重复经颅磁刺激对脑梗死大鼠梗死侧皮质内源性神经干细胞激活、增殖的影响

目的研究重复经颅磁刺激(rTMS)对脑梗死大鼠神经功能恢复及梗死侧皮质内源性神经干细胞激活、增殖的影响。方法将72只雄性SD大鼠随机分为模型组、假刺激组、rTMS组,每组24只,各组根据脑梗死后不同时间点再分为1、7、14、21 d四个亚组,每个亚组6只。采用线栓法制作左侧大脑中动脉闭塞脑梗死模型。rTMS组于动物清醒后当天即给予每天2次、每次30个脉冲的rTMS治疗(频率为0.5 Hz,场强为1.33 T);假刺激组模拟rTMS固定大鼠头部放置线圈但不给予脉冲磁刺激;模型组不给任何治疗。各组在规定的时间点应用改良的神经功能缺损评分(mNSS)进行神经功能评定,治疗结束前24 h腹腔注射5-溴脱氧尿嘧啶核苷(BrdU),应用免疫组织化学技术检测梗死侧皮质巢蛋白(nestin)及BrdU表达阳性细胞的数量。结果 rTMS组脑梗死后7、14、21 d mNSS评分明显低于假刺激组及模型组同时间点大鼠(P<0.05),假刺激组及模型组大鼠脑梗死后不同时间点mNSS评分差异不明显(P>0.05)。脑梗死后1d模型组、假刺激组和rTMS组梗死灶周围皮质均可见nestin及BrdU阳性细胞,7 d达高峰。和假刺激组及模型组同时间点相比,rTMS组7、14、21 d nestin及BrdU阳性细胞数量明显增多,两者比较差异明显(P<0.05)。结论 rTMS能促进脑梗死大鼠神经功能恢复,机制可能与rTMS治疗能促进脑梗死周围内源性神经干细胞的激活及增殖有关。     

经颅磁刺激对局灶性脑梗死大鼠梗死周边区BDNF表达及神经功能的影响

目的观察经颅磁刺激(transcranial magnetic stimulation,TMS)对局灶性脑梗死大鼠脑源性神经营养因子(brain derived neurotrophic factor,BDNF)及梗死后神经功能的影响。方法线栓法制备大鼠大脑中动脉闭塞(middle cerebral artery occlusion,MCAO)模型。在不同缺血时间点观察大鼠神经行为评分和脑梗死体积,用免疫组化法检测BDNF阳性细胞数。结果在经颅磁刺激1 d,7 d,14 d,21 d组神经行为评分和脑梗死体积均低于对应时程的MCAO组(P<0.05),二者的2 h组之间的神经行为评分及脑梗死体积无统计学差异(P>0.05);各组缺血半暗带BDNF阳性细胞数均增高,经颅磁刺激组的BDNF阳性细胞数高于对应时程的MCAO组(P<0.05)。结论经颅磁刺激能提高大鼠局灶脑缺血半暗带BDNF的表达水平,促进神经元的修复和神经功能的恢复。     

经颅磁刺激对脑梗死大鼠神经功能恢复与皮层BDNF表达的影响

目的研究经颅磁刺激（transcranial magnetic stimulation，TMS）对脑梗死大鼠神经功能恢复和皮层脑源性神经营养因子（Brain derived neurotrophic factor，BDNF）表达的影响。方法成年健康雄性SD大鼠80只，随机分为脑梗死1、7、14、21、28d组及TMS1、7、14、21、28d组，每组各8只；采用线栓法制作左侧大脑中动脉闭塞的脑梗死模型；在规定的时间点行神经功能评定，应用免疫组化的方法检测梗死侧皮层BDNF的表达。结果（1）和脑梗死28d组相比，TMS28 d组大鼠Bederson神经功能评分、平衡木实验、网屏实验评分均较低，两者相比具有显著性差异（P〈0．01）；转棒实验虽评分较低，但2组无显著性差异（P〉0．05）；（2）大鼠脑梗死1d后梗死侧皮层可见较多BDNF阳性表达神经细胞，主要位于梗死灶周围，至第7d表达达高峰，然后开始下降；TMS7、14、21d组梗死侧皮层BDNF表达增加。结论TMS能促进脑梗死大鼠神经功能恢复，机理可能与TMS能增加脑梗死侧皮层BDNF表达有关。     

