煤烟型大气污染对儿童免疫功能的影响

为了研究煤烟型大气污染对儿童免疫功能的影响 ,在煤烟型大气污染城市太原市的三个污染水平不同的研究区选取居住 3年以上 4 - 5年级的小学生测试T淋巴细胞亚群分类 (CD3+、CD4+、CD8+)、唾液溶菌酶含量和免疫球蛋白含量。结果发现小学生的唾液溶菌酶含量和免疫球蛋白 (IgG、IgA、IgM)均低于对照区 ,且有显著性差异 (P <0 .0 5) ;T淋巴细胞亚群分类 (CD3+、CD4+、CD8+百分含量 )有同样的趋势 ,但差异不显著 (P >0 0 5)。结果表明太原市煤烟型大气污染对小学生的非特异性免疫、体液免疫产生一定的影响 ,对细胞免疫影响不显著     

Levels and predictors of urinary nickel concentrations of children in Germany: Results from the German Environmental Survey on children (GerES IV)

Human biomonitoring of nickel has gained interest in environmental medicine due to its wide distribution in the environment and its allergenic potential. There are indications that the prevalence of nickel sensitization in children is increased by nickel exposure and that oral uptake of nickel can exacerbate nickel dermatitis in nickel-sensitive individuals. Urinary nickel measurement is a good indicator of exposure. However, data on nickel levels in urine of children are rare. For the first time, the German Environmental Survey on children (GerES IV) 2003–2006 provided representative data to describe the internal nickel exposure of children aged 3–14 years in Germany. Nickel was measured after enrichment in the organic phase of urine by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry with Zeeman background correction. Nickel levels (n = 1576) ranged from <0.5 to 15 μg/l. Geometric mean was 1.26 μg/l. Multivariate regression analysis showed that gender, age, socio-economic status, being overweighted, consumption of hazelnut spread, nuts, cereals, chocolate and urinary creatinine were significant predictors for urinary nickel excretion of children who do not smoke. 20.2% of the variance could be explained by these variables. With a contribution of 13.8% the urinary creatinine concentration was the most important predictor. No influence of nickel intake via drinking water and second hand smoke exposure was observed.     

上海市大气污染与居民每日死亡关系的病例交叉研究

目的 以病例交叉的研究方法，估计大气污染急性暴露对上海市居民每日死亡的影响，并探讨该设计用于大气污染急性健康效应研究的可行性。方法 采用病例交叉设计的方法分析上海市2000年6月1日至2001年12月31日大气污染与居民每日总死亡和分疾病别死亡的关系，同时比较双向对照设计和单向回顾性对照设计研究结果的差异。结果 采用不同的对照选择方案，病例交叉设计的研究结果变化较大；采用双向1：6的对照设计，大气可吸入颗粒物(PMl0)、二氧化硫(SO2)、二氧化氮(NO2)48h平均浓度每增加10μg／m^3，上海市城区居民总死亡发生的相对危险度分别为1．003(95％CI：1．001～1．005)、1．016(95％CI：1．011～1．021)、1．020(95％CI：1．012～1．027)。结论 上海市城区目前的PMl0、SO2、NO2水平对居民死亡确有影响；病例交叉设计是一种研究大气污染急性健康效应的有效工具。     

