Adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction: results of surgical therapy based on anatomical/topographic classification in 1,002 consecutive patients

OBJECTIVE: To assess the outcome of surgical therapy based on a topographic/anatomical classification of adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Because of its borderline location between the stomach and esophagus, the choice of surgical strategy for patients with adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction is controversial. METHODS: In a large single-center series of 1,002 consecutive patients with adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction, the choice of surgical approach was based on the location of the tumor center or tumor mass. Treatment of choice was esophagectomy for type I tumors (adenocarcinoma of the distal esophagus) and extended gastrectomy for type II tumors (true carcinoma of the cardia) and type III tumors (subcardial gastric cancer infiltrating the distal esophagus). Demographic data, morphologic and histopathologic tumor characteristics, and long-term survival rates were compared among the three tumor types, focusing on the pattern of lymphatic spread, the outcome of surgery, and prognostic factors in patients with type II tumors. RESULTS: There were marked differences in sex distribution, associated intestinal metaplasia in the esophagus, tumor grading, tumor growth pattern, and stage distribution between the three tumor types. The postoperative death rate was higher after esophagectomy than extended total gastrectomy. On multivariate analysis, a complete tumor resection (R0 resection) and the lymph node status (pN0) were the dominating independent prognostic factors for the entire patient population and in the three tumor types, irrespective of the surgical approach. In patients with type II tumors, the pattern of lymphatic spread was primarily directed toward the paracardial, lesser curvature, and left gastric artery nodes; esophagectomy offered no survival benefit over extended gastrectomy in these patients. CONCLUSION: The classification of adenocarcinomas of the esophagogastric junction into type I, II, and III tumors shows marked differences between the tumor types and provides a useful tool for selecting the surgical approach. For patients with type II tumors, esophagectomy offers no advantage over extended gastrectomy if a complete tumor resection can be achieved.     

中下段胆管癌切除后切缘阳性的意义及预后因素分析

目的 分析中下段胆管癌切除术后切缘阳性的意义,研究影响中下段胆管癌切除术后的预后因素.方法 回顾性分析1990年1月至2006年12月收治的79例中下段且日管癌切除患者的临床病理资料.其中男性53例、女性26例,年龄30～79岁,平均61岁.中段胆管癌34例,下段胆管癌45例.行胰十二指肠切除术46例,行根治性胆总管癌切除术25例,行根治性胆总管癌切除联合肝部分切除术6例,行根治性胆总管癌切除联合门静脉部分切除术2例.5例于术后1个月内死亡,对其余74例患者的15项临床病理特征进行单因素及多因素分析.结果 74例患者总的5年生存率为30.7%,中位生存期为36个月.术后病理榆查为镜下切缘阳性(R1切除)16例(20.3%),其中肝脏端胍管切缘阳性6例,远端胆管切缘阳性3例,双侧胆管切缘阳性2例,环周切缘阳性5例.接受R0和Rl切除的患者的5年生存率分别为34.4%和15.5%.10例(17.2%)R0切除的胆管癌出现局部复发,10例(62.5%)R1切除出现复发,差异有统计学意义(X2=13.024,P<0.01).单因素分析显示术前血红蛋白水平、分化程度、肿瘤浸润深度、淋巴结转移、TNM分期及手术切缘为影响预后的因素.多因素分析显示淋巴结转移状况和切缘癌残留是影响预后的独立因素.结论 中下段胆管癌根治术中冰冻病理检查切缘达R0切除是提高长期生存的重要策略,辅助治疗的效果尚待进一步研究.     

