓解不适感。     

A prospective study of pyrogenic reactions in hemodialysis patients using bicarbonate dialysis fluids filtered to remove bacteria and endotoxin.

Pyrogenic reactions (PR) are a well-recognized complication of hemodialysis and have been associated with dialyzer reuse, high-flux dialysis, and bicarbonate dialysate. However, the roles of bacteria and endotoxin in dialysate for producing PR are not well defined. To determine the effect of removing most bacteria and endotoxin from the dialysate on the incidence of PR, a cohort of chronic hemodialysis patients receiving high-flux, high-efficiency, or conventional hemodialysis at three centers with bicarbonate dialysis fluids that had been filtered with a polysulfone high-flux hemodialyzer was prospectively studied. Unfiltered bicarbonate concentrate had median bacterial and endotoxin concentrations of 479,000 CFU/mL and 39,800 pg/mL, respectively. After filtration of the bicarbonate concentrate at the central proportioner, dialysate had a median 9.2 CFU/mL of bacteria and 17.8 pg/mL of endotoxin. Dialysate filtered at individual proportioning dialysis machines had a median 0.001 CFU/mL of bacteria and 0.19 pg/mL of endotoxin. Nine PR were identified among 303 patients after 28,007 hemodialysis treatments (0.3 PR/1,000 treatments). The rate of PR was similar for the three hemodialysis treatment modalities and for first-use compared with reused dialyzers. Although the PR rate in this study was lower (P = 0.046) than the PR rate of a previous study with unfiltered dialysis fluids (0.7 PR/1,000 treatments), it represents a difference of only 10 PR in over 28,000 treatments. It was concluded that filtration of hemodialysis fluids is efficacious in removing bacterial and endotoxin contamination and can result in a lower incidence of PR in patients receiving high-flux, high-efficiency, or conventional hemodialysis.