经颅磁刺激对短暂性大脑中动脉闭塞大鼠突触素表达和超微结构改变的影响

目的：研究经颅磁刺激（TMS）对短暂性大脑中动脉闭塞（MCAO）大鼠突触素表达和超微结构改变的影响。方法：TMS组与假刺激组成年大鼠各32只，于MCAO／再灌注（MCAO／R）120min后3周内接受TMS与假刺激处理。在处理不同时间段榆测梗死灶周围突触素（SY38）免疫阳性产物表达，透射电镜下观察刺激21d后缺血侧脑皮质缺血半暗带血管、神经细胞和突触变化。另设正常组6只，假手术组6只，检测脑内SY38免疫阳性产物表达。结果：在刺激1d和3d后，两组SY38免疫阳性物质表达均持续降低，刺激7d后逐渐恢复升高。与假刺激组各对应点相比，TMS组在刺激7d、14d和21d后梗死灶周围SY38免疫阳性物质表达显著增高（P〈0．05）。透射电子显微镜观察提示，刺激21d后TMS组的神经元整体细胞超微结构缺血性损伤好于假刺激组，线粒体肿胀程度较轻，血管周围结构紧密完整，突触界面曲率相对更大，突触间隙变窄，突触后致密物质增厚。结论：长程TMS可以上调脑梗死周围区SY38的表达，减轻缺血周围区毛细血管和神经组织损伤，促进突触超微结构的重建和功能增强，提示TMS有助于促进缺血脑损伤的恢复，促进脑组织神经网络重建和脑可塑性增加是其可能的机制之一。     

电刺激治疗对脑梗死大鼠运动功能和脑组织微管相关蛋白-2及存活素表达的影响

目的探讨电刺激对脑梗死大鼠运动功能和脑组织微管相关蛋白-2(MAP-2)及存活素表达的影响。方法采用线栓法制作大鼠局灶性脑梗死模型。制模后24h起,分别给予大鼠瘫痪侧(单侧)或双侧肢体电刺激治疗3d、7d、14d和21d。电刺激前、后各时间点用平衡木试验(BWT)检测大鼠的肢体运动功能,用免疫组化染色检测梗死灶周围大脑皮质MAP-2和存活素的表达水平,并与脑梗死对照组和假手术组大鼠比较。结果治疗第7d起电刺激组大鼠瘫痪肢体的BWT评分明显高于对照组(均P<0.05),治疗14d起双侧电刺激组BWT评分明显高于单侧电刺激组(均P<0.05)。治疗第7d起,电刺激组梗死灶周围脑组织MAP-2表达水平明显高于对照组(均P<0.05);治疗14d起,双侧电刺激组MAP-2的表达水平明显高于单侧电刺激组(均P<0.05);治疗21d时与假手术组MAP-2表达水平比较差异无统计学意义。电刺激组治疗后各时间点梗死灶周围脑组织存活素表达水平明显高于假手术组(均P<0.05),治疗7d、14d存活素表达水平明显高于对照组(均P<0.05),达到高峰;而双侧电刺激组明显高于单侧电刺激组(均P<0.05);治疗21d时,电刺激组和...     

尤瑞克林对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤后炎性反应的影响

目的研究尤瑞克林对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤后炎性反应的影响。方法将90只SD大鼠随机分为3组:假手术组,对照组,治疗组。采用线栓法建立大鼠大脑中动脉闭塞再灌注模型,缺血2 h后,拔出线栓,恢复灌注24 h,观察大鼠神经功能缺损症状、脑梗死体积、脑组织中白细胞浸润、MPO活性、IL-1和ICAM-1的表达。结果 (1)假手术组大鼠在神经功能缺损评分、脑梗死体积均低于对照组,有显著的统计学差异(P<0.01);脑组织中白细胞浸润程度、髓过氧化物酶(MPO)活性、ICAM-1和IL-1的表达均较对照组低,统计学差异明显(P<0.01);(2)治疗组与对照组相比,大鼠的神经功能缺损评分低、脑梗死体积小,有显著统计学差异(P<0.01);白细胞浸润程度、MPO活性、ICAM-1和IL-1的表达均较对照组减少(P<0.01)。结论尤瑞克林可通过抑制大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤后的炎性反应来实现其神经保护作用。     