2014-2015年合肥市大气PM2.5污染对儿童门诊量影响的时间序列分析

目的 探讨合肥市大气PM2.5日均浓度对合肥市儿童门诊量的影响.方法 分别从合肥市气象局、合肥市环保局获得2014-2015年合肥市全年气象、环保资料,从合肥市滨湖医院、合肥市第二人民医院医院信息系统(HIS)获取同期儿童门诊资料.采用基于Poisson回归的广义相加模型(GAM)控制时间趋势、温度和相对湿度、星期几效应、法定节假日等因素进行PM2.5对儿童门诊量影响的时间序列分析,分析PM2.5浓度对当日、滞后1～7 d效应(lag0～lag7),以及移动平均浓度对滞后1～7 d的累积滞后效应(lag1～7).结果 2014-2015年合肥市PM2.5平均浓度为(73.1±43.5)μg/m3,是GB 3095-2012《环境空气质量标准》二级标准年均值(35 μg/m3)的2.1倍,2年共有267 d(占36.6％)的PM2.5日均浓度超过国家二级标准24 h均值(75 μg/m3).GAM模型发现PM2.5对合肥市滨湖医院、合肥市第二人民医院的儿科门诊均有显著影响,其中对总门诊量当日的影响最大,合肥滨湖医院、合肥市二院的ER分别为0.65％(95％CI:0.49％～0.81％)、0.92％(95％CI:0.70％～1.13％);对合肥滨湖医院儿童呼吸系统当日的门诊量影响最大[ER=0.78％(95％CI:0.58％～0.99％)],对合肥市二院儿童呼吸系统滞后2d门诊量影响最大[ER=0.90％ (95％CI:0.63％～ 1.18％)].采用PM2.5移动平均浓度分析累积滞后效应时发现,PM2.5污染物对儿童的总门诊量和呼吸系统门诊量均有累积滞后效应,两医院的总门诊和呼吸系统门诊量均在累积滞后7 d (lag0～7)时ER最高,总门诊ER分别为1.60％ (95％CI:1.32％～1.87％)、2.62％(95％CI:2.25％～3.00％),呼吸系统门诊ER分别为1.83％(95％CI:1.48％～2.19％)、3.19％(95％CI:2.7％～3.66％).未发现PM25浓度对儿童循环系统门诊量有显著影响.结论 2014-2015年空气污染对合肥地区儿童门诊量有显著影响,PM2.5浓度增加会导致儿童总门诊、儿童呼吸系统门诊的门诊量增加.     

Respiratory symptoms in children of Upper Silesia, Poland: Cross-sectional study in two towns of different air pollution levels

In children aged 7–9 years residing in the town of Chorzow (C) and in the town of Mikolow (M), located 30 km apart (Upper Silesia, the industrial part of Poland), respiratory symptoms were ascertained according to the parental answers to WHO-Questionnaire. Mean annual concentrations of air pollutants are higher in Chorzow than in Mikolow, and recent mean values of 24 hr measurements over November 1992–January 1993 confirmed the between-town gradient (p < 0.001) for particulates (C:166 g/m³; M:129 g/m³ SO₂) (C:153 g/m³ M:92 g/m³) and NO₂) (C:69 g/m³ M:26 g/m³) In Chorzow 24.8% (n = 1,142) and in Mikolow 25.6% (n = 480) of all eligible children aged 7–9 years were examined. Both groups (C and M) were similar in terms of sex, family history of asthma and cough lasting for 3 months (C:31.6%; M:32.3%). Frequency of the following respiratory symptoms statistically significantly (p < 0.05) differed between two groups: chest wheezing (C:21.4%; M:17.1%) and attacks of asthmatic dyspnea (C:10.3%; M:6.2%). Also, the diagnosis of asthma by physician was more prevalent in Chorzow (C:3.5%; M:1.3%; p < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that after controlling for family history of asthma, environmental tobacco smoke and housing condition, the place of residence (C versus M) was statistically significantly associated with attacks of asthmatic dyspnea (p < 0.05) and a borderline significance of this factor was found in relation to wheezing (p = 0.06) and physician-diagnosed asthma (p = 0.07). The survey provided the estimate of the prevalence of chronic respiratory symptoms in children living in the most polluted urban area of Poland. Although the design of the study precludes more specific etiologic conclusions on environmental exposures the apparently higher prevalence of symptoms in children living in a more polluted town deserves further investigation.     

