Ultrasound in acute pancreatic trauma

The ultrasound findings are reviewed in 4 patients with surgically proven acute pancreatic trauma. Despite technically adequate sonograms, pancreatic injuries were not prospectively diagnosed in any of the patients. Computed tomography (CT) performed shortly after ultrasound demonstrated changes of traumatic pancreatitis in each case. Because of the subtlety of the ultrasound findings, CT appears to be the preferred method for evaluating suspected pancreatic trauma.     

肝脏损伤139例临床分析

目的：比较手术治疗与保守治疗肝脏损伤的救治效果。方法：对139例肝脏损伤的病例资料进行回顾分析．结果：本组病人共139例，其中手术103例，成功91例，死亡12例；保守治疗36例，成功34例，死亡2例。两组比较有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论：及时准确诊断治疗是肝脏损伤治疗的关键。手术治疗组能在伤后8h内及时进行手术者治愈率高．轻度（AAST分级Ⅲ级以下）肝脏损伤患者可以经保守治疗成功治愈。     

闭合性腹部创伤内脏破裂出血的超声诊断分析

目的探讨闭合性腹部创伤内脏破裂出血的超声诊断价值。方法回顾性分析100例闭合性腹部创伤患者的临床资料。对患者的超声图像进行全面的分析,并与病理结果对比。结果 100例患者均伴有腹腔积液。超声诊断脾脏破裂48例,肝破裂17例,肾破裂14例,肠破裂6例,胰腺损伤1例,复合型内脏破裂5例,诊断准确率91%。结论超声能对闭合性腹部创伤内脏破裂出血做出较迅速、准确地诊断,具有重要的临床价值。     

超声对胰腺损伤的诊断价值

目的探讨超声诊断胰腺损伤的价值。方法对经手术或CT证实的16例胰腺损伤的超声检查做回顾性分析。结果16例胰腺损伤中：挫伤4例,不完全断裂5例,完全断裂7例,其中11例显示超声直接征象,包括腺体局部回声减低、中断、假性囊肿等;13例显示小网膜囊积液等间接征象;漏诊3例。结论超声检查能准确判断胰腺损伤的位置、范围、程度及合并其它脏器的损伤,为临床手术治疗提供有力的依据。     

胰头部占位性病变CT检查误诊23例分析

目的探讨胰头部占位性病变CT检查误诊原因及鉴别诊断依据。方法对我院2006年4月—2013年5月经病理检查或手术证实CT检查误诊的胰头部占位性病变23例的一般资料及CT检查结果进行回顾性分析。结果本组CT检查肿块型慢性胰腺炎(mass-type chronic pancreatitis,MTCP)误诊为胰头癌12例,胰头癌误诊为MTCP 7例,胰头部结核误诊为胰头癌3例,胰头部钝挫伤误诊为MTCP 1例。1例胰头部钝挫伤行胰头部破裂缝合止血、胰周引流术,1个月后痊愈。7例MTCP及1例胰头部结核行保留十二指肠的胰头切除术,7例胰头癌、5例MTCP及2例胰头部结核行胰十二指肠切除术,其中2例胰头癌和1例胰头部结核行胰十二指肠切除术后3~5 d发生胰漏,经保守治疗痊愈;3例胰头部结核术后给予抗结核治疗,随访2年未再复发;1例胰头癌术后死于多器官功能衰竭;余均痊愈出院。结论详细病史询问、合理运用CT扫描技术、联合其他影像技术、及时进行其他特异性检查,全面收集资料并综合分析可减少胰头部占位性病变的误诊。     