依达拉奉预处理对大鼠脑缺血-再灌注损伤的保护机制

目的探讨依达拉奉预处理对大鼠局灶性脑缺血-再灌注损伤的保护机制。方法将36只SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、缺血-再灌注组和依达拉奉组。依达拉奉组术前给予60 mg/(kg.d)的依达拉奉灌胃,共3 d。采用大脑中动脉线栓法制备大鼠缺血-再灌注损伤模型。比较各组神经功能缺损评分、脑梗死体积、血清神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)含量及脑组织白介素-1β(IL-1β)和肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)含量。结果与缺血-再灌注组比较,依达拉奉组的神经功能缺损评分显著下降,脑梗死灶体积显著缩小,血清NSE含量明显降低(均P<0.01);脑组织IL-1β和TNF-α含量显著降低(P<0.05～0.01)。结论依达拉奉预处理可减少大鼠脑缺血-再灌注损伤后脑组织IL-1β和TNF-α表达,保护脑组织。     

骨髓间充质干细胞移植治疗对大鼠脑梗死后神经再生抑制因素的影响

目的探讨骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs)静脉移植对大鼠脑梗死后Nogo-A、少突胶质细胞髓磷脂糖蛋白(OMgp)和髓磷脂相关糖蛋白(MAG)蛋白的影响。方法实验动物分成假手术组、损伤对照组、溶剂对照组和移植组,各组再分为3d、7d、14d和21d组。全骨髓贴壁法分离培养大鼠BMSCs,线栓法制作大鼠脑梗死模型。移植组自大鼠尾静脉注射BMSCs悬液1ml,溶剂对照组注射磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS)。对各组动物进行神经功能缺损程度评分,免疫组化方法检测Nogo-A、OMgp和MAG的表达水平。结果移植组7、14和21d神经功能恢复优于对照组;移植组术后3、14和21d Nogo-A蛋白表达较对照组降低(P<0.05);移植组7、14和21d OMgp蛋白表达较对照组降低(P<0.05);移植组术后3、7、14和21d MAG蛋白表达较对照组降低(P<0.05)。结论 BMSCs移植可促进大鼠脑梗死后的神经功能恢复,其作用机制与下调Nogo-A、OMgp和MAG的表达有关。     

Kallikrein基因转导对脑缺血再灌注后局部血流灌注恢复的作用

目的 探讨Kallikrein基因对脑缺血再灌注后梗死灶周围血管增生与局部脑血流灌注恢复的作用.方法 建立大鼠脑缺血再灌注模型,术后将90只大鼠按照随机数字表法分为3组.每组30只,分别是空白对照组、注射生理盐水、注射pAdCMV-人组织激肽释放酶(HTK)组.各组大鼠又分为治疗后12 h、24 h及72 h组,每组各10只.治疗前后行大鼠神经功能缺损评分.TTC染色方法测定脑梗死面积的变化,用免疫组化检测外源性HTK的表达以及局部血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)的表达,并通过14C-iodoantipyrine微示踪技术检测局部脑血流灌注(rCBF)情况.结果 与其他两组相比,pAdCMV-HTK组大鼠脑梗死面积在治疗后24h已有明显减小,72h后这种变化更明显,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);在治疗后24 h,pAdCMV-HTK组大鼠神经功能缺损评分明显低于生理盐水组及空白对照组,治疗后72h差异更明显,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).vEGF阳性细胞主要分布于脑梗死灶周边皮质与部分白质;pAdCMV-HTK组VEGF表达在治疗后12h、24h、72h均明显高于生理盐水组及空白对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).各组缺血再灌注后脑梗死灶周围白质与皮质rCBF均较对侧稍减少:pAdCMV-HTK组治疗后12h,梗死灶周围白质与皮质rCBF较空白对照组与生理盐水组有增高.但不明显,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),而在治疗24h、72 h后rCBF则明显增高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 在脑缺血再灌注后,Kallikrein基因转导可增加梗死灶周围脑组织的血管增生,改善rCBF,减小梗死面积,从而达到保护缺血神经细胞功能的作用.     

rhG-CSF增加糖尿病并发脑梗死大鼠神经细胞增殖的实验研究

目的研究重组人粒细胞集落刺激因子(rhG-CSF)对局灶性脑缺血糖尿病大鼠的神经功能是否得到改善,并观察对神经细胞的再生的影响。方法线栓法制作糖尿病大鼠大脑中动脉栓塞模型,rhG-CSF干预组连续皮下注射rhG-CSF 50μg/(kg.d),进行神经功能缺损评分,采用免疫组化方法观察BrdU蛋白表达。结果rhG-CSF干预组神经功能缺损评分明显低于对照组(P<0.01)。结论rhG-CSF可增加糖尿病脑缺血后缺血周边BrdU蛋白表达,促进脑组织的再生修复。     