Treatment of the esophago-gastric junction adenocarcinoma

The aim of the work paper is to present the treatment methods of the esophago-gastric junction adenocarcinoma, (AC) based on our experience and literature data. The later reveal many novelties about AC prophylaxis through Barrett's esophagus (BE) treatment, using proton pomp inhibitors or antireflux surgical procedures, the progress of the endoluminal ablative methods for intestinal metaplasia, as well as a new surgical approach for advances tumors based on Siewert classification. Surgical procedure selection at patients with resectable tumours should be based on the tendency of esophago-gastric junction adenocarcinomas to extend on longitudinal axis, at the submucosa level and the possibility of abdomino-mediastinal lymph nodes metastasis. In located disease, tumoral resection R0 with abdominal and mediastinal lymph nodes dissection represents the optimal therapy, because it confers the best chance of cure. Preoperative radio-chemotherapy appears to increase the chance for a curative resection at the patients with advanced tumors. The main therapeutical purpose in non-responding patients is the palliation of dysphagia and malnutrition.     

What is the value of tracheobronchial fibroscopy in the assessment of esophageal cancer?

The aim of this study is to evaluate the role of bronchoscopy in the assessment of resectability of esophageal carcinomas. From 1981 to 1986, 125 patients were referred for a carcinoma of the esophagus. Bronchoscopy was performed in 105 cases. Patients were classified into 3 groups: group I: normal bronchoscopy (58 cases: 55.2%); group II: compression, localized inflammation (35 cases: 33.3%); Group III: invasion (12 cases: 11.5%). Tracheo-bronchial abnormalities were found whatever the site of the esophageal carcinoma: 60% of cases for the upper third, 40% for the middle third and 36% for the lower third. They were significantly more frequent when the esophageal tumor was larger than 5 centimeters. Correlation with CT scan was good in 75% of cases. Sensitivity and specificity of these two exams were similar and they appeared to be complementary. In group I, resection was impossible or palliative for bronchial reasons in 10% of cases, while resection was impossible or palliative in 35% of cases in group II. Lastly, resection was curative in 73.5% of cases in group I and in only 39% of cases in group II. Bronchoscopy must be systematically performed in carcinoma of esophagus. It may predict the palliative nature of resection if abnormalities are present, and may contraindicate the resection when invasion of the bronchial tree is discovered.     

Complications of gastrectomy following CPT-11-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy for gastric cancer

Potential benefits of neoadjuvant therapy for locally advanced gastric cancer include tumor downstaging and an increased R0 resection rate. Potential disadvantages include increased surgical complications. This study assesses postoperative morbidity and mortality by comparing patients undergoing gastrectomy with and without neoadjuvant chemotherapy. From October 1998 to July 2002, a total of 34 patients with locally advanced gastric cancer were placed on a phase II neoadjuvant chemotherapy protocol consisting of two cycles of CPT-11 (75 mg/m²) with cisplatin (25 mg/m²). Demographic, clinical, morbidity, and mortality data were compared for these patients (CHEMO) versus 85 patients undergoing gastrectomy without neoadjuvant chemotherapy (SURG). The CHEMO patients were more likely to be less than 70 years of age (P ≦ 0.01), have proximal tumors (P ≦ 0.01), and undergo proximal gastrectomy (P ≦ 0.025). Fifty-two percent of SURG patients had T3/T4 tumors compared to 19% of CHEMO patients, consistent with tumor downstaging. The R0 resection rate was similar (80%). Morbidity was 41% in CHEMO patients and 39% in SURG patients. There were five postoperative deaths (4.4%), two in the CHEMO group and three in the SURG group (P = NS). It was concluded that neoadjuvant chemotherapy with CPT-11 and cisplatin is not associated with increased postoperative morbidity compared to surgery alone. CPT-11-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy should be tested further in combined-modality treatment of gastric cancer. Presented at the Forty-Fourth Annual Meeting of The Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract, Orlando, Florida, May 17–22, 2003 (oral presentation). Supported in part by Pharmacia Oncology and grants NCI/NIH CA16087 and GCRC M01RR00096.     

Transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM)

Minimally invasive surgery is mandatory for rectal tumors to reduce surgical complications and to improve the quality of life. The conventional transanal procedure is one from of minimally invasive surgery for rectal tumors, but it is still often difficult to reach the middle and upper thirds of the rectum due to anatomical characteristics. Transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) is a technique that allows radical resection of rectal tumors in the distal as well as proximal third of the rectum. Performing radical surgery using this technique requires preoperative estimation of tumor extension both histologically and by X-ray images. It should allow provide safe and radical excision of rectal tumors. In our department, patients with rectal tumors are evaluated for risk factors using barium enema, endoscopic ultrasound, punch biopsy, etc. Fifty patients (rectal cancer, 34: cartinoid, 4: adenoma, 12) have undergone radical TEM. The operation was converted to open surgery in 2 cases because of rectal perforation. Radical open surgery was performed after TEM in 1 patient since cancer invasion was revealed by postoperatively upon histological examination. We conclude that TEM is a useful technique for radical resection of rectal tumors and is associated with a low rate of postoperative complications and a high surgical success rate.     

顺逆结合围肝门外科入路与传统手术入路治疗侵犯肝门胆囊癌对比研究

目的 评价顺逆结合围肝门外科入路治疗侵犯肝门部胆囊癌的疗效。方法 收集2007年1月至2017年12月上海交通大学医学院附属仁济医院普外科与胆胰外科收治的侵犯肝门部胆囊癌手术共39例病人的临床资料,比较顺逆结合围肝门外科入路（围肝门入路组,20例）与传统手术入路（传统手术入路组,19例）两种手术入路术后R0切除率、术中出血量、并发症发生率和总体生存时间等。结果 传统手术入路组采用CT和（或）MRI进行术前评估,围肝门入路组采用CT+MRI+三维重建评估。传统手术入路组可切除评估准确率为57.9%（11/19）,围肝门入路组可切除评估准确率为90.0%（18/20）,两者差异有统计学意义（P=0.031）。传统手术入路组和围肝门入路组比较,两组R0切除率分别为26.3%（5/19）和85.0%（17/20）（P=0.000）。两组行S4b,5+肝外胆管切除、S4b,5,6,7,8+肝外胆管切除、S4a,4b,5,6,7,8+肝外胆管切除、联合脏器切除术、胆囊切除+T管架桥胆肠内引流术或剖腹探查术分别为7例vs.8例、3例 vs.6例、0 vs.1例、1 例vs.3例、8 例vs.2例（P=0.156）。两组术后30 d死亡例数为4例vs.0（P=0.047）。在肝切除病人中,传统手术入路组病人出血量显著大于围肝门入路组［（660.0±219.1）mL vs.（358.8±184.8）mL,P=0.006］,传统手术入路组ClavienⅢ级以上并发症发生率显著高于围肝门入路组,其中Clavien Ⅲ级病人所占比例分别为72.7% vs. 27.8%（P=0.027）,Clavien Ⅳ级病人所占比例分别为45.5% vs. 0（P=0.004）,Clavien Ⅴ级27.3% vs. 0（P=0.045）。传统手术入路组与围肝门入路组1年存活率分别为21.1%（4/19）vs.61.1%（11/18）（P=0.020）,总体生存时间围肝门入路组显著优于传统手术入路组（16.0个月vs 8.4个月,P=0.0005）。 结论 顺逆结合围肝门外科入路能提高R0切除率,减少术中出血量,降低围手术期病死率与严重并发症发生率,提高总体生存时间;CT+MRI+三维重建评估能提高术前可切除评估准确性,减少盲目手术探查。     

Chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and resection for carcinoma of the esophagus. Long-term results

