改良膀胱全切原位W形回肠膀胱术26例报告

目的评价改良膀胱全切原位W形回肠膀胱术的临床疗效。方法对26例膀胱癌患者行逆行和顺行相结合的全膀胱切除方法，截取40cm带蒂回肠，对肠系膜纵行剖开后W形折叠，缝制成新膀胱，输尿管以乳头法种植于膀胱“三角区”，将贮尿囊完全置于腹膜外；术后随访患者恢复和排尿情况，定期复查生化指标、B超和膀胱排尿造影。结果患者术后均康复，平均随访18个月，白天控尿良好20例，夜间控尿良好18例；5例有不同程度的肾积水和肾功能异常，其中1例出现双肾积水，均行膀胱排尿造影除外返流；无低钾血症和酸中毒。结论改良膀胱全切原位W形回肠膀胱术，具有手术简单、术后并发症少及代膀胱功能良好的特点，是治疗浸润性膀胱癌的理想方法。     

改良Maryland回肠代膀胱术(附18例报告)

目的更好的解决膀胱癌患者膀胱全切术后贮尿和排尿问题。方法采用改良Ｍａｒｙｌａｎｄ回肠代膀胱术治疗膀胱癌患者１８例。结果改良术式新膀胱功能满意，排空良好，并发症少。结论改良Ｍａｒｙｌａｎｄ回肠代膀胱术式是一种较为理想的肠代膀胱术。     

改良Kock回肠代膀胱术51例报告

目的总结改良Kock回肠代膀胱术的优缺点，为临床推广应用提供客观依据。方法浸润性膀胱癌患者51例（T2N0M0 37例，T3N0M0 14例，病理分级Ⅱ-Ⅲ级），根治性膀胱全切术后，行改良Kock回肠膀胱术，包括缩短输入段凹肠，重建储尿囊，代膀胱低位与尿道吻合，恢复原有排尿通道。结果51例手术时间5．5～8．5h，平均6．5h。术中出血量300—1200ml，平均650ml，术中输血31例。围手术期发生应激性溃疡6例；术后发生输尿管支架管拔除安道漏尿1例，经再次引流后痊愈；其余44例均未出现严重并发症。术后6—8个月北于肿瘤广泛转移4例，余47例随访8—32个月存活，患者无腰腹胀痛、发热及血尿，B超及泌尿系造影显示储尿囊形态规则，2例患者存在输尿管返流，但无肾功能损害。术后6个月内患者白天均可完全控尿，夜间尿失禁6例。结论改良Kock回肠代膀胱术可显著提高患者生活质量，术后并发症少，符合生理性排尿，是一种较为理想的根治性膀胱全切术后尿流改道的方法。     

膀胱次全切除回肠扩大膀胱术治疗神经源性膀胱尿道功能障碍

目的：探讨肠道扩大膀胱成形术治疗神经源性膀胱尿道功能障碍的价值。方法：采用膀胱次全切除、回肠扩大膀胱成形术治疗7例神经源性膀胱尿道功能障碍患者。结果：2例术后排尿通畅，剩余尿消失；3例术后曾有排尿困难，经尿道膀胱颈电切后排尿通畅，无尿失禁，最大尿流率分别为27、16和18ml/s；1例术前曾采用经尿道膀胱颈电切术无效，行本手术后剩余尿消失，但仍有尿失禁，后在超声引导下于尿道周围注射硅酮后，尿失禁症状明显改善；余1例术后仍有排尿困难。结论：该手术方法对神经源性膀胱尿道功能障碍是一种可行的治疗方法。     

腹腔镜下全膀胱切除加原位回肠代膀胱术的临床疗效(附12例报告)

目的：探讨腹腔镜下全膀胱切除加原位回肠代膀胱术的手术方法和临床效果。方法：对12例浸润性膀胱移行细胞癌Ⅱ～Ⅲ级患者行腹腔镜下全膀胱切除加原位回肠代膀胱术,观察手术时间、术中出血量、术后肠道功能恢复情况及术后并发症等于术效果。结果：手术时间7～10h,术中失血600～1500ml,术后约72h恢复肠道功能。术后2周拔除输尿管导管,术后3周拔尿管后腹压排尿正常,术后3个月IVU复查未见肾积水,未出现并发症。结论：该术式具有微创、出血少、恢复快等特点,将成为治疗浸润性膀胱癌的较好方法之一。     

