Importance of computer tomography in preoperative diagnostics of polyposis nasi

Computed tomography (CT) is a very important diagnostic tool prior to endoscopic nasal or paranasal sinus surgery. However, it is frequently notice during endonsal surgery of the paranasal sinuses, that the intraoperative results do not completely agree with the radiological ones. The objective of the present study was to compare clinical and operative findings with those of CT investigations. We collected 200 cases treated during the past 2 years and studied their CT reports. Paranasal sinuses were separated into six regions, and the pathological changes due to sinusitis found by CT were classified into four groups. Altogether, we found a highly significant relationship between CT and intraoperative findings (r = 0.44; P < 0.0001), but differences were found in several regions. The highest correlation was found in the anterior ethmoid bone area (r = 0.98), posterior ethmoid bone area (r = 0.53), maxillary sinus (r = 0.36) and sphenoid sinus (r = 0.35). There was only a low agreement in the case of frontal sinus and recessus frontalis. Possible factors such as time between CT and operation or inflammation are discussed. While CT is the image modality of choice in evaluating patients with chronic paranasal sinusitis, agreement to intraoperative findings is not perfect. This should be taken into consideration when planning functional endoscopic sinus surgery.     

中鼻甲、鼻中隔解剖变异的螺旋CT评价

目的：采用高分辨多排螺旋CT研究鼻中隔和中鼻甲解剖变异,并评价它们对前组鼻副窦引流通道的影响。方法：回顾分析60例行鼻腔和副鼻窦高分辨多排螺旋CT检查患者的图像资料。其中男35例,女25例,平均年龄42岁。所有受试者均采用16排螺旋CT机行高分辨容积扫描,层面从硬腭至额窦上缘,准直0．75～1mm,横断、冠状和矢状重建,层厚及层距均为1mm。分别观察和统计鼻中隔和中鼻甲解剖变异的类型和发生率,并评价其与前组鼻副窦引流通道的关系。结果：60例中,共发现鼻中隔变异45例（75％）,其中鼻隔偏曲45例（单向偏曲31例,双向偏曲14例）;犁骨一软骨结合部畸形5例（肥大2例,脱位3例）;鼻隔刺16例。中鼻甲变异共43例（71．7％）,其中反曲15例;气化9例;双侧不对称20例（46．5％）。不对称中鼻甲中,增大一侧多见于鼻隔偏移方向的对侧,多数伴有不同程度的钩突移位和筛漏斗或鼻道狭窄。结论：鼻腔和中鼻甲不对称与鼻中隔偏曲关系密切,后者是导致前组鼻副窦引流通道中的关键部位一中鼻道和筛漏斗狭窄的重要原因。     

鼻甲泡的CT评估

目的 总结CT对鼻甲泡的评估价值并探讨其临床意义。材料与方法 所谓鼻甲泡是指中鼻甲的气化。37例鼻窦炎者与24例正常人CT检查资料进行对照比较。结果 CT能清晰显示微小鼻甲泡,对鼻窦解剖结构及变异的显示满意。鼻窦炎组鼻甲泡的发生率为37．8％,对照组鼻甲泡的发生率为45．5％,两组间鼻甲泡的发生率无显著差异。检出3例鼻甲泡内息肉,3例鼻甲泡炎,1例鼻甲泡粘液囊肿。2例巨鼻甲泡致OMC阻塞,合并额窦、筛窦和上颌窦炎症。结论 CT是检出鼻甲泡的金标准。鼻甲泡是引发鼻窦炎的潜在因素,关键在于它的大小和部位。     

Subdural Empyema Complicating Sinusitis

Acute sinusitis is a common childhood illness most often involving the ethmoid and maxillary sinuses. Diagnosis is usually based on a history of an upper respiratory tract infection lasting longer than 7 days with a prominent nasal component. Treatment involves 10–14 days of antibiotics. Intracranial complications of pediatric sinusitis are rare, but potentially life-threatening. These include cavernous sinus thrombosis, orbital and intracranial extension, and meningitis. Children with these complications may experience significant morbidity from their infection. In such cases, delay in diagnosis and treatment may lead to irreparable brain damage or death. We report a case of sinusitis causing a subdural empyema in an otherwise healthy immunocompetent adolescent boy.     

