北京地区2000-2004年分离的呼吸道合胞病毒B亚型株G蛋白基因的序列分析

目的 了解近年来北京地区流行的B亚型呼吸道合胞病毒（BSV）G蛋白的基因特征。方法 2000年冬季至2004年冬季自首都儿科研究所附属儿童医院收集的急性呼吸道感染患儿呼吸道标本，从中分离到B亚型RSV毒株，每年随机选取1至2株毒株，用RT-PCR扩增其G蛋白全基因后克隆至pBS-T载体中，筛选出阳性克隆后测序，并与B亚型标准株（CH18537）和文献报道的毒株序列进行比较分析。结果 所测毒株G蛋白全基因核苷酸长度分别为915、921和981bp，推导的氨基酸长度分别为292、293、312和315从。分离株与B亚型标准株CH18537间存在着明显的差异，CH18537株同分离株间的核苷酸的同源性为91．9％～93．7％，氨基酸的同源性只有85．0％～89．0％。分离株间核苷酸的同源性为93．4％～98．8％，氨基酸的同源性为88．2％～98．6％。氨基酸的变异主要集中在胞外区一个高度保守区的两端，而胞内区和跨膜区相对保守。此外，在进行G蛋白基因分析的8株B亚型分离毒株中，我们发现有3株BSVG蛋白在490～495位核苷酸缺失，3株RSVG蛋白在c末端791位后出现了60个核苷酸的插入，导致C末端259位后出现20个氨基酸的插入。这60个核苷酸与相邻的前60个核苷酸高度重复，只出现3至4个核苷酸的差异。该3株分离株与文献报道的有60个核苷酸插入的两株（S00-4和BA4128／99B）核苷酸和氨基酸同源性分别为97．5％～98．6％和95．5～98．1％，在插入的20个氨基酸中，有高达50％（9～10个氨基酸）左右的丝氨酸和苏氨酸氧连接的糖基化位点。结论 RSVB亚型G蛋白基因变异存在着多样性，分离株既有核苷酸替代，又有基因缺失和插入，还有糖基化位点的改变和氨基酸长度的改变。这种变异使G蛋白高度糖基化，提示最终可能导致病毒抗原性的改变。北京分离的有60个核苷酸插入的变异株与日本及西班牙报道的变异株有非常近的亲缘关系，提示这种G蛋白基因中有60个核苷酸插入的B亚型变异株已经在子代病毒中形成稳定遗传并在世界范围内传播。     

呼吸道合胞病毒分离株N蛋白编码基因特征分析

目的 阐明人呼吸道合胞病毒(human respiratory syncytial virus,HRSV)A和B亚型病毒分离株的核蛋白(nucleoprotein,N)编码基因特征.方法 采用逆转录-聚合酶链反应(revelrse transciptionpolymerase chain reaction,RT-PCR)对北京2004年分离的HRSV代表株(2株A亚型和2株B亚型)进行N基因全长序列扩增、测序,并和GenBank下载的所有HRSV病毒的N基因全长序列进行对比和分析.结果 2株HRSV A亚型分离株与A亚型Long株(标准株)的N蛋白的核苷酸和氨基酸差异分别为36～40个(3.1%～3.4%)和4个(1.0%);2株HRSV B亚型分离株与B亚型CH18537株(标准株)的N蛋白之间的核苷酸和氨基酸差异分别为17(1.4%)和1(0.3%)个.4株HRSV代表株和从GenBank下载的HRSV的N蛋白之间的核苷酸和氨基酸差异分别为3～172个(0.25%～14.63%)和0-18个(0～4.6%).结论 N基因在HRSV基因组中是较为保守的基因,A或B亚型的型内差异相对较小;但A和B亚型之间N基因序列有较大变异,变异平均分配于整个N基因中;本研究为HRSV基因快速诊断试剂的研制提供了基因信息学数据.     

