隆乳术后27例取除假体者原因分析

通过对隆乳术后２７例取除假体者的原因进行分析，进一步揭示了目前隆乳术中仍存在的某些不足，发现术后感染、疼痛、假体破裂或外露、包膜挛缩、病人心态失衡等都是造成假体取出的直接原因。认为采取高质量的假体胸大肌下间隙隆乳是降低并发症提高隆乳术质量的关键。     

乳房假体隆乳术后再次手术的临床分析

目的　总结乳房假体隆乳术后并发症发生的原因 ,以探索最佳的防治方法。　方法　从切口位置、放置层次、假体类型等多方面综合分析了 40例乳房假体隆乳术后并发症发生的原因。　结果　假体包膜挛缩是再次手术的主要原因 ,手术适应证过宽 ,假体质量低劣是术后并发症发生的主要原因。　结论　选用高质量的假体 ,严格手术适应证 ,提高对隆乳术相关知识的理解和掌握以及由专科医师实施手术是减少并发症的关键。乳晕内切口是乳房假体隆乳术以及假体置换术的最佳选择     

隆乳术后27例取除假体者原因分析

通过对隆乳术后２７例取除假体者的原因进行分析，进一步揭法了目前隆乳术中仍存在的某些不足，发现术后感染，疼痛，假体破裂或外露，包膜挛缩，病人心态失衡等都是造成假体取出的直接原因。认为采取高质量的假体胸大肌下间隙隆乳是降低并发症提高隆乳术质量的关键。     

假体容积的双重选择及假体上极胸大肌填充隆乳术

目的：探讨如何获得隆乳术后乳房的良好曲线。方法：应用乳房假体容积双重选择法，根据假体大小适当调节假体放置位置并行胸大肌部分剥离胸骨骨膜固定。结果：采用该法行隆乳术共113例，除2例受术者强烈要求选择较大的假体而造成术后乳房过假以外，111例均获得了较好的效果，术后乳房的曲线接近生理曲线。结论：综合应用假体大小选择的双重标准．放置位置的个体差异性选择及假体上极的胸大肌折叠充填，是一种改善隆乳术后乳房移行曲线差的良好方法。     

乳晕切口法解剖型假体隆乳术治疗轻度乳房下垂

目的探讨应用解剖型假体(又称泪滴型假体)隆乳术矫正轻度乳房下垂的可行性及临床效果。方法术前依据原乳房三维形态,测量胸乳距、乳房基底宽度、乳头至乳房下皱襞距离等数据,以确定所需采用的假体类型、容量及下垂乳房下皱襞距离,选用乳晕切口对36例轻度乳房下垂者应用麦格410解剖型假体行隆乳术。结果全部隆乳者术后乳房挺拔,下垂基本得到矫正,受术者均表满意。结论应用解剖型假体的隆乳术是目前矫正有增大乳房容积愿望的轻度乳房下垂者的最佳选择之一。     

主编寄语

本期PRS专栏是关于硅胶乳房假体隆乳术后包膜挛缩并发症的专题。假体隆乳术,从硅凝胶乳房假体发展到盐水乳房假体;从光面假体发展到毛面假体;置人层次由胸大肌下层发展到乳房后间隙,再恢复到胸大肌下层,均是围绕着假体置人后包膜挛缩的发生相关的。其结论是：①假体隆乳术后的包膜挛缩是不可避免的;②其发生率是变量;     

硅胶乳房假体引发的微生物学变化

乳房假体在隆乳术中广泛应用 ,但所带来的问题也早已得到证实。感染是硅胶乳房假体隆乳术后的严重并发症之一。感染后可引起全身症状 ,包膜挛缩率也会升高 ,所以预防和治疗感染应引起我们的重视。现将乳房假体引发的有关微生物学变化的几个问题综述如下。1　乳房假体感染发生率硅胶假体隆乳术后感染率各家报告有所不同 ,一般认为小于 1 % [1] 。Brand[2 ] 调查 73位整形外科医生报道 54,661例植入术中 ,有 60例早期和晚期乳房假体感染。平滑面、粗糙面和聚亚安酯面假体的感染率相近 ,隆乳术分别为 0 .0 6%、 0 .1 6%和0 .1 2 % ,再造术分别…     