鼻内窥镜下上颌窦造口术后放置引流支架的临床应用

目的 鼻内窥镜下中鼻道上颌窦造口术后放置引流支架治疗慢性鼻窦炎，并与常规中鼻道上颌窦造口术后作对照，比较其疗效。材料和方法 采用西格玛公司研制的上颌窦支架，在鼻内窥镜直视下放置支架，摄片观察并通过窦口粘膜病理检查及鼻内窥镜随访。结果 31例共放置34个支架，随访显示上颌窦引流通畅，治疗效果优于常规中鼻道上颌窦口术，两组的病理检查提示无明显差异。结论 中鼻道上颌窦造口术放置引流支架治疗慢性鼻窦炎较常规造口术引流效果好，安全经济有效，治愈率较高。     

Comparison of A-mode ultrasound and computed tomography: Detection of secretion in maxillary and frontal sinuses in ventilated patients

Objective To study the accuracy of A-mode ultrasonography (A-MU) in detecting secretion in maxillary and frontal sinuses in critically ill, intubated patients undergoing mechanical ventilation.Design Open study in mechanically ventilated, comatose patients.Setting Medical-surgical intensive care unit in the General Hospital of Rovigo.Patients 50 consecutive, mechanically ventilated, critically ill patients. All patients were in a coma and needed cerebral computed tomography (CT) for a diagnosis.Measurements and results The A-MU technique gave 100 images of maxillary and frontal sinuses. The images were read blindly and classified into five categories: definitely normal, definitely abnormal, probably normal, questionable, and probably abnormal. CT findings were considered to be the gold standard. The specificity of echo images varied from 72 to 98% and the sensitivity from 63 to 86% for maxillary sinuses. For frontal sinuses, the specificity varied from 96 to 99% and the sensitivity from 14 to 57%. The area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve was found to be 0.89 and 0.76 for maxillary and frontal sinuses, respectively.Conclusions The A-MU technique is an accurate tool for detecting secretion in the maxillary sinuses in intubated patients. More investigations are necessary in order to evaluate its usefulness in the frontal sinuses.The work was done at the General Hospital, Rovigo, Italy     

Massive schwannoma of the nose and paranasal sinuses

Schwannomas, uncommon tumors of the nose and paranasal sinuses, are discovered late in their clinical course because of their obscure anatomic location. In this report, we have described the clinical findings in a massive nasal schwannoma (neurilemoma) that obstructed both nares, the left maxillary sinus, and the ethmoid sinuses, and protruded from the oropharynx and nose. The preoperative work-up included both computerized tomographic and magnetic resonance imaging studies.     

Surgical management of contact point headaches

INTRODUCTION: Contact point headaches are caused by contact between the nasal septum and the lateral nasal wall by a mechanism of referred pain involving the trigeminal nerve. Our goal was to investigate headaches caused by the contact between the septum and the superior turbinate or medial wall of the ethmoid sinuses and not the middle turbinate. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective chart review was performed on patients who underwent septoplasty and sinus surgery for headache. The total number of patients who opted for surgery was 23. Only 12 patients met the criteria of having a contact point between the septum and medial wall of the ethmoid sinus, or septum and superior turbinate, which were demonstrated via CT scan of the sinuses. These patients underwent surgical intervention in order to relieve the contact points. RESULTS: According to the same pain questionnaire given pre- and postoperatively, 83% no longer complained of headaches, while 8% had significant relief. Forty-one percent of our patients were previously diagnosed with migraines; 80% of these patients were successfully treated by surgery. DISCUSSIONS: Contact point headaches and migraine without aura (MWOA) have similar symptoms (eg, photophobia, phonophobia, nausea and vomiting, pulsating nature). We believe contact point headaches should be considered in the patient with a diagnosis of MWOA headaches.     