扩展创伤重点超声评估技术在腹部闭合性创伤患者检查中的应用研究

目的探讨扩展创伤重点超声评估技术(EFAST)在腹部闭合性创伤患者检查中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析2017年2月至2018年2月医院腹部闭合性创伤患者156例病历及影像资料,所有患者均行EFAST、CT检查。以手术结果为金标准,比较EFAST、CT、EFAST+CT三种方法诊断效能、检查时间及费用。结果156例患者中,共计检查780个结果。手术结果显示216例脏器损伤脾损伤86例,肝损伤37例,肾脏损伤53例,腹膜血肿22例,胰腺损伤18例。EFAST检出阳性164例,阴性546例;CT检出阳性185例,阴性554例;EFAST+CT检出阳性200例,阴性560例。CT检测灵敏度、准确度高于EFAST;EFAST+CT灵敏度、特异度、准确度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值高于EFAST,灵敏度、准确度、阴性预测值高于CT,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。FAST检查时间短于CT,检查费用低于CT,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论EFAST较CT而言,具有检查时间短、费用低、诊断效能较高的特点,可用于腹部闭合性创伤患者早期检查,联合CT检查能提高腹部闭合性创伤的诊断效能。     

Patterns of fluid accumulation on screening ultrasonography for blunt abdominal trauma: comparison with site of injury.

The objectives of this study were to define where fluid accumulation is shown on screening ultrasonography after blunt abdominal trauma and to determine how fluid accumulation patterns are associated with the site of injury. From 1994 to 1998, 2,693 screening examinations for blunt abdominal trauma were performed, in which 7 regions were examined for fluid. On the basis of a preliminary analysis of patients with solitary injuries, all 194 patients with sonographically detected fluid were grouped by fluid accumulation pattern. Fluid patterns were compared with sites of injury. The patterns differed between hepatic and splenic injuries. Fluid in the left upper quadrant, in both upper quadrants, or diffusely distributed suggested splenic injury, whereas fluid in the right upper quadrant or the right upper quadrant and lower recesses suggested hepatic injury (P < .0001). Fluid accumulation was random after enteric injury. Patients with extraperitoneal injury had no fluid or had fluid focally at the injury site. The ability to predict the injury site on the basis of fluid patterns should expedite treatment of hemodynamically unstable patients with blunt abdominal trauma.     

Blunt pancreatic trauma: prospective evaluation of early endoscopic retrograde pancreatography

Major ductal injury is a determining factor in the outcome after pancreatic trauma. The purpose of this study was to determine the value of early endoscopic retrograde pancreatography (ERP) in patients with blunt pancreatic trauma. We attempted ERP in nine patients. Indications were abnormal pancreatic findings on CT scanning in five patients, a suboptimal view on CT scanning in three patients, and a high index of suspicion in one patient. ERP was successful in eight patients. Two had major ductal injury treated operatively and were discharged without complications. In six, ERP showed a normal pancreatic duct. These patients were treated conservatively; five were eventually discharged, and one died of necrotizing pneumonia. Our results suggest that ERP is safe and accurate in the diagnosis of blunt pancreatic ductal injuries. If the pancreatic ductal system is intact, conservative management is appropriate, but if ERP shows major ductal injury, surgical intervention is indicated.     

闭合性胰腺损伤CT检查及其临床应用价值探讨

目的探讨闭合性胰腺损伤多层螺旋CT表现及其在胰腺损伤诊断中的临床价值。方法回顾性分析我院经手术证实的15例闭合性胰腺损伤的CT表现,全部病例均行多层螺旋CT平扫。结果15例胰腺损伤中,手术探查证实胰腺挫伤6例,裂伤9例;CT检查明确提示胰腺损伤12例,漏诊3例。结论螺旋CT扫描是诊断闭合性胰腺损伤的重要检查方法。     

Innocuous gas collections in pancreatic allografts demonstrated by computed tomography

Over a 4-year period, 6 pancreatic abscesses were found in 37 patients who had combined renal and segmental pancreatic transplants. An additional 4 patients who were nontoxic at the time of their computed tomographic (CT) examinations had innocuous gas collections, either in the pancreatic allograft or the surrounding peripancreatic tissue. The possible etiology of this gas formation is discussed. These collections do not have the same ominous clinical significance as would be expected in abscess formation. Radiological evaluation should include examination of the gastrointestinal tract and voiding cystograms to detect fistula formation. Simultaneous percutaneous aspiration of this area should be performed to rule out an infective process. If this is negative in a nontoxic transplant patient, the radiologist will be in a position to obviate unnecessary surgical intervention.     