From May 1980 to May 1984, preoperative chemotherapy (mitomycin C and 5-fluorouracil) was added to radiation therapy in patients with potentially operable squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. Of 129 patients observed, 122 were followed up until death or to the present. Only 33 were able to complete preoperative chemotherapy and radiation and undergo resection. There were 28 men and five women, their ages ranging from 42 to 81 years (average 60 years). There were 22 black and 11 white patients. The location of the tumor was in the middle third in 70% of the patients. Among the 33 patients, the clinical TNM classification was as follows: T1 N0 M0, three patients; T2 N0 M0, 27 patients; T2 N1 M0, two patients; and T3 N0 M0, one patient. The length of the lesions when measurable in the absence of complete obstruction varied from 3 to 17 cm (average 7 cm). The operative mortality rate in this group was 12% (4/33). There was no viable residual tumor in the surgical specimen of the esophagus in 33% (11/33) of those patients completing triple therapy. However, in two of the 11 patients, left gastric nodes contained tumor and in one there was a minute esophageal perforation. The 2-year survival rate was 33% (11/33), and the 5-year survival rate was 15.4% (5/33). Among the 11 patients having 2-year survival, the surgical specimen was normal in six and abnormal in five. Of the five patients having 5-year survival, the surgical specimen was normal in three and abnormal in two. The absence of tumor in the surgical specimen did not appear to confer any better chance for long-term survival. Data were compared to our 1967-1975 series of 75 patients receiving only preoperative radiation and resection. There was no significant difference in survival rates at 2 years (20% [1975] versus 33% [1984], p = 0.2118) or at 5 years (10% [1975] versus 15.4% [1984], p = 0.5796). The addition of preoperative chemotherapy as an adjunct did not result in a statistically significant increase in 2-year or 5-year survival rates.     

What comprises appropriate therapy for children/adolescents with rhabdomyosarcoma arising in the abdominal wall? A report from the Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study Group.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to define clinical features and determine the best therapy for patients with rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) of the abdominal wall. METHODS: We examined the demographic, clinical features, therapy (especially surgical), and outcome of 34 patients. Patients received combination chemotherapy after complete surgical resection (group I, n = 14; 41%); resection with microscopic residual followed by local irradiation (RT; group II, n = 8; 24%); partial resection or biopsy only plus RT with gross locoregional residual tumor (group III, n = 4; 12%); or biopsy only plus RT with metastatic disease (group IV, n = 8; 24%). Patients with group I or group II tumors had undergone partial abdominal wall resection (ie, involved muscle only with preservation of peritoneum, n = 11) or complete abdominal wall resection (n = 7). Four additional patients had groin lesions. RESULTS: Thirty-four children or adolescents with abdominal wall RMS (about 1% of all patients) were treated on Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study I (IRS-I) through IRS-IV. Overall, adolescents comprised 14 of 34 eligible patients (41%), and 10 of 14 (71%) adolescents had alveolar or undifferentiated tumors versus 8 of 20 (40%) younger children (P= .07). Failure-free survival (FFS) rate and survival rate at 5 years was 65%. Treatment outcome was poorer for patients with group III-IV tumors (P = .01), adolescents (P = .09) and patients with alveolar or undifferentiated sarcomas (P = .12). CONCLUSION: Patients with localized tumors appear to fare better if they undergo complete abdominal wall resection (long-term survival rate, 100%) versus partial resection (long-term survival rate, 62% [P = .12]).     

First-line chemotherapy improves the resection rate and long-term survival of locally advanced (T4, any N, M0) squamous cell carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus: final report on 163 consecutive patients with 5-year follow-up.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this prospective, nonrandomized study was to evaluate the immediate and long-term results of first-line chemotherapy and possible surgery in locally advanced, presumably T4 squamous cell esophageal cancer. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Locally advanced esophageal cancer is rarely operable and has a dismal prognosis. For this reason, neoadjuvant cytoreductive treatments are more and more frequently used with the aim of downstaging the tumor, increasing the resection rate, and possibly improving survival. Methods: From January 1983 to December 1991, 163 consecutive patients with a presumedly T4 squamous cell carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus (group A) received on average 2.5 cycles (range, 1-6) of first-line chemotherapy with cisplatin (100 mg/m2 on day 1) and 5-fluorouracil (1000 mg/m2 per day, in continuous infusion from day 1 through day 5). Chemotherapy was followed by surgery when adequate downstaging of the tumor was obtained. RESULTS: Chemotherapy toxicity was WHO grade 0 to 2 in 80% of cases, but 3 toxic deaths (1.9%) occurred. Restaging suggested a downstaging of the tumor in 101 of 163 patients (62%), but only 85 patients (52%) underwent resection surgery; it was complete or R0 in 52 (32%) and incomplete or R1-2 in 33. Overall postoperative mortality was 11.7% (10 of 85), morbidity 41% (35 of 85). Complete pathologic response was documented in 6 patients, and significant downstaging to pStage I, IIA, or IIB occurred in 25 more patients. The overall 5-year survival was 11 % (median, 11 months). After resection surgery, the 5-year survival was 20% (median, 16 months); none of the nonresponders survived 4 years after palliative treatments without resection (median survival, 5 months). The 5-year survival rate of the 52 patients undergoing an R0 resection was 29% (median, 23 months). Stratifying patients according to the R, pT, pN, and pStage classifications, the survival curves were comparable to the corresponding data obtained in the 587 group B patients with "potentially resectable" esophageal cancer who underwent surgery alone during the same period. Furthermore, the results were improved in comparison with 136 previous or subsequent patients with a locally advanced tumor who did not undergo neoadjuvant treatments (group C). In these patients, the R0 resection rate was 7%, and the overall 5-year survival was 3% (median, 5 months). CONCLUSION: Although nonrandomized, these results suggest that in locally advanced esophageal carcinoma, first-line chemotherapy increases the resection rate and improves the overall long-term survival. In responding patients who undergo R0 resection surgery, the prognosis depends on the final pathologic stage and not on the initial pretreatment stage.     