呼吸道合胞病毒黏附糖蛋白基因新变异形式的发现及其感染患儿临床特征分析

目的分析北京地区呼吸道合胞病毒(respiratory syncytial virus, RSV)流行特征, 监测黏附糖蛋白(G)基因序列变异及感染患儿临床特征。方法收集2023年1月1日—2023年12月31日首都儿科研究所附属儿童医院急性呼吸道感染患儿呼吸道标本, 对经呼吸道病原体多重核酸检测确定为RSV阳性的样本, 进一步通过PCR方法扩增得到RSV G蛋白基因全长, 测序后建立系统发育进化树确定RSV分型及G蛋白序列变异, 通过电子病历系统获得临床资料, 分析北京地区RSV感染患儿临床特征。结果共收集5 489份急性呼吸道感染患儿呼吸道标本, 其中男3 046例, 女2 443例, 平均年龄4.36岁。核酸检测确定为RSV阳性的589例(10.7%, 589/5 489), 其中男349例, 女240例, 平均年龄(2.51±2.78)岁, 中位年龄0.48岁。2023年3月开始RSV呈现持续流行趋势, 存在两个流行高峰, 分别为5月(24.6%, 122/496)和12月(18.2%, 126/693)。2023年7月前以A亚型为优势亚型, 8—10月为两个亚型博弈阶段, 1...     

乌鲁木齐地区冬春季小儿呼吸道感染者中呼吸道合胞病毒感染的研究

目的 了解乌鲁木齐地区冬春季节呼吸道感染患儿中呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)的感染状况以及分子流行病学的基本情况.方法 研究对象为2006年11月-2007年4月于新疆维吾尔自治区人民医院儿科住院以及部分于门诊就诊,明确诊断为急性呼吸道感染的患儿,采集咽拭子280份,呼吸道分泌物112份.对全部标本采用反转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)方法进行RSV及其亚型检测.随机取5份阳性标本测序,进行序列比较及同源性分析.结果 392份样本中共检出RSV阳性68份,阳性率17.3%(68/392),其中A基因型64份,占93.3%(64/68),B基因型4份,占6.7%(4/68).5株测序结果提示当地RSV与其他国家及地区代表株之间的同源性为63.1%～99.4%.进化树进一步显示存在A、B两个亚型.结论 RSV是引起2006-2007年冬春季该医院儿童急性呼吸道感染的重要病原体,以A亚型为主要流行株.

Abstract：

Objective To research the infections of respiratory syneytial virus(RSV)in children with respiratory tract inflammation and define its molecular epidemic features in Urumchi.Methods SamDles were collected from November 2006 to April 2007 in the People's General Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,including 112 respiratory secretions and 280 nasopharyngeal swabs. RSV and its subgroups were detected by nested PCR.The five positive amplicons selected randomly from all positive samples were sequenced and compared with other RSV in GenBank by BLAST and DNAStar.Results of all 392specimens.68 RSV G gene segments were tested.Among them,RSV lineage A occupied 93.3%,while B occuDied 6.7%.The identities between them were 63.1%-99.4%.Phylogenetic analysis defined that they belonged to two different clusters.Conclusion RSV was one of the important viruses leading to children's respiratory tract infections in the People's General Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region during winter and spring from 2006 to 2007.RSV subtype A was the prevalent genotype in the hospital dunng this epidemics.     

2009甲型H1N1流感流行期间北京急性呼吸道感染儿童常见呼吸道病毒的研究

目的了解2009至2010年甲型H1N1流感大流行期间北京地区急性呼吸道感染患儿中,除流感病毒外的其他几种常见呼吸道病毒感染的流行情况。方法设计并建立检测包括呼吸道合胞病毒（RSV）A/B亚型,副流感病毒（PIV）1、2、3型,腺病毒（ADV）和人博卡病毒（HBoV）在内的多重实时荧光PCR方法,并应用该方法对2009年6月至2010年2月甲型H1N1流感大流行期间,对首都儿科研究所附属儿童医院就诊的急性呼吸道感染患儿中甲型H1N1流感病毒检测阴性的咽拭子标本进行上述呼吸道病毒的核酸检测。结果新建立的多重RT-PCR方法最低可检测的目标基因含量为10～300拷贝数,未见与其他非目标病毒的交叉反应。本研究共检测标本849份,病毒检测总阳性率为39.0%（331份）,5岁以下占87.6%（290/331份）。各病毒的检测阳性率分别为RSV-A亚型1.4%（12份）,RSV-B亚型8.4%（71份）,PIV-1型8.2%（70份）,PIV-2型0.5%（4份）,PIV-3型3.9%（33份）,ADV13.9%（118份）,HBoV2.7%（23份）。RSV检出以B亚型为主（85.5%）,流行高峰在2009年11月至2010年2月。PIV检出以PIV-1型及PIV-3型为主,PIV-1型的流行高峰在2009年7月至2009年10月,PIV-2型及PIV-3型的流行高峰在2009年6～9月。ADV病毒在研究期间均有较高检出率（平均为13.9%）,HBoV的流行高峰在2009年9～12月。结论除流感病毒外,ADV、RSV-B及PIV可能也是2009甲型H1N1流感流行期间引起儿童急性呼吸道感染的重要病原。比较以往的资料可见各病原在2009甲型H1N1流感流行期间的流行季节性及检出率基本未受到新型流感病毒的影响。     