女性全膀胱切除原位回肠新膀胱术20例报告

目的探讨女性全膀胱切除原位回肠新膀胱术的技术改进及临床应用价值。方法 2004年1月至2009年1月,对20例女性膀胱肿瘤患者行全膀胱切除原位回肠新膀胱术,其间进行了系列改良探索,包括保留子宫、卵巢及附件的膀胱全切;保留完整尿道、阴道及自主神经的膀胱全切;腹膜外顺行切除膀胱;手助拔针邻边全层连续褥式缝合制作＂W＂回肠新膀胱;用直线切割吻合器恢复肠道连续性;用自制引导探子引导新膀胱与尿道吻合等。随访观察肿瘤控制、并发症及排尿控尿功能。结果手术时间平均330min,术中平均出血560ml。术后2～4周拔除尿管,患者排尿通畅。18例获得随访,平均随访时间38个月,术后12个月内恢复昼夜尿控分别为94.4%和88.9%,新膀胱容量平均330ml,蹲式手辅腹压排尿下,最大尿流率平均24.6ml/s,残余尿量0～25ml。无肿瘤复发及种植转移。结论经初步观察,女性膀胱肿瘤患者行膀胱全切,可尝试保留子宫、卵巢、附件和完整的尿道、阴道;全膀胱切除原位回肠新膀胱术较适于女性患者;所行系列改良可降低手术难度,减少并发症,在肿瘤根治的同时利于控尿恢复。     

改良膀胱全切正位可控W形回肠代膀胱术(附10例报告)

目的:探讨改良膀胱全切正位可控W形回肠代膀胱术的疗效。方法:对10例膀胱癌患者采用改良膀胱全切正位可控W形回肠代膀胱术。膀胱全切时不切断耻骨前列腺韧带,切断前列腺尖部时紧贴精阜近端,并采用电刀紧贴膀胱及前列腺处理膀胱侧后韧带和前列腺侧韧带。截取末段回肠,排列成W形,褥式缝合制作贮尿袋,输尿管以乳头法种植。结果:10例手术时间平均240min,术中平均出血量600ml,术后随访12~24个月,平均16个月,日间控尿良好10人,夜间控尿良好9人,9例患者性功能恢复,未见一例尿失禁。结论:改良膀胱全切正位可控W形回肠代膀胱术手术时间短,操作简单,术中出血少,并发症少,术后患者控尿效果好,尿失禁发生率低,性功能恢复良好。     

腹腔镜下全膀胱切除术的临床应用

目的 探讨腹腔镜下全膀胱切除术的手术方法和临床效果。方法 28例男性患者，58—73岁，26例病理证实为浸润性膀胱移行细胞癌Ⅱ一Ⅲ级，2例鳞状细胞癌；TNM分期：T2N0M0 16例，T3aN0M0 10例，T3bN0M0 2例。行腹腔镜下全膀胱切除，15例原位回肠代膀胱术，10例Sigma直肠膀胱术，3例输尿管造口术，观察手术时间、术中出血量、术后肠道功能恢复、术后并发症及手术效果。结果 手术时间7—10h，术中失血600—1500mL，术后约72h肠道功能恢复，术后2周拔输尿管导管，术后3周拔尿管后腹压排尿正常，术后3月IVu未见肾积水，未出现腹腔并发症。结论 本组共28例行经腹全膀胱切除术，均取得满意效果，无腹腔并发症；15例原位回肠代膀胱术，应注意保护盆腔神经丛和尿道外括约肌，尤其应防止尿道外括约肌受损，避免发生术后尿失禁和排尿功能障碍。该术式具有微创，出血少，恢复快等特点，随着技术的进步，该术式将成为治疗浸润性膀胱癌的较好方法之一。     

改良膀胱全切新回肠膀胱术治疗男性浸润性膀胱癌

目的 探讨根治性全膀胱切除术中保留远端的前列腺包膜及精囊对原位新膀胱功能及勃起功能的影响。方法 对24例男性浸润性膀胱癌患者施行改良根治性全膀胱切除及原位回肠膀胱术：保留远端的前列腺外科包膜及精囊，新回肠膀胱与残留前列腺包膜连续缝合；对术后新膀胱的储尿、排尿、控尿功能及患者的勃起功能进行随访和比较。结果 术后病理分期：T2aN0M0 5例，T2bN0M0 9例，T3aN0M0 7例，T3bN1M0 3例。术后随访3—24个月，平均12．7月。无瘤生存22例；带瘤生存2例。新膀胱容量（385±68）mL，最大充盈压（24±16）cmH2O。排尿良好，最大尿流率（18±5）mL／s，剩余尿（35±16）mL；完全控尿22例，夜间尿失禁2例；21例术前勃起功能正常者术后2例发生勃起功能障碍。结论 在改良根治性膀胱全切术中保留远端的前列腺外科包膜及精囊，可明显改善患者术后的储尿、排尿、控尿功能和勃起功能，同时可有效防止新膀胱一尿道吻合口狭窄的发生。     

改良式乙状结肠代膀胱术的临床应用

目的:评价改良式乙状结肠代膀胱术的临床效果。方法:对15例行根治性膀胱全切术膀胱癌的患者,在原Mainz膀胱Ⅱ式手术基础上进行可控尿流术式,即改良式乙状结肠代膀胱术。结果:术后3个月随访,B超检查3例有单侧肾盂轻度扩张2cm,排尿稳定可控,最大容量400～600ml,5例电解质血CO2cp提示偏酸,肾功能均在正常范围。尿粪均完全分开,大便成形。结论:改良式乙状结肠代膀胱术简单易行,对肠道干扰小,在减少尿粪合流、逆行感染、代谢性酸中毒等方面效果明显,且适应证相对较广,是一种较好的可控性尿流改道方法。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.