A Comparison of Five Simplified Scales to the Out-of-hospital Glasgow Coma Scale for the Prediction of Traumatic Brain Injury Outcomes

Background: The 15-point Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) frequently is used in the initial evaluation of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in out-of-hospital settings. We hypothesized that the GCS might be unnecessarily complex for out-of-hospital use.
Objectives: To assess whether a simpler scoring system might demonstrate similar accuracy in the prediction of TBI outcomes.
Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of a trauma registry consisting of patients evaluated at our Level 1 trauma center from 1990 to 2002. The ability of out-of-hospital GCS scores to predict four clinically relevant TBI outcomes (emergency intubation, neurosurgical intervention, brain injury, and mortality) by using areas under receiver operating characteristic curves (AUROCs) was calculated. The same analyses for five simplified scales were performed, and compared with the predictive accuracies of the total GCS score.
Results: In this evaluation of 7,233 trauma patients over a 12-year period of time, the AUROCs for the total GCS score were 0.83 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.81 to 0.84) for emergency intubation, 0.86 (95% CI = 0.85 to 0.88) for neurosurgical intervention, 0.83 (95% CI = 0.82 to 0.84) for brain injury, and 0.89 (95% CI = 0.88 to 0.90) for mortality. The five simplified scales approached the performance of the total GCS score for all clinical outcomes.
Conclusions: In the evaluation of injured patients, five simplified neurological scales approached the performance of the total GCS score for the prediction of four clinically relevant TBI outcomes.     

Significant hemoperitoneum in blunt trauma victims with normal vital signs and clinical examination

Clinical examination of the abdomen is generally reliable in stable trauma patients with no distracting or head injury. Patients involved in relatively minor trauma with normal examinations can be safely sent home in most instances. We report 6 cases of blunt abdominal trauma that had completely normal clinical examinations and vital signs but were found to have significant hemoperitoneum on trauma ultrasound examination. Four of the patients were examined for educational purposes just before planned discharge from the emergency department. These cases suggest that a screening ultrasound examination may have a role in the evaluation of most blunt trauma patients.     

Diagnosis of pancreatic injury after blunt abdominal trauma

Expeditious diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic injury continues to elude the trauma surgeon and radiologist. Missed or underestimated pancreatic injury is responsible for a high level of morbidity and mortality after blunt or penetrating trauma. Unfortunately, inappropriate therapy can lead to devastating consequences such as severe endocrine or exocrine insufficiency. Abdominal CT is currently the imaging method of choice for evaluating patients with blunt trauma. This article reviews the constellation of CT findings that the radiologist must rely on to establish the diagnosis of pancreatic injury.     

胰腺闭合性损伤合并主胰管断裂23例诊治分析

目的：分析严重胰腺外伤患者的临床表现及处理方法,探讨严重胰腺外伤的诊治对策。方法：回顾性分析23例严重胰腺闭合性损伤并同时合并主胰管断裂患者的临床资料及救治经过,根据胰腺损伤的严重程度而选择不同的手术方式。结果：CT检查对胰腺闭合性损伤确诊率可高达100％。本组患者均行手术治疗,其中远端胰（或加脾）切除术9例,远端胰腺空肠吻合术9例,主胰管端端吻合加胰管内支撑术1例,改良十二指肠憩室化手术4例。23例患者经救治均痊愈出院。结论：胰腺闭合性损伤临床表现隐晦,CT可明显提高术前确诊率。及时和合理的手术是提高严重胰腺外伤患者生存率的关键。     