2007—2011年长沙地区急性下呼吸道感染住院儿童人偏肺病毒的流行状况

目的了解人偏肺病毒（hMPV）在长沙地区急性下呼吸道感染住院患儿中的流行病学特点。方法收集2007年9月至2011年2月因急性下呼吸道感染在湖南省人民医院儿科医学中心住院儿童的鼻咽抽吸物（nasopharyngealaspirates,NPA）样本2613份,采用逆转录聚合酶链反应法（RT—PCR）检测hMPVM基因,将阳性PCR扩增产物测序并与GenBank中已知的hMPV参考株进行比对、分析。结果2613份标本中hMPV阳性检出数135例,检出率为5．2％,男女之间的检出率比较有统计学差异（x2=8．007,P=0．003）,hMPV阳性检出患儿的年龄以1岁以内多见（63．2％）。hMPV阳性检出率在春季呈现高峰,从检出季节分布显示A2b型主要在冬春季节流行,而B2型主要在春夏季流行。135例hMPV长沙株分为A型和B型两个主要的基因型,其中A2b亚型在2007--2008年为优势流行型别,2009--2010年A2b和B2型共同流行,B2亚型在2011年呈优势流行型别。135例hMPV检出阳性患儿中有66例（48．9％）存在混合病毒感染,其中与HBoV混合检出率最高。结论长沙地区部分儿童的急性下呼吸道感染与hMPV有关,且阳性检出患儿年龄主要集中在1岁以下,男多于女,主要流行季节在春季,A2b型和B2型优势基因型在长沙地区共同流行,与其他病毒混合检出率较高。     

人呼吸道合胞病毒北京地区A亚型ON1基因型地方株感染A549细胞转录组学分析

目的应用转录组测序方法, 分析北京地区人呼吸道合胞病毒(respiratory syncytial virus, RSV)A亚型优势流行基因型ON1地方株感染A549细胞后差异表达基因, 为RSV防治提供潜在靶点。方法选用已经过全基因组测序确定为RSV A亚型ON1基因型的地方株(61397-ON1)感染A549细胞, 提取总mRNA, 通过转录组测序筛选出与未感染的A549细胞为对照的差异表达基因, 对其进行GO分析、KEGG通路分析, 同时随机选择6个差异表达倍数大于2倍的基因进行qRT-PCR验证。结果以未感染的A549细胞为对照, 筛选出1 632个差异表达基因, 其中807个基因表达上调, 825个基因表达下调。差异基因主要参与细胞因子反应以及MAPK级联反应正向调控等免疫应答相关生物过程, 并在MAPK信号通路、NOD样受体信号通路、p53信号通路、TNF信号通路、IL-17信号通路及NF-κB信号通路发生了富集。选择的6个差异表达基因qRT-PCR验证结果与转录组数据趋势一致。结论 RSV A亚型ON1基因型毒株感染A549细胞后的差异表达基因主要参与细胞因子应答及免疫相...     

中国呼吸道合胞病毒地方株G蛋白在重组痘苗病毒中的表达

目的　构建表达中国呼吸道合胞病毒 (RSV)地方株G蛋白基因的重组痘苗病毒 ,以用于RSV感染防治的研究。方法　用基因克隆技术将中国RSV地方株G蛋白基因插入到痘苗病毒载体中 ,与痘苗病毒共感染获得重组病毒。用免疫印迹、ELISA、蚀斑减少试验等方法检测表达产物的免疫原性及生物活性。结果　RSV地方株G蛋白在痘苗病毒中获得较好的表达 ,表达产物的糖基化程度较高 ,且该重组病毒免疫家兔可诱发特异性抗体产生。蚀斑减少试验证明 ,用该表达产物制备的抗血清具有中和病毒的活性。结论　重组病毒表达的中国RSV地方株G蛋白具有较好的抗原性、免疫原性等生物活性     