南宁市空气污染水平不同的两区儿童肺功能及其影响因素的研究

目的 比较南宁市不同空气污染水平地区儿童肺功能的差异,探讨肺功能的影响相关因素。方法 按整群抽样方法,在南宁市青秀区和西乡塘区各选1所小学（A校和B校）3～4年级的儿童共537人作为研究对象,进行肺功能测试和问卷调查。结果 两区大气首要污染物都为PM2.5和PM10,青秀区A校周围大气中PM2.5、PM10、SO2、NO2年均浓度低于西乡塘区B校（P＜0.05）;控制年龄、身高、体重等因素后,青秀区A校女生FVC、FEV1.0、PEF、FEF25%～75%、FEF25%和FEF50%实测值均高于西乡塘区B校,A校男生FEV1.0实测值也高于B校,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;学校所在地区、房屋1年内购置大件家具、房屋3年内装修、房屋内饲养宠物和使用空气净化器是影响儿童肺功能的主要因素（P＜0.05）。结论 南宁市空气污染与儿童肺功能下降有关,且女生较男生对空气污染物更敏感;室内空气质量也是影响儿童肺功能的重要因素,空气净化器的使用对儿童肺功能有保护作用。     

深圳市空气污染对学龄儿童肺功能的影响

目的了解深圳市大气污染对学龄儿童肺通气功能的影响。方法于2014年11—12月,采用随机整群抽样的方法抽取深圳市龙岗区和南山区各1所小学(A和B)3~5年级学生298人(龙岗区159人,南山区139人),进行肺功能检查和问卷调查。结果两区主要是大气污染物PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)和NO_2超过国家空气质量二级标准,位于南山区的B校周围PM_(10)、O_3-1h和SO_2平均浓度高于龙岗区的A校,差异具有统计学意义(P0.01);南山区儿童FEV1/FVC、FEF75%和FEF25%均低于龙岗区,在控制了年龄、性别、身高、体重等影响因素后,空气污染仍对以上肺功能指标具有显著影响(P0.01);南山区儿童小气道功能障碍发生率明显高于龙岗区(OR=3.744,P0.05),但肺通气功能障碍发生率并没有明显差异(OR=0.754,P0.05)。结论深圳市南山区儿童肺功能下降与大气污染有关,主要表现为小气道功能障碍,应继续加强对儿童肺功能的监测,并采取有效措施,保护儿童呼吸系统健康。     

广西8~10岁儿童尿碘调查

目的了解广西8~10岁儿童的尿碘水平。方法在广西新生儿疾病筛查中心管辖内的直接筛查先天性甲状腺功能减低症的协作市(县)中,抽取沿海地区(合浦县、防城区),平原地区(南宁市区、马山县、来宾市区),山区地区(天等县、贺州市区、昭平县、北流市区)共9个县(区)。选取调查地区的1所小学,于2014年1月,采集8~10岁学生的中段尿进行尿碘水平检测。结果共测定2 073名儿童,尿碘范围为20.57~929.30μg/L,尿碘中位数为175.32μg/L。男童的尿碘含量高于女童,差异有统计学意义(H=3.953,P0.01)。男童尿碘100μg/L的比例低于女童(χ2=12.621,P0.05),而200μg/L~的比例高于女童(χ2=6.018,P0.05),差异均有统计学意义。尿碘中位数最高为天等县(218.71μg/L),其次为北流市区(194.22μg/L),最低为合浦县(133.83μg/L)。结论广西9个县(区)8~10岁儿童碘营养状况大多数处于碘适宜水平。     

Urban background particulate matter and allergic sensitization in adults of ECRHS II

BACKGROUND: Epidemiological studies have shown weak or inconsistent associations between ambient air pollutants and allergic sensitization. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether regional urban air pollution may partly explain the large variation in the prevalence of allergic sensitization across cities of the European Community Respiratory Health Survey (ECRHS) II. METHODS: ECRHS is a cross-sectional survey initiated in 29 countries across Europe in the 1990s (ECRHS I) with a follow-up conducted 10 years later (ECRHS II). Subject characteristics were measured by questionnaires and blood tests conducted for the measurement of specific immunoglobulin E. Fine particle mass (PM(2.5), <2.5 microm) and sulphur on PM(2.5) were measured in 21 centres and annual averages of urban regional background air pollution were calculated. Results were scaled by an interquartile range increase in ambient PM(2.5) (6.03 microg/m(3)) and sulphur (1336 ng/m(3)). Generalized estimating equations were applied to compute population average effect estimates with adjustment for age, gender, smoking habit, education and number of siblings. RESULTS: A notable variation in pollution level and prevalence of allergic sensitization was observed. Moreover, exposure to urban regional background air pollution was not associated with allergic sensitization; adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence interval were 1.02 (0.95-1.09) for PM(2.5) and 1.08 (0.86-1.31) for sulphur. These statistically non-significant associations were sensitive to model specification. CONCLUSIONS: The study suggests that regional air pollution measured at fixed sites is not associated with allergic sensitization among adults in ECRHS II.     