胰腺外伤的诊断与手术治疗（附28例分析）

目的：探讨胰腺外伤的诊断与治疗。方法：回顾分析2000年1月-2008年5月间经手术探查确诊的28例胰腺外伤患者的临床资料。结果：胰腺Ⅰ级损伤5例,Ⅱ级损伤7例,Ⅲ级损伤6例,Ⅳ损伤7例,Ⅴ级损伤3例。行清创或加缝合修补、引流11例,部分胰及脾切除7例,胰空肠roux-en—Y吻合5例,胰管外引流术及2期手术2例,十二指肠憩室化手术2例,Wipple手术1例。治愈24例,死亡4例,病死率14．3％,死因为严重多发伤或失血性休克。发生胰瘘5例,均治愈。2期期手术2例。结论：早期诊断,及时剖腹探查,选择合理术式,有效引流及妥善处理合并伤是治疗胰腺损伤、减少并发症和病死率的关键。     

胰腺损伤的影像学诊断

目的 探讨多层螺旋CT及MRI检查在评价胰腺损伤中的价值.方法 回顾性分析经手术和临床随访证实的10例闭合性腹部外伤致胰腺损伤的CT/MRI表现.男6例,女4例,年龄5～52岁,平均年龄(27.60±12.34)岁.CT检查7例,MRI检查5例,其中2例分别进行了CT和MRI检查.结果胰腺损伤CT/MRI表现为胰腺肿大(CT 5例,MR 2例);胰腺断裂(CT 5例,MR 4例);主胰管断裂(CT 1例,MR 4例);胰腺内/胰周出血(CT 3例,MR 1例);胰腺裂伤(CT 2例,MR 1例);胰周改变 胰周被膜和肾周筋膜增厚以及胰周、肾旁间隙广泛积液(CT 6例,MR 5例);假性囊肿形成(CT 4例,MR 2例);合并腹部其他脏器损伤CT显示肝、肾损伤各1例,脾损伤2例,MR显示脾损伤1例.结论 多层螺旋CT和MRI在胰腺损伤的诊断中有重要价值.     

超声造影诊断闭合性胰腺创伤

目的：探讨超声造影（CEUS）技术在诊断闭合性腹部损伤所致胰腺损伤中的应用价值。方法：对29例钝器伤可疑胰腺伤患者行超声造影检查,超声造影的结果与增强CT（CECT）进行比较。结果：在29例可疑胰腺创伤患者中,CEUS诊断22例为胰腺损伤,其中胰颈部损伤8例,胰体部9例,胰尾部4例,胰头部1例,创伤灶表现为边界不规则的无回声或者低回声灌注,CEUS测量的创伤灶大小与CECT相比差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,CEUS诊断胰腺创伤的准确性、灵敏性及特异性分别为89.3%、90.9%和83.3%。结论：CEUS诊断胰腺创伤的准确率较高,与CECT有较好的一致性。该技术可方便地用于患者床旁,对那些存在严重合并伤难以搬动的患者价值更大。     

The digital rectal examination in pediatric trauma: a pilot study

This pilot study examined the utility of a routinely performed digital rectal examination (DRE) in pediatric trauma patients. A prospective convenience sample of patients 0 to 18 years of age presenting to the pediatric emergency department of an urban level I trauma center with a history of trauma to the spine or trunk was enrolled. An abnormal DRE was defined by the presence of gross or occult blood, decreased sphincter tone, compromised integrity of the rectal vault, or a high riding prostate. We defined DRE-identifiable injuries as spinal injury, pelvic fracture, rectal or other lower intestinal injury, and urethral injury. One hundred thirty-five patients were studied; 8 patients had DRE-identifiable injuries. The sensitivity and negative predictive value of the physical examination with and without the DRE were equivalent. Routine performance of the digital rectal examination may not improve the identification of serious injury during the secondary survey in pediatric trauma patients.     