住院儿童呼吸道合胞病毒A、B亚型与特异性抗体IgM、IgG和IgA的关系研究

为探讨住院儿童呼吸道合胞病毒(respiratory syncytial virus,RSV)A、B亚型与特异性抗体IgM、IgG和IgA的相关性,以筛选具有早期辅助诊断意义的抗体指标,应用FQ-PCR筛选出50例住院儿童咽拭子RSV阳性标本。根据RSV的G蛋白编码基因核苷酸序列设计单管多重半巢式PCR引物进行基因分型(A、B亚型);采用ELISA检测患儿血清中的特异性抗体IgM、IgG和IgA并对结果进行分析。结果50例阳性患儿血清中IgM、IgG、IgA及三者同时出现阳性者百分率分别为24.0%(12/50)、60.0%(30/50)、22.0%(11/50)和16.0%(8/50),差异显著(P0.05);RSV A、B亚型及混合感染率分别为82.0%(41/50)、14.0%(7/50)和4.0%(2/50),差异显著(P0.05);A、B亚型及混合感染产生IgM的最快时间均为3d,7d内产生IgM阳性率分别为17.1%(7/41)、28.6%(2/7)和50.0%(1/2);IgA最快2d产生;A、B亚型及混合感染在急性喉气管支气管炎、支气管肺炎、急性支气管炎和急性上呼吸道感染中的感染率分别为100.0%(3/3)、100.0%(29/29)、47.1%(8/17)和100.0%(1/1),0.0%(0/3)、0.0%(0/29)、41.2%(7/17)和0.0%(0/1),0.0%(0/3)、0.0%(0/29)、11.8%(2/17)和0.0%(0/1),A亚型在4种疾病各组之间差异显著(P0.05),B亚型在4种疾病各组之间差异显著(P0.05),A、B混合感染在4种疾病各组之间差异不显著(P0.05)。研究发现RSV A、B亚型与特异性抗体IgM、IgG和IgA无明显相关性;A、B亚型及混合感染最快产生IgM的时间较一致;IgA产生最早且不单独存在;RSV感染出现临床症状越久,3种抗体同时出现的概率越大,且均不适合作为早期辅助诊断的特异性指标;A亚型感染均能引起急性喉气管支气管炎、支气管肺炎、急性支气管炎和急性上呼吸道感染,混合感染并未加重临床症状,B亚型的致病力可能比A亚型弱。     

我国部分地区呼吸道合胞病毒地方株磷蛋白基因序列分析

目的 了解我国呼吸道合胞病毒（ＲＳＶ）地方株的Ｐ（Ｐｈｏｓｐｈｏｒｐｒｏｔｅｉｎ,Ｐ）蛋白基因状况和变异特征。方法 选取不同地区具有不同流行特征的６株ＲＳＶ地方株,以提取的病毒ｍＲＮＡ为模板进行逆转录－聚合酶链扩增（ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ）扩增、目的基因的克隆及序列测定分析。结果 地方株和同亚型原型株之间Ｐ蛋白核苷酸序列及推导出的氨基酸序列同源性均超过９５％;不同亚型间存在较大差异,核苷酸全序列同源性低于８５％,尤其在３′端非编码区及中间变异区。由氨基酸序列推导出的疏水性分析图显示,Ａ、Ｂ亚型中间变异区存在疏水性的不同,这为解释Ａ、Ｂ亚型间Ｐ蛋白电泳迁移率的不同提供了一种可能。结论 我国ＲＳＶ地方株与原型株之间的Ｐ蛋白无论在核苷酸水平还是在氨基酸水平均存在一定的变异。这些结果对于了解我国ＲＳＶ地方株的基因状况提供了有益的     

Genetic variability of subgroup A and B respiratory syncytial virus strains circulating in southwestern China from 2009 to 2011

Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is recognized as a leading pathogen responsible for severe respiratory infections in the pediatric population, particularly in infants and young children. A previous study by the same study group revealed that the RSV BA strain was prevalent in southwestern China in epidemic seasons from 2008 to 2009. The aim of this study was to investigate the epidemiology of RSV in the following two years, the genetic variability of the G gene, and mutations at the 276th amino acid in the fusion (F) protein of RSV strains. Nine BA substrains were found in 16 subgroup B viruses by phylogenetic analysis. The G gene of genotype BA was predicted to encode proteins with five different lengths. The findings indicate that subgroup A and B RSVs alternately circulate in southwestern China and that genotype BA strains appear to be the long-term circulating ones. These epidemiological data may help in future vaccine design and further investigation of G protein function.     