Characteristics of the sympathetic innervation of the nictitating membrane and of the vasculature of the nose and tongue of the cat

Summary Vasomotor responses from the nasal mucosa and tongue, and contractions of the nictitating membrane, were recorded on stimulation of the cervical sympathetic or internal carotid nerves.Preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibres which elicited a membrane response possessed a lower threshold than those which evoked nasal vasoconstriction, while the latter displayed a lower threshold than fibres which evoked tongue vasoconstriction. The sympathetic vasodilator fibres to the tongue, whose activity was revealed after-receptor blockade, had a similar threshold to the vasoconstrictor fibres.Membrane contraction, nasal vasoconstriction and occasionally tongue vasoconstriction could be evoked by stimulating the internal carotid nerve. The postganglionic fibres innervating the nasal mucosa had a similar threshold to those of the nictitating membrane, which may indicate that there are small myelinated fibres innervating the mucosa.The preganglionic compound nerve action potential had four major components, S₁–S₄. S₁, S₂ and usually S₃ fibres were associated with membrane contraction; S₂, S₃ and sometimes S₁ fibres were associated with nasal vasoconstriction; and S₃, usually S₂ and occasionally S₁ fibres were associated with vasoconstriction in the tongue. It is concluded that each of these three groups of nerve fibres, but not S₄ fibres, may include fibres associated functionally with the three effectors.There was a considerable difference between the relative amplitude of the responses of the three effectors elicited by stimulation of the cervical sympathetic nerve at frequencies between 0.2 and 2 Hz. Vasoconstrictor responses were relatively larger than membrane contractions suggesting differences in the mechanisms of neurotransmission at the neuroeffector junctions.     

Development of the projection from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus to the superior colliculus in the ferret

Neurons in the deeper layers of the superior colliculus (SC) have spatially tuned receptive fields that are arranged to form a map of auditory space. The spatial tuning of these neurons emerges gradually in an experience-dependent manner after the onset of hearing, but the relative contributions of peripheral and central factors in this process of maturation are unknown. We have studied the postnatal development of the projection to the ferret SC from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus (nBIC), its main source of auditory input, to determine whether the emergence of auditory map topography can be attributed to anatomical rewiring of this projection. The pattern of retrograde labeling produced by injections of fluorescent microspheres in the SC on postnatal day (P) 0 and just after the age of hearing onset (P29), showed that the nBIC-SC projection is topographically organized in the rostrocaudal axis, along which sound azimuth is represented, from birth. Injections of biotinylated dextran amine-fluorescein into the nBIC at different ages (P30, 60, and 90) labeled axons with numerous terminals and en passant boutons throughout the deeper layers of the SC. This labeling covered the entire mediolateral extent of the SC, but, in keeping with the pattern of retrograde labeling following microsphere injections in the SC, was more restricted rostrocaudally. No systematic changes were observed with age. The stability of the nBIC-SC projection over this period suggests that developmental changes in auditory spatial tuning involve other processes, rather than a gross refinement of the projection from the nBIC.     

Mechanisms of the suppression of the nociceptive reflex of the opening of the mouth during stimulation of the structures of the limbic brain

The comparative effectiveness of the inhibitory influence of tetanic stimulation of hypothalamus, amygdala and limbic cortex on EMG-response of m. digastricus evoked by electrical stimulation of tooth pulp nociceptive afferents was studied in cats anesthetized with a mixture of chloralose and nembutal. It was found that inhibition of the EMG-component of the jaw-opening reflex is most pronounced in case of stimulation of medial and lateral region of the hypothalamus, the inhibitory effect of central and medial nuclei of the amygdala is less pronounced and the effect of the limbic cortex is the weakest. It was shown that the mechanism of the antinociceptive effect of tetanic stimulation of the hypothalamus is not related to the concomitant increase of the blood pressure. After stabilization of the blood pressure the suppressive effect of the hypothalamus remains without changes, that points out to a direct, primary, not baro-afferent mechanism of the inhibition of the activity of nociceptive neurons of the trigeminal sensory nuclei. Noradrenaline, injected intravenously, induced a large increase of the blood pressure accompanied by a pronounced inhibition of the pain reflex. Angiotensin causes the same degree of blood pressure elevation without changes in the amplitude of the EMG-response of the pain reflex. Hypothalamic and noradrenergic mechanisms for control of pain sensitivity are discussed.     