假体隆乳术后并发症与乳房下皱襞的解剖关系

目的:明确假体置入隆乳术后并发症与乳房下皱襞的解剖关系,探讨减少假体隆乳术并发症的方法。方法:通过对13例女性19个假体置入隆乳术后并发症的处理,分析假体隆乳术并发症的发生与乳房下皱襞的关系。①假体向外侧移位3例3侧。②纤维囊挛缩4例6侧。③假体向下移位3例5侧。④假体向上移位7例11侧。分别采用切除包膜,剥离扩大腔隙,修复解剖结构,重新置入假体等方法治疗。结果:临床症状消失,术后效果满意。结论:在假体隆乳术中不必刻意保护所谓的乳房下皱襞韧带结构,只要解剖清楚,操作细致,完全可避免并发症的发生。     

微小组合假体隆乳术的初步报告

目的通过使用微小组合假体隆乳术，观察是否可较好地解决减小切口长度，减少包膜挛缩的发生率及硅胶渗漏．使隆乳术后的双侧乳房大小更加理想。方法切口可位于乳晕外缘周、乳房下皱褶或腋窝。在胸大肌后剥离腔穴，然后将10ml微小硅凝胶假体逐一置入，堆积塑形。结果已行5例10侧隆乳术，术后随访最长6年，最短3个月，无论外形手感，医生与隆乳者双方均感满意。结论微小组合假体隆乳术较传统单一大假体隆乳术有切口小、容易获得理想的乳房体积、便于双侧调节对称、外观自然、假体渗漏相对较少、包膜挛缩率低等优点。该法适用于隆乳术或乳房再造，尤其适用于乳房部分缺损的修复。     

经脐孔缘切口置人充注式生理盐水假体隆乳术

目的 探讨经脐孔缘切口行充注式生理盐水假体隆乳术的手术方法,为隆乳术提供新切口选择.方法 沿脐孔缘切口,采用特制专用器械分离皮下隧道至乳房下皱襞,然后穿进胸大肌后间隙,分离假体放置空间,先置人扩张器,充注生理盐水后,调整乳房形态以及扩张器位置.然后取出扩张器,更换为充注式生理盐水乳房假体而完成手术.结果 采用经脐孔缘切口行充注式生理盐水假体隆乳术者,均获得了良好的手术效果,无感染、血肿、假体渗水、Baker Ⅲ或Ⅳ级纤维囊挛缩等并发症发生.结论 采用生理盐水充注式乳房假体,经脐孔缘切口可以完成胸大肌下隆乳术,增加了隆乳手术切口的选择范围.     

Augmentation of peri‐implant bone improves implant stability: Quantification using simulated bone loss

Low bone quality, such as induced by osteoporosis, is considered a main factor leading to failure of fracture fixations. Peri‐implant bone augmentation has been proposed as a means of reducing failure rates in osteoporotic bone by improving implant stability. The beneficial effects of pharmacological augmentation of bone in the immediate vicinity of the implant have been demonstrated. Yet, a quantitative understanding of the role of peri‐implant bone in implant stability is lacking. Therefore, the aim of our study was to quantify the effects of bone loss and peri‐implant bone augmentation on implant stability using image‐based finite element analyses. Using a validated model, we simulated how osteoporotic bone loss would affect implant stability in human humeral heads. We also quantified how augmentation of peri‐implant bone can enhance implant stability. Our simulations revealed that a 30% reduction in bone mass led to a 50% decrease in implant stability. We also found that peri‐implant bone augmentation increased implant stability and that the efficiency of bone augmentation decreased with increasing peri‐implant distance. These findings highlight the strong effect that bone loss has on implant fixation and the potential of peri‐implant bone augmentation for improving implant anchorage in low quality bone. © 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 30:178–184, 2012     

Risk factors in dental implant failure

The goal of this study was to assess risk factors for dental implant failure. Eighty-three implants were placed in thirty patients who were followed for three years using digital subtraction radiography. The following putative risk factors for implant failure were employed in the model: age, sex, implant length, implant position, implant surface coating, smoking habit, and presence of infection. Implant failure was defined as progressive bone loss compromising the implant. We found that the presence of infection (P < 0.001) and absence of HA coating (P < 0.001) were the primary factors associated with early implant failure.     