Nosocomial outbreak of respiratory syncytial virus subgroup B variants with the 60 nucleotides-duplicated G protein gene

In January 2001, 20 children among 40 residents under 2 years old at a nursery home in Sapporo, Japan had respiratory symptoms and were confirmed as having respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection by a conventional diagnostic kit. Nasopharyngeal aspirates were collected from four RSV-positive patients and total RNA was extracted directly from the specimens for the analysis of RSV grouping and genotyping. All four RSV strains had the same G protein gene sequence of subgroup B and were assigned to identical strains. Interestingly, the G protein gene had a duplication of 60 nucleotides at the C-terminal third of the G protein gene in which three nucleotides differed each other. The predicted polypeptide is lengthened by 20 amino acids. The clinical picture of these cases was not different from those of patients with other RSV strains. These novel mutations were thought to be introduced in vivo.     

Molecular epidemiological analysis of a nosocomial outbreak of respiratory syncytial virus associated pneumonia in a kangaroo mother care unit in South Africa

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) may cause severe lower respiratory tract disease in premature infants. Prolonged viral shedding has been reported in patients with underlying immunosuppressive disorders, such as human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) infection. During March to May 2006, 23 preterm pediatric patients developed nosocomial pneumonia in a district hospital in the Gauteng Province of South Africa due to RSV infection. The patients were identified using routine diagnostic testing. All had been admitted with their mothers to a Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) ward from birth--a low care unit for the management of stable low birth weight infants. The HIV-1 seroprevalence among the mothers to these infants was 52.6%, translating to a 52.6% perinatal exposure. A multiplex nested RT-PCR was used to subtype RSV positive nasopharyngeal aspirates. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of part of the G-protein gene was used for molecular epidemiological analysis of the outbreak. In total, 19 of the 23 RSV positive specimens could be PCR amplified and sequenced. The subtype A, GA5 genotype was identified in 14 specimens and the BA genotype, a new subtype B genotype not previously recognized in South Africa, in seven. One patient had an infection with both genotypes. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated eight separate introductions. Two of the strains identified in this outbreak were identical to strains circulating in a general pediatric ward of this hospital during the preceding month. Inadequate infection control measures by health care providers and mothers to children in KMC units may increase potentially the risk of severe RSV infection in a population group with compounded risk factors.     

Genetic diversity among respiratory syncytial viruses that have caused repeated infections in children from rural India

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes repeat infections throughout life. Antigenic variability in the RSV G protein may play a significant role in reinfections. A variable region of the RSV G gene was analyzed for 14 viruses from seven children who experienced initial and repeat infections. Eleven group A strains were in clades GA2 and GA5 and the three group B viruses were in the newly identified BA clade. In five children reinfections were caused by a heterologous group or genotype of RSV. Two children experienced infection and reinfection by viruses of the same clade, these virus pairs differed by only two to three amino acids in the region compared. This is the first report of RSV nucleotide sequence analysis from India and one of the few molecular characterizations of paired RSV from reinfections. Determining the molecular basis of reinfections may have important implications for RSV vaccine development.     

Human respiratory syncytial virus in children with lower respiratory tract infections or influenza-like illness and its co-infection characteristics with viruses and atypical bacteria in Hangzhou,China

BackgroundHuman respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most important viral pathogen in children. However, its epidemic patterns and co-infection characteristics are not fully understood.ObjectivesWe attempted to determine the level of genetic variation of RSV, and describe the prevalence and co-infection characteristics of RSV in Hangzhou during two epidemic seasons.Study designSingle respiratory samples from 1820 pediatric patients were screened for RSV and genotyped by RT-PCR and sequencing. In all RSV positive specimens, we screened for viruses and atypical bacteria. Demographic and clinical information was recorded and analyzed.ResultsA total of 34.5% and 3.8% of samples from acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRI) and influenza-like illness (ILI) were positive for RSV, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that 61.1% of the selected 167 RSV strains were NA1, 31.1% were BA, 3.6% were ON1, 2.4% were CB1, and 1.8% were NA3. A new genotype, BA11 was identified, which comprised 98.1% of BA strains in this study, while the rest were BA10. A total of 36.4% and 9.1% of RSV-positive children with ALRI and ILI respectively were found to be co-infected. Rhinovirus was the most common additional respiratory virus, followed by human metapneumovirus. Except for fever, no significant differences in other clinical presentation between the RSV mono-infection and co-infection groups were observed.ConclusionsThe circulating RSV strains had high genetic variability with RSV-B showing a more local pattern. In ALRI cases, co-infection of RSV with other viruses or atypical bacteria has no significant effect on the clinical presentation except fever.     