严重创伤患者放射学检查的构成及影响因素

目的 了解严重创伤患者救治中放射学检查的构成及影响因素,为优化放射学检查策略提供依据.方法 为前瞻性观察研究,收集浙江大学医学院附属第二医院(三级甲等综合性医院)急诊ICU于2010年4-7月收治的60例严重创伤患者的资料,描述放射学检查的类型、数量、部位构成及同一部位重复检查情况;比较不同治疗阶段放射学检查部位构成和数量的差异;分析放射学检查的数量与患者年龄、受伤部位数目、损伤严重度评分(ISS)、格拉斯哥昏迷评分(GCS)、ICU和总住院时间等因素的相关性.结果 (1)60例患者的放射学检查主要为X线片和CT,人均摄片量的中位数为6(四分位数3～11),人均CT检查量中位数为10(四分位数8.0～13.8).(2)X线片的应用在急诊室、ICU、普通病房3个阶段相对均衡(x2=4.043,P=0.132),CT则主要在急诊室和ICU阶段完成(x2=20.274,P<0.01).(3)不同治疗阶段X线片和CT检查的部位构成不同(x2=114.609,75.932,均P<0.01).(4)CT检查数量与受伤部位数、ISS值、ICU和总住院天数存在相关性(r分别为0.273,0.369,0.523,0.417,P<0.05).结论 严重创伤患者放射学检查的数量比较大,主要是X线片和CT检查,并以CT的应用更多;CT检查数量与创伤的严重程度及ICU住院天数正相关,有必要进一步研究以优化放射学检查的策略.

Abstract：

Objective To explore the determinant factors influencing the constituent parts of radiological examination in severe trauma patients so as to provide scientific basis for optimized strategy of radiological examination. Methods A prospective study was carried out from April to July 2010 in a tertiary hospital. Clinical data of 60 severe trauma patients admitted to emergency department and ICU were recorded. The type, number and site of trauma under radiological examination were described and compared among different stages of treatment. The correlation between number of radiological examinations and age, number of injured site, injury severity score (ISS), Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), ICU stay and overall length of hospital stay were analyzed. Results (1) The majority of radiological examinations in 60 patients were radiography and CT, with a corresponding median number of 6.0(3.0～ 11.0, IQR)and 10.0(8.0 ～ 13.8, Qr) times per patient. (2) The numbers of radiography examinations requested in emergency room, emergency ICU and general ward were quite approximately equal (x2 =4.043 ,P =0. 132), while CT examinations were mainly requested in emergency room and emergency ICU (x2 = 20. 274 , P < 0. 001). (3) The numbers of radiological examinations requested for different sites of injury were quite significantly different between radiography and CT during different stages of treatment (x2 = 114.609, 75.932, P < 0.01). (4 ) The number of CT scan requested was positively correlated with number of injured site, ISS, ICU and overall length of hospital stay (r =0.273,0.369,0.523,0.417,all P <0.05). Conclusions The sum of radiological examinations in severe trauma patients was great mainly in radiography and CT, and CT was more predominantly requested. The number of CT scans examinations was positively correlated with severity of injury and length of ICU stay. Further study is warranted to optimize radiological examination in severe trauma patients.     

闭合性腹部外伤致胰腺损伤的CT诊断

目的探讨胰腺损伤的CT表现,提高诊断的准确率。方法回顾性分析经手术和临床随访证实的15例闭合性腹部外伤致胰腺损伤患者CT平扫及增强时的表现。结果胰腺弥漫或局限性肿大9例,胰腺裂伤11例,胰腺断裂1例,胰腺局限性血肿8例,胰周被膜和肾周筋膜增厚以及胰周、肾旁间隙积液14例,假性囊肿4例。合并其他脏器损伤11例,其中脾挫裂伤7例,肝挫裂伤4例,肾挫裂伤4例,肠道及其系膜损伤5例。结论上腹部CT检查对胰腺损伤的早期诊断具有非常重要的参考价值。