An Unusual Complication of a Medpor Implant in Nasal Reconstruction: A Case Report

There are few implant materials which have been successfully used for nasal reconstruction. Of these, the medpor implant is the most accepted alloplastic material for reconstruction of the nasal framework. Here, an unusual complication of a medpor implant in nasal reconstruction is presented. A 24-year-old medical student suffering from a saddle nose deformity after a primary rhino plasty was admitted to our department. The medpor nasal implant was used to restore the nasal dorsum. The surgical result was appreciated by the patient. No problem was encountered during two years after surgery. Recently, the patient suffered from an asymmetry of the nasal dorsum. The physical examination revealed a step on the nasal dorsum with caudal mobility of the implant. The nasal implant was suspected to be broken. Multislice CT scan and ultrasonographic imaging of the implant were obtained. The radiologic evaluation of the region confirmed the fracture of the medpor nasal implant. Nasal reconstruction with a medpor implant is a good choice with low complication rates. This is the first case in the literature reporting a broken medpor nasal implant. Moreover, in this study a new method is described for imaging the medpor implant material.     

Comparison of the effects of bilateral posterior dynamic and rigid fixation devices on the loads in the lumbar spine: a finite element analysis

A bilateral dynamic stabilization device is assumed to alter favorable the movement and load transmission of a spinal segment without the intention of fusion of that segment. Little is known about the effect of a posterior dynamic fixation device on the mechanical behavior of the lumbar spine. Muscle forces were disregarded in the few biomechanical studies published. The aim of this study was to determine how the spinal loads are affected by a bilateral posterior dynamic implant compared to a rigid fixator which does not claim to maintain mobility. A paired monosegmental posterior dynamic implant was inserted at level L3/L4 in a validated finite element model of the lumbar spine. Both a healthy and a slightly degenerated disc were assumed at implant level. Distraction of the bridged segment was also simulated. For comparison, a monosegmental rigid fixation device as well as the effect of implant stiffness on intersegmental rotation were studied. The model was loaded with the upper body weight and muscle forces to simulate the four loading cases standing, 30° flexion, 20° extension, and 10° axial rotation. Intersegmental rotations, intradiscal pressure and facet joint forces were calculated at implant level and at the adjacent level above the implant. Implant forces were also determined. Compared to an intact spine, a dynamic implant reduces intersegmental rotation at implant level, decreases intradiscal pressure in a healthy disc for extension and standing, and decreases facet joint forces at implant level. With a rigid implant, these effects are more pronounced. With a slightly degenerated disc intersegmental rotation at implant level is mildly increased for extension and axial rotation and intradiscal pressure is strongly reduced for extension. After distraction, intradiscal pressure values are markedly reduced only for the rigid implant. At the adjacent level L2/L3, a posterior implant has only a minor effect on intradiscal pressure. However, it increases facet joint forces at this level for axial rotation and extension. Posterior implants are mostly loaded in compression. Forces in the implant are generally higher in a rigid fixator than in a dynamic implant. Distraction strongly increases both axial and shear forces in the implant. A stiffness of the implant greater than 1,000 N/mm has only a minor effect on intersegmental rotation. The mechanical effects of a dynamic implant are similar to those of a rigid fixation device, except after distraction, when intradiscal pressure is considerably lower for rigid than for dynamic implants. Thus, the results of this study demonstrate that a dynamic implant does not necessarily reduce axial spinal loads compared to an un-instrumented spine.     

Financial impact of a capitation matrix system on total knee and total hip arthroplasty

Total hip and total knee arthroplasty are high-volume surgical procedures that have a substantial economic impact for the healthcare system. This study analyzes the financial effect of a capitation matrix system on total knee and total hip implant costs over a 1-year period at a community hospital system. The matrix implant levels were based on implant characteristics, correlating increased technological sophistication of the various implants with increased but capitated payment to vendors. In the first year after the implementation of the matrix system, implant costs for the hospital decreased by 26.1% per implant for 369 total hip procedures and also by 26.1% per implant for 934 total knee procedures.     