Molecular characterization of respiratory syncytial viruses infecting children reported to have received palivizumab immunoprophylaxis

BackgroundRespiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of respiratory infections in children. Palivizumab (PZ) is the only RSV-specific immunoprophylaxis approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Mutations leading to amino acid substitutions in the PZ binding site of the RSV F protein have been associated with breakthrough RSV infections in patients receiving PZ.ObjectiveTo detect PZ resistance conferring mutations in RSV strains from children who received PZ.Study designChildren aged ≤24 months on October 31 who were hospitalized or had outpatient visits for respiratory illness and/or fever during October–May 2001–2008 in 3 US counties were included. PZ receipt was obtained from parent interviews and medical records among children subsequently infected with RSV. Archived nasal/throat swab specimens were tested for RSV by real-time RT-PCR. The coding region of the PZ binding site of the RSV F protein was sequenced using both Sanger and pyrosequencing methods.ResultsOf 8762 enrolled children, 375 (4.3%) were tested for RSV and had a history of PZ receipt, of which 56 (14.9%) were RSV-positive and 45 of these had available archived specimens. Molecular typing identified 42 partial F gene sequences in specimens from 39 children: 19 single RSV subgroup A, 17 subgroup B and 3 mixed infections. Nucleotide substitutions were identified in 12/42 (28.6%) RSV strains. PZ resistance mutations were identified in 4 (10.2%) of the 39 children, of which one had documented PZ receipt.ConclusionsAlthough RSV PZ resistance mutations were infrequent, most RSV-associated illnesses in children with a history of PZ receipt were not due to strain resistance.     

Etiology of acute viral respiratory infections common in Pakistan: A review

Respiratory infections, especially those of the lower respiratory tract, remain a foremost cause of mortality and morbidity of children greater than 5 years in developing countries including Pakistan. Ignoring these acute‐level infections may lead to complications. Particularly in Pakistan, respiratory infections account for 20% to 30% of all deaths of children. Even though these infections are common, insufficiency of accessible data hinders development of a comprehensive summary of the problem. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence rate in various regions of Pakistan and also to recognize the existing viral strains responsible for viral respiratory infections through published data. Respiratory viruses are detected more frequently among rural dwellers in Pakistan. Lower tract infections are found to be more lethal. The associated pathogens comprise respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), human metapneumovirus (HMPV), coronavirus, enterovirus/rhinovirus, influenza virus, parainfluenza virus, adenovirus, and human bocavirus. RSV is more dominant and can be subtyped as RSV‐A and RSV‐B (BA‐9, BA‐10, and BA‐13). Influenza A (H1N1, H5N1, H3N2, and H1N1pdm09) and Influenza B are common among the Pakistani population. Generally, these strains are detected in a seasonal pattern with a high incidence during spring and winter time. The data presented include pneumonia, bronchiolitis, and influenza. This paper aims to emphasise the need for standard methods to record the incidence and etiology of associated pathogens in order to provide effective treatment against viral infections of the respiratory tract and to reduce death rates.     

Prevailing genotype distribution and characteristics of human respiratory syncytial virus in northeastern China

Although human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the most common viruses inducing respiratory tract infections in young children and the elderly, the genotype distribution and characteristics of RSV in northeastern China have not been investigated. Here, we identified 25 RSV‐A and 8 RSV‐B strains from 80 samples of patients with respiratory infections between February 2015 and May 2015. All 25 RSV‐A viruses were classified as the ON1 genotype, which rapidly spread and became the dominant genotype in the world since being identified in Ontario (Canada) in December 2010. All eight RSV‐B viruses belonged to the BA genotype with a 60‐nucleotide duplication, seven of which formed two new genotypes, BA‐CCA and BA‐CCB. The remaining RSV‐B virus clustered with one of the Hangzhou strains belonging to genotype BA11. Construction of a phylogenetic tree and amino acid substitution analysis showed that Changchun ON1 viruses exclusively constituted Lineages 3, 5 and 6, and contained several unique and newly identified amino acid substitutions, including E224G, R244K, L289I, Y297H, and L298P. Selective pressure was also evaluated, and various N and O‐glycosylation sites were predicted. This study provides the first genetic analysis of RSV in northeastern China and may facilitate a better understanding of the evolution of this virus locally and globally. J. Med. Virol. 89:222–233, 2017 . © 2016 The Authors. Journal of Medical Virology Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.