The associations between traffic-related air pollution and noise with blood pressure in children: Results from the GINIplus and LISAplus studies

Although traffic emits both air pollution and noise, studies jointly examining the effects of both of these exposures on blood pressure (BP) in children are scarce. We investigated associations between land-use regression modeled long-term traffic-related air pollution and BP in 2368 children aged 10 years from Germany (1454 from Munich and 914 from Wesel). We also studied this association with adjustment of long-term noise exposure (defined as day–evening–night noise indicator “Lden” and night noise indicator “Lnight”) in a subgroup of 605 children from Munich inner city. In the overall analysis including 2368 children, NO₂, PM_2.5 mass (particles with aerodynamic diameters below 2.5 μm), PM₁₀ mass (particles with aerodynamic diameters below 10 μm) and PM_2.5 absorbance were not associated with BP. When restricting the analysis to the subgroup of children with noise information (N = 605), a significant association between NO₂ and diastolic BP was observed (−0.88 (95% confidence interval: −1.67, −0.08)). However, upon adjusting the models for noise exposure, only noise remained independently and significantly positively associated with diastolic BP. Diastolic BP increased by 0.50 (−0.03, 1.02), 0.59 (0.05, 1.13), 0.55 (0.03, 1.07), and 0.58 (0.05, 1.11) mmHg for every five decibel increase in Lden and by 0.59 (−0.05, 1.22), 0.69 (0.04, 1.33), 0.64 (0.02, 1.27), and 0.68 (0.05, 1.32) mmHg for every five decibel increase in Lnight, in different models of NO₂, PM_2.5 mass, PM₁₀ mass and PM_2.5 absorbance as the main exposure, respectively. In conclusion, air pollution was not consistently associated with BP with adjustment for noise, noise was independently and positively associated with BP in children.     

上海市大气污染对小学生肺功能小气道指标的急性效应研究

目的 分析上海市复合型大气污染对儿童肺功能小气道指标的急性影响。方法 在上海市内环、中环和外环各选择一所小学（A、B和C）,每所学校各随机抽取3~5年级一个班级学生为研究对象（共233人）;A、B两校于2013年12月和C校于2014年12月测试肺功能3次,各校分别于次年5-6月测试第4次肺功能。同时收集同期三校就近环境空气质量监测点大气细颗粒物（PM_2.5）、可吸入颗粒物（PM₁₀）、二氧化硫（SO₂）和二氧化氮（NO₂）污染物数据和气象监测数据;采用线性混合效应模型分析大气污染对肺功能小气道指标的影响。结果 控制气象因素和个体因素后,PM_2.5、PM₁₀滞后2 d和累计滞后2 d、SO₂累计滞后2 d和NO₂检测当日浓度每增加一个四分位间距（IQR）,儿童25%肺活量最大呼吸流速（MEF_25%）、50%肺活量最大呼吸流速（MEF_50%）、75%肺活量最大呼吸流速（MEF_75%）和用力呼气中段流速（FEF_25%~75%）均有不同程度的降低（P<0.05或P<0.01）;双污染物模型分析显示SO₂和NO₂分别叠加PM_2.5和PM₁₀污染时,滞后效应值大于SO₂和NO₂单独存在时（P<0.05）。结论 上海市大气污染物短期暴露与儿童肺功能小气道指标变化呈负相关,并存在滞后效应及累计滞后效应。     