真菌性鼻窦炎19例诊治体会

目的:通过回顾分析19例真菌性鼻窦炎的临床资料,以提高该病的诊断和治疗水平。方法;对收治的19例真菌性鼻窦炎患者作鼻窦CT检查和鼻内镜检查,并行相应手术治疗。结果:所有病例均为单侧鼻窦发病,其中病变单纯累及上颌窦者12例、单纯累及筛窦者2例、单纯累及蝶窦者1例,有3例同时累及上颌窦和筛窦,有1例同时累及上颌窦、筛窦和蝶窦。有15例(78.9%)窦腔软组织团块影中可见斑点状钙化灶,5例窦腔有不同程度的骨质吸收和破坏。术后随访2年,有3例复发。结论:真菌性鼻窦炎好发于上颌窦,多为单侧鼻窦发病,CT具有较高的诊断价值,手术具有较好的治疗效果。     

鼻内镜下翼腭窝手术入路研究

目的探讨鼻内镜下翼腭窝手术的可行性与解剖路径。方法10%甲醛充分固定的5例(10侧)成人头颅湿标本,在电视监视下,从鼻腔置入0°鼻内镜,依次切除中鼻甲、钩突、筛泡以及前后组筛房,扩大上颌窦口后咬除上颌窦口后部腭骨垂直部直达其与蝶骨交界处,全部切除上颌窦后壁内侧半骨壁,显露翼腭窝。分别用0°、30°鼻内镜充分暴露翼腭窝内的结构,逐层进行解剖,记录所涉及到的组织结构,探查其毗邻关系。结果所有标本均能满意显露翼腭窝。翼腭窝显露范围向上达眶尖,向下达翼腭窝底壁,向外能完全暴露翼突外板上半部分以及翼突根部,部分显露颞下窝。结论鼻内镜下可以满意显露翼腭窝,安全控制翼腭窝内所有血管神经等重要组织。     

霉菌性副鼻窦炎的CT表现

目的探讨霉茵性副鼻窦炎的CT特征和鉴别诊断。方法回顾分析18例经手术病理证实的霉菌性副鼻窦炎的CT表现。结果单侧副鼻窦发病14例，双侧副鼻窦发病4例，病变主要在上颌窦14例，累及同侧筛窦9例、蝶窦3例、额窦3例，病变侵犯后鼻孔4例。霉茵性副鼻窦炎的CT表现主要为：病变窦腔软组织阴影充填呈铸形改变，病灶内出现点状、条状钙化灶，窦腔骨壁增厚使窭腔缩小。结论霉菌性副鼻窦炎的CT表现具有窦腔缩小，窦腔密度不均增高及点状，条状钙化等特征，CT可作出正确诊断。     

Bacterial colonization or infection in chronic sinusitis

The aim of this study was the determination of bacteria present in maxillary and ethmoid cavities in patients with chronic sinusitis and to correlate these findings with bacteria simultaneously present in their nasopharynx. The purpose of this correlation was to establish the role of bacteria found in chronically inflamed sinuses and to evaluate if the bacteria present colonized or infected sinus mucosa. Nasopharyngeal and sinus swabs of 65 patients that underwent functional endoscopic sinus surgery were cultivated and at the same time the presence of leukocytes were determined in each swab. The most frequently found bacteria in nasopharynx were Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus spp., Streptococcus viridans and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Maxillary or ethmoidal sinus swabs yielded bacterial growth in 47 (72.31%) patients. The most frequently found bacteria in sinuses were Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella spp. and Streptococci (pneumoniae, viridans and spp.). The insignificant number of leukocytes was present in each sinus and nasopharyngeal swab. Every published microbiology study of chronic sinusitis proved that sinus mucosa were colonized with bacteria and not infected, yet antibiotic therapy was discussed making no difference between infection and colonization. Chronic sinusitis should be considered a chronic inflammatory condition rather than bacterial infection, so routine antibiotic therapy should be avoided. Empiric antibiotic therapy should be prescribed only in cases when the acute exacerbation of chronic sinusitis occurs and the antibiotics prescribed should aim the usual bacteria causing acute sinusitis. In case of therapy failure, antibiotics should be changed having in mind that under certain circumstances any bacteria colonizing sinus mucosa can cause acute exacerbation of chronic sinusitis.     