Origins of the sympathetic innervation of the cervical end of the uterus in the rat

A retrograde neuronal tracer (Fast Blue) was injected in the cervical end of the uterine horn of virgin rats. The majority of the retrogradely labeled post-ganglionic sympathetic neurons were found in the sympathetic chain (74%). The superior mesenteric ganglia, inferior mesenteric ganglia and suprarenal ganglia accounted for 22, 3 and <1%, respectively. The distribution of neurons in the sympathetic chain labeled from the uterus resembles that described for other pelvic organs.     

Sexual pheromones and the evolution of the reward system of the brain: the chemosensory function of the amygdala

The amygdala of all tetrapod vertebrates receives direct projections from the main and accessory olfactory bulbs, and the strong similarities in the organization of these projections suggest that they have undergone a very conservative evolution. However, current ideas about the function of the amygdala do not pay sufficient attention to its chemosensory role, but only view it as the core of the emotional brain. In this study, we propose that both roles of the amygdala are intimately linked since the amygdala is actually involved in mediating emotional responses to chemical signals. The amygdala is the only structure in the brain receiving pheromonal information directly from the accessory olfactory bulbs and we have shown in mice that males emit sexual pheromones that are innately attractive for females. In fact, sexual pheromones can be used as unconditioned stimuli to induce a conditioned attraction to previously neutral odorants as well as a conditioned place preference. Therefore, sexual pheromones should be regarded as natural reinforcers. Behavioural and pharmacological studies (reviewed here) have shown that the females' innate preference for sexual pheromones is not affected by lesions of the dopaminergic cells of the ventral tegmental area, and that the systemic administration of dopamine antagonists do not alter neither the attraction nor the reinforcing effects of these pheromones. Anatomical studies have shown that the vomeronasal amygdala gives rise to important projections to the olfactory tubercle and the islands of Calleja, suggesting that these amygdalo-striatal pathways might be involved in the reinforcing value of sexual pheromones.     

Topographical organization of the motoneuron pools that innervate the muscles of the pinna of the cat

The topographical organization of the 22 motoneuron pools that innervate the pinna muscles of the cat was examined by injecting the B-subunit of cholera toxin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase into individual muscles. All 22 pools are found in the facial nucleus, organized as rostro-caudally oriented columns, and arranged according to the action of the muscles they innervate. Pools innervating muscles that pull the pinna dorsally are located in the dorsal two thirds of the medio-dorsal subdivision, and those innervating muscles that pull the pinna ventrally are located in the ventral one half of the nucleus. Motoneurons innervating muscles that pull the pinna cranially are located laterally, those that pull the pinna caudally are located medio-ventrally, and those that change the shape of the pinna are located along the entire dorso-ventral extent in the center of the medio-dorsal subdivision. This topographical layout is consistent with the somatotopic organization of the entire facial nucleus as demonstrated in a variety of species. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

药物治疗与合并认知行为治疗对强迫症疗效的比较

目的探讨认知行为心理治疗(CBT)在强迫症(OCD)患者各亚型治疗中的有效性和规律性。方法本研究为临床对照研究。符合入组标准的强迫症患者按患者自愿原则分为两组,治疗观察3、6、12个月。疗效评定分别运用Yale-Brown强迫量表,自拟的自评好转程度量表和临床疗效评定。结果认知行为心理治疗合并药物治疗组31例,临床有效率70.9%,其中治愈率1.8%。单纯药物治疗组24例,临床有效率33.3%。Yale-Brown强迫量表和自评量表得分在6个月和12个月两组有显著差异(P<0.05)。其中强迫症亚型(怕脏型、反复检查型和反复担心型)的疗效比较,怕脏型在治疗3个月末两组间自评量表评分有显著性差异(P<0.05);反复担心型在治疗6个月末两组间Yale-Brown强迫量表总分有显著性差异(P<0.05);反复检查型两组间无统计学差异。结论认知行为心理治疗合并药物治疗强迫症的疗效明显优于单纯药物治疗。强迫症的亚型在治疗中的有效性次序为:反复担心型>怕脏型>反复检查型。     

Histochemical methods for the further characterisation of the tumourettes of the posterior lobe of the pituitary

Summary The granular cell tumourettes of the posterior lobe of the pituitary possess neuraminic acid containing carbohydrate. After removal of neuraminic acid with neuraminidase and exposure to FITC (Fluorescein isothiocyanate) labelled peanut agglutinin (Arachis hypogaea) (PNA), intracellular receptor structures could be demonstrated. The significance of the findings is discussed.