Results following removal of silicone trapezium metacarpal implants

In 100 consecutive patients treated by arthroplasty using Swanson's trapeziometacarpal implant, 32 showed subluxation or dislocation of the implant. Although function was excellent in those with a correctly placed implant, 18 of the 32 had disturbances of function and complaints which necessitated removal of the implant. An operative technique is described for removal of the implant and interposition of the imbricated abductor tendon. The result after removal of the Swanson implant was better than that following primary excision of the trapezium, especially with regard to stability and strength. Thus satisfactory function may be retrieved in patients in whom the implant has dislocated.     

In vivo measurement of implant loads in a patient with a fractured vertebral body

Summary It is not known what loads act on an internal spinal fixation device in patients with a fractured vertebral body. To measure the implant loads in vivo, telemeterized internal spinal fixators were implanted in a patient, and the implant loads measured for numerous body positions and activities before and after anterior fusion. The highest implant loads were found while the patient lifted both extended legs in a supine position. High implant loads were also measured for lateral bending during standing as well as for walking and carrying a load in one hand. The implant loads were small in recumbent positions. In contrast to findings in another patient, who was treated for degenerative instability, implant loads were smaller in the first months after anterior fusion than before. The indication for stabilization and surgical procedure strongly influence implant loads.     

Führungsschablonen mit coDiagnostiX®

In vitro studies have investigated the reliability of implant placement after virtual planning of implant positions using CT and cone-beam CT data and surgical guide templates; in vivo studies are rare. Recently published in vitro studies indicate that creating these surgical guides with computer assistance results in an average precision within 1 mm of implant position and within 5° of deviation for implant inclination. The results of own studies suggest that implant placement after computer-assisted, virtual planning of implant positions using 3D diagnostic data and surgical templates is reliable. The process facilitates preoperative assessment of implant size, position, and anatomical complications and is also indicative of cases suitable for flapless surgery and for an augmentation procedure.     

Extrusion of enucleation implants: treatment with secondary implants and autogenous temporalis fascia or fascia lata patch grafts.

We performed one autogenous fascia lata graft and 11 autogenous temporalis fascia grafts in eight patients with extrusion of an orbital enucleation implant and in four patients with a bulging implant who could not wear a prosthesis. Excluding one patient with inadequate follow up, 10 of the 11 patients (91%) successfully retained their implant. One patient had severe conjunctivitis followed by anterior migration of his implant 2 1/2 years after patch grafting, necessitating replacement of the implant. We conclude that autogenous temporalis fascia patch grafting is an effective treatment for orbital enucleation implant extrusion or a bulging implant.     

No adverse effects of bone compaction on implant fixation after resorption of compacted bone in dogs

BACKGROUND: A new bone preparation technique, compaction, has been shown to enhance initial implant fixation. However, short-term compaction has resulted in more non-vital bone being in contact with the implant. Also, compaction may result in inferior long-term implant fixation as the compacted non-vital bone at the bone-implant interface is resorbed. METHODS: We tested the hypothesis that compaction would result in inferior implant fixation after 10 weeks of weight bearing. We compared compaction with the conventional bone removal technique (drilling) for (1) porous coated titanium (Ti) implants inserted exact-fit into medial femoral condyles, and for (2) hydroxy-apatite (HA) porous coated implants inserted press-fit into lateral femoral condyles. In each of 8 dogs, we prepared the implant cavities of one knee joint with drilling, and the other with compaction. Implants were tested mechanically to failure by push-out test, and histomorphometry was done. RESULTS: For all specimens, non-vital bone implant contact contributed very little to the total bone implant contact. Inferior mechanical or histological implant fixation with compaction was not found for either Ti implants or HA implants. INTERPRETATION: Compaction does not appear to result in inferior implant fixation as the compacted bone at the bone implant interface is resorbed.