筛窦解剖变异的多排螺旋CT研究

目的 评价多排螺旋CT三维重建技术在显示筛窦解剖方面的作用，同时探讨筛窦解剖变异及其临床意义。方法 应用GE Lightspeed Plus多排螺旋机对250例进行筛窦横断面HQ或HS模式扫描，然后经工作站作冠状面、矢状面等切面三维重建。结果 筛窦的冠状面、矢状面多平面重建图像几乎与直接扫描相同，筛窦的解剖变异发生率较高，所见的解剖变异有5种，其中筛大泡104例，占总变异的56．5％；Onodi气房48例，占26％；眶下气房12例，占6．5％；筛凹低位8例，占4．3％；纸样板内移12例，占6．5％。结论 筛窦横断面HS或HQ模式的扫描，经三维重建可以得到冠状面及其他任何切面图像，完全能满足临床诊断的要求。它能如实反映筛窦的解剖变异，对鼻内镜外科有重要的临床指导意义。     

Survival in cerebro-rhino-orbital zygomycosis and cavernous sinus thrombosis with combined therapy

An alcoholic man with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus had right conjunctivitis, facial numbness, and periorbital edema progressing to bilateral visual loss, and left ptosis in association with a large necrotic palatal ulcer due to zygomycosis. The infection progressed to bilateral retinal vein engorgement; left-sided ophthalmoplegia, fixed dilated pupil, and absent corneal reflex; and right-sided ophthalmoplegia, ptosis, and facial nerve paralysis. Work-up revealed disease of both ethmoid sinuses and the right maxillary sinus, with bilateral thromboses of the cavernous sinuses. An aggressive combined therapeutic attack (three Caldwell-Luc procedures, exploration of orbit walls, control of diabetes, systemic and local amphotericin therapy) led to survival with a three-year follow-up thus far.     

鼻窦真菌球CT和MRI诊断

目的探讨鼻窦真菌球的CT和MRI表现及诊断价值.方法回顾性分析经手术、组织病理学证实的68例鼻窦真菌球的影像学资料.结果发病部位:单个鼻窦发病60例(88.2 %),其中上颌窦最常见,占41例(60.3%),依次为蝶窦12例(17.6%),筛窦6例(8.8%),额窦1例(1.5%);CT表现:受累鼻窦腔内充以软组织影,其中64例(94.1%)中央见点状、不规则细条状或云絮状高密度影,融合成团块状,代表菌丝,窦壁骨质有不同程度增生肥厚,35例(76.1%)上颌窦内壁见骨质吸收破坏;MRI表现:病变T1WI呈等或稍高信号(与脑实质比较,以下相同),T2WI均呈极低信号,增强后均未见强化;病变周围黏膜明显增厚,T1WI多呈等信号,T2WI均表现高信号,有明显强化.结论 CT是目前诊断鼻窦真菌球最佳影像学检查方法,MRI能够显示真菌球范围和帮助鉴别诊断,可作为一种补充影像学检查方法.     

慢性上颌窦炎影响因素的CT分析

目的探讨窦口鼻道复合体病变及解剖变异与慢性上颌窦炎的关系.方法对CT诊断的52例单侧慢性上颌窦炎进行两侧对比分析.结果患侧与健侧筛泡截面分别为(77.75±33.51) mm2和(34±20.27) mm2(P<0.01).两侧分别有19个及10个大筛泡.患侧伴有32组筛窦炎,对侧21组.鼻息肉11例,单发于上颌窦炎侧9例,对侧仅1例,双侧1例.结论大筛泡、前中组筛窦炎症、鼻息肉与慢性上颌窦炎有关.     