Blood lead levels in children of S.W. Sardinia

The purpose of the present study was to make a preliminary evaluation of blood lead levels in school-aged children from three towns of southwestern Sardinia, Portoscuso, S. Antioco and Calasetta, the first of which is very close to a large industrial complex. Blood lead concentration was determined in venous blood samples by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The survey revealed that children residing in the town of Portoscuso had higher mean blood lead levels (12.7 g/dl) than children of the same age residing in S. Antioco and Calasetta (8.3 and 8.4 g/ dl respectively) and that levels were slightly higher in males than in females. This difference is suggested to be a result of the greater fallout of industrial pollutants in the area of Portoscuso.Corresponding author.     

大气污染物PM2.5及其组分暴露与中国9～18岁儿童青少年心理困扰的关联研究

目的分析中国9～18岁在校儿童青少年暴露于大气污染物PM2.5及其组分[硫酸盐(SO42-)、硝酸盐(NO3-)、铵盐(NH4+)、有机物(OM)、黑碳(BC)]与心理困扰的关联。方法基于2019年全国学生体质与健康调研数据, 纳入130 808名9～18岁儿童青少年, 根据凯斯勒心理困扰量表(K10)进行评分和判定高心理困扰, 根据调查地点和时间匹配污染物年均暴露数据, 采用基于logistic回归的限制性立方样条方法对PM2.5、SO42-、NO3-、NH4+、OM及BC组分浓度和心理困扰关联进行拟合;采用多因素logistic回归模型对不同年龄、性别、BMI和身体活动亚组进行分析, 估计不同亚组暴露于高污染浓度污染物和高心理困扰的关联。结果我国儿童青少年高心理困扰率为30.4%, 女生高心理困扰率高于男生, 分别为31.6%和29.1%, 差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。暴露于PM2.5、SO42-、NO3-、OM和中国9～18岁儿童青少年高心理困扰存在非线性正向关联, 当PM2.5、NO3-、NH4+、OM和BC浓度较高时, 随着浓度继续上升, 高心理困扰发生风险的增加...     

广州市空气污染对居民每日急救病例影响的短期效应

目的  分析广州市空气污染物浓度与居民因不同疾病(循环系统疾病、消化系统疾病、神经系统疾病和呼吸系统疾病)而寻求急救服务人次的关系,探讨广州市空气污染对人群健康影响的短期效应。 方法  收集广州市2015-2017年空气污染物二氧化硫(sulfur dioxide,SO₂)、二氧化氮(nitrogen dioxide,NO₂)、一氧化碳(carbon monoxide,CO)、细颗粒物(fine particulate matter,PM_2.5)的每日24 h平均浓度和臭氧(ozone,O₃)最大8 h浓度、日均气温、相对湿度和4大疾病别每日急救人次,采用时间序列分析的广义相加模型,分析空气中污染物浓度和居民4大疾病别急救人次的关系。 结果  研究期间空气中SO₂、NO₂、CO、O₃、PM_2.5的日平均浓度分别是13.24 μg/m³、45.96 μg/m³、0.97 mg/m³、123.77 μg/m³、和36.22 μg/m³。经过单污染物模型分析,空气中SO₂每增加4.70 μg/m³,循环系统急救量增加2.91%(95%CI：1.00%~4.85%),在多污染物模型中,循环系统急救量则增加4.39%(95%CI：1.22%~7.67%)。 结论  大气SO₂污染可能增加居民循环系统疾病的风险,应采取防控措施降低SO₂排放。     

Exposure in welding of high nickel alloy

Summary Nickel (Ni) levels in air during welding of high-Ni alloy (75% Ni) were very high (mean 0.44 mg/m³, range 0.07–1.1 mg/m³; 20 person-days of measurements). In six welders the Ni level in urine after four weeks of vacation was slightly but statistically significantly enhanced as compared to ten unexposed controls (means 8.7 vs 5.1 g/l; P<0.005). The level on Monday mornings increased somewhat during a period of six weeks of high-Ni alloy welding (mean 13 g/l; P < 0.05). The level was slightly higher Thursday afternoon (mean 18 g/l; P < 0.0001). The data indicate the existence of a very slow pool of Ni in the body in addition to a faster one. There was no correlation between Ni levels in air and urine. Thus, in spite of the very high Ni levels in air, urinary Ni levels were thus of little use for biological monitoring of exposure and risk during high-Ni alloy welding. All eleven welders studied reported one or more symptoms (irritation of upper airways, headache, tiredness) as occurring more often (P < 0.006) during high-Ni welding than when welding ordinary stainless steel. Lung-functions studies were normal.     