鼻睫神经痛的手术治疗体会

目的探讨鼻睫神经痛的临床特征，以提高对该病的诊疗水平。方法对5例鼻睫神经痛患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。5例患者分别行鼻中隔矫正术，中鼻甲成形术及筛窦切除术治疗。结果术后随访半年，5例患者痊愈。结论鼻睫神经痛的主要表现为与筛、额窦炎相似的头痛，但无流涕；细致的鼻腔检查及鼻窦CT扫描是防止漏诊、误诊的重要手段；恰当的鼻中隔及中鼻甲矫正术及筛窦开放术疗效确切。     

Comparison of Sinus X-rays with Computed Tomography Scans in Acute Sinusitis

Objective: To determine the sensitivity and specificity of sinus x-rays of patients clinically diagnosed as having acute sinusitis. Methods: Thirty consecutive adult, nonpregnant emergency department (ED) patients clinically diagnosed as having acute sinusitis and meeting study criteria were entered into the study. Sinus x-rays were obtained immediately after study entry and sinus computed tomography (CT) scans were done within 72 hours. Radiologic criteria for sinusitis were defined as more than 3 mm of mucoperiosteal thickening (MPT), an air/fluid (A/F) level, or opacification. All films were read in a blinded fashion [CT scans by two radiologists and plain films by two emergency medicine (EM) staff members and the same radiologists]. A third radiologist interpreted CT scans when the initial radiologists disagreed. Results: Sinus CT scans were obtained for 29 of 30 patients. Radiologists interpreted 28 of 29 CT scans identically, with 21 being positive for sinusitis. Sensitivity and specificity of x-rays were 57% and 88%, 62% and 88%, 67% and 75%, and 48% and 100% for the two radiologists and the two EM physicians, respectively. Four ethmoid, five frontal, and five sphenoid sinuses were opacified or had A/F levels on CT scan. No ethmoid, frontal, or sphenoid sinus was interpreted as being opacified or having an A/F level on plain film. Sensitivity and specificity of maxillary sinus opacification or A/F level on x-ray were 70% and 100%, 70% and 100%, 70% and 96%, and 70% and 96% for the two radiologists and the two EM physicians, respectively. Mean concordances (kappa) of x-ray and CT scan interpretations for the four reviewers were 0.34 (range, 0.30–0.39) for the diagnosis of sinusitis and 0.77 (range, 0.74–0.79) for maxillary sinus opacification or A/F level. Conclusion: Sinus x-rays are less sensitive than sinus CT scans for demonstration of radiographic changes consistent with acute sinusitis. Sinus plain films may not be reliable enough to assist with clinical decision making. If severity of patient illness requires diagnostic certainty, more sensitive imaging studies, such as CT scans of the sinuses, should be considered.     

鼻内镜在鼻窦真菌球治疗中的应用

目的探讨鼻窦真菌球的诊断及合理的手术方式。方法总结分析31例经病理诊断为鼻窦真菌球患者的病史、临床表现、鼻窦CT、窦腔内病变的特点和鼻内镜手术后的疗效。结果31例经鼻内镜手术患者治愈28例，好转3例，无复发。结论鼻窦真菌球并非少见，鼻窦CT和鼻内镜检查是诊断的主要依据，最终确诊还需病理学检查，鼻内镜下病灶清除术及充分引流是治疗的首选术式。     

嗅神经母细胞瘤的CT诊断

目的探讨嗅神经母细胞瘤的CT诊断价值。方法对21例经病理证实的嗅神经母细胞瘤CT资料进行回顾性分析。结果2例肿瘤起源并局限于鼻腔;16例肿块中心位于鼻腔顶部的中后方;1例中心位于筛窦内;1例起源于上颌窦;1例起源于鼻咽部。13例形态规则,8例不规则。肿块密度多不均匀,平扫CT值30～60Hu,3例见钙化,1例见囊变。肿瘤侵犯筛窦17例、颅内14例、眼眶13例、中、上鼻甲13例、蝶窦11例、上颌窦8例、鼻中隔上部8例。18例见骨质破坏。结论冠状位和横断位CT可较准确显示肿瘤的部位、侵犯范围及其周围骨质情况,为临床分期和制定治疗方案提供依据。