Association of daily cause-specific mortality with ambient particle air pollution in Wuhan, China

In Asia, limited literature has been published on the association between daily mortality and ambient air pollution. We examined the associations of daily cause-specific mortality with daily mean concentrations of particulate matter (PM) with a mass median aerodynamic diameter less than 10 microm (PM(10)) in Wuhan, China using 4 years of data (2001-2004). There are approximately 4.5 million residents in Wuhan who live in the city core area of 201 km(2) where air pollution levels are higher and pollution ranges are wider than the majority of cities in the published literature. We use quasi-likelihood estimation within the context of the generalized additive models (GAMs) (natural spline (NS) models in R) to model the natural logarithm of the expected daily death counts as a function of the predictor variables. We found consistent PM(10) effects on mortality with the strongest effects on lag 0 day. Every 10 microg/m(3) increase in PM(10) daily concentration at lag 0 day was significantly associated with an increase in non-accidental (0.36%; 95% CI 0.19-0.53%), cardiovascular (0.51%; 95% CI 0.28-0.75%), stroke (0.44%; 95% CI 0.16-0.72%), cardiac (0.49%; 95% CI 0.08-0.89%), respiratory (0.71%; 95% CI 0.20-1.23%), and cardiopulmonary (0.46%; 95% CI 0.23-0.69%). In general, these effects were stronger among the elderly (65 years > or = 45 years) than among the young. The exploration of exposure-response relationships between PM(10) and cause-specific mortality suggests the appropriateness of assuming linear relationships, where the PM(10) concentration in Wuhan ranged from 24.8 to 477.8 microg/m(3). We conclude that there is consistent evidence of acute effects of PM(10) on cardiopulmonary mortality. A linear no threshold exposure-response relationship is suggested between PM(10) and the studied cause-specific mortality.     

The relationships between ambient air pollutants and childhood asthma and eczema are modified by emotion and conduct problems

PurposeThis study examined the hypothesis that emotion and conduct problems (ECPs) may modify the relationships between ambient air pollutants and childhood asthma and eczema.MethodsIn the cross-sectional study, 4209 French schoolchildren (aged 10–12 years) were investigated between March 1999 and October 2000. Ambient air pollutants exposures were estimated with dispersion modeling. Health outcomes and ECPs were evaluated by validated questionnaires, completed by the parents. Marginal models were used to analyze the relationships of exposures to ambient air pollutants and/or ECPs to asthma phenotypes and current eczema, adjusting for potential confounders.ResultsIn our population, interactions were found between ECPs and exposures to ambient air pollutants (benzene, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, nitrogen oxides, particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter below 10 μm, volatile organic compounds) (P < .20). In addition, ECPs were related to current wheezing (adjusted prevalence odds ratio [aOR], 2.35; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.59–3.47), current doctor-diagnosed asthma (aOR, 1.82; 95% CI, 1.25–2.66), and current eczema (aOR, 2.21; 95% CI, 1.61–3.02). Children with ECPs had 1.17–1.51 times higher aORs for the associations between ambient air pollutants and asthma phenotypes and current eczema than those without ECPs.ConclusionsECPs may modify the relationships between ambient air pollutants and childhood asthma and eczema.     

Associations between ambient air pollution and bone turnover markers in 10-year old children: Results from the GINIplus and LISAplus studies

Negative associations between bone turnover markers and bone mineral density have been reported. In order to study the association between ambient air pollution and bone turnover markers, as indicators of bone loss, we investigated associations between land-use regression modeled air pollution (NO₂, PM_2.5 mass, PM_{2.5 – 10} [coarse particles], PM₁₀ mass and PM_2.5 absorbance) and bone turnover markers in 2264 children aged 10 years. Serum osteocalcin and C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTx), measured by Modular-System (Roche), were the two bone turnover markers considered in this analysis. In total population, NO₂, PM_{2.5 – 10} and PM₁₀ mass exposure were positively and significantly associated with both osteocalcin and CTx. A 2.5 (95% CI: 0.6, 4.4) ng/ml increase in osteocalcin and a 24.0 (95% CI: 6.7, 41.3) ng/L increase in CTx were observed per IQR (6.7 μg/m³) increase in NO₂, independent of socioeconomic status, sex, age, pubertal status, fasting status and total physical activity. The estimated coefficients were 3.0 (95% CI: 0.1, 5.8) for osteocalcin and 32.3 (95% CI: 6.1, 58.5) for CTx with PM_{2.5 – 10}; 3.2 (95% CI: 0.0, 6.4) for osteocalcin and 30.7 (95% CI: 1.7, 59.7) for CTx with PM₁₀. Children living close to a major road (≤ 350 m) had higher levels of both osteocalcin (1.4 [−1.2, 4.0] ng/ml) and CTx (16.2 [−7.4, 39.8] ng/L). The adverse impact of ambient air pollution on bone turnover rates observed in one of the study areas showed stimulation of more such studies.     

北京市大气污染对不良妊娠结局影响的病例对照研究

目的 定量分析和评价北京市大气污染对新生儿早产、低出生体重及出生缺陷等不良妊娠结局的影响.方法 收集北京市海淀区妇幼保健院2007年7月-2009年7月分娩个案资料、同期北京市大气污染物二氧化硫(SO2)、二氧化氮(NO2)、可吸入颗粒物(PM10)及气象因素资料.采用多因素Logistic回归模型调整气象因素和妊娠期妇女个体信息的基础上,研究北京市大气污染物对不良妊娠结局的影响.结果 控制气象因素、孕妇分娩次数、年龄、胎儿性别、不良接触史等因素后,妊娠后第1个月SO2浓度每升高100μg/m3,对低出生体重的影响的OR值为1.50(95％CI:1.09～2.05);妊娠后前3个月、分娩前第1个月SO2浓度每升高100 μg/m3,对早产影响的OR值分别为1.50 (95％CI:1.04～2.18)和1.79(95％CI:1.30～2.46);分娩前第2个月PM10浓度每升高100 μg/m3,对早产的影响的OR值为1.45(95％CI:1.15～1.84);妊娠后3～8周内,NO2浓度每升高100 μg/m3,对出生缺陷的影响的OR值为2.85(95％CI:1.08～7.50).结论 本次调查的北京市妊娠期妇女在妊娠后期的大气PM10暴露浓度、妊娠早期的大气SO2暴露浓度与早产的发生存在统计学关联;妊娠3～8周时NO2暴露浓度与出生缺陷的发生存在统计学关联.     

天津市大气污染对儿童呼吸系统疾病影响的病例交叉研究

目的  探求大气污染对天津市儿童呼吸系统疾病的影响,为疾病的预防与控制提供依据。 方法  利用单污染物和多污染物条件Logistic回归模型,来估计空气污染物浓度和儿童呼吸系统疾病发病之间的关系。 结果  单污染物条件Logistic回归模型显示,大气中NO₂、PM_2.5、PM₁₀、CO的超额危险度(excess risk rate,ER)及其95%CI分别为2.823%(2.581~3.065)、0.476%(0.382~0.569)、0.437%(0.368~0.506)、22.263%(15.449~29.478)。多污染物条件Logistic回归分析显示：在寒冷季节,NO₂暴露对儿童呼吸系统疾病的影响效应最大,ER及其95%CI为7.395%(6.595~8.202)。 结论  NO₂、PM₁₀、PM_2.5、CO日平均浓度的升高可以增高儿童呼吸系统疾病的发生风险。