肝内胆管细胞癌的外科治疗及预后因素分析

目的探讨肝内胆管细胞癌（ICC）患者的外科治疗方法和影响手术预后的因素。方法回顾性分析80例经手术治疗的ICC患者的临床病理资料,对其中71例肿瘤切除的患者行术后生存预后的单因素和多因素分析。结果本组80例手术患者术后中位生存时间为21．5月。1、3、5年生存率为68．6％、40-3％、25．4％。根治性手术切除组和姑息性手术切除组的中位生存时间分别为40个月及15个月,两组间比较差异有统计学意义（X^2=13．62,P〈0．001）。本组总的肿瘤切除率为88．8％（71／80）,对可能影响患者肿瘤切除术后生存的15个因素分别进行单因素分析,结果表明肿瘤大小、肿瘤数目、淋巴结转移、术前血清CAl9-9水平、手术切缘及邻近组织器官侵犯对预后有影响（P〈0．05）。COX模型多因素分析结果表明手术切缘和肿瘤数目是两个独立预后因素。结论手术切除是ICC的首选治疗方法,R0切除和单个肿瘤是评估ICC患者肿瘤切除术后取得良好预后的独立指标。     

内镜黏膜下剥离术与外科切除治疗早期残胃癌长期疗效的比较研究

目的本研究旨在对内镜黏膜下剥离术(endoscopic submucosal dissection,ESD)与外科手术切除治疗胃癌外科R0切除术后早期残胃癌(early remnant gastric cancer,ERGC)的远期疗效进行比较。 方法收集2008年1月至2016年12月就诊于解放军总医院的胃癌外科R0切除术后经内镜活检诊断为ERGC患者的临床和病理资料,根据患者接受治疗措施的不同将其分为ESD治疗组和外科手术组,在2020年5月对所有患者进行电话随访。计算ESD治疗组的整块切除率、完全切除率、治愈性切除率。采用Kaplan-Meier法计算ESD组和外科手术组患者5年总生存率和病因特异性生存率,采用Log-Rank检验比较ESD组和外科手术组患者生存率的差异。 结果共纳入ERGC患者32例,其中ESD组21例、外科手术组11例。32例ERGC患者中男性31例(96.9%)。ESD治疗组的整块切除率76.2%(16/21)、完全切除率71.4%(15/21)、治愈性切除66.7%(14/21)。ESD组及外科手术组5年总生存率差异无统计学意义(78.8%比77.1%,P＝0.764),5年病因特异性生存率差异无统计学意义(78.8%比90.0%,P＝0.538)。 结论残胃空间有限及黏膜下严重纤维化都增加了ESD的难度,但ESD与外科手术切除治疗ERGC患者的长期疗效相当,ESD可作为ERGC的一种安全、有效的治疗选择。     

SOX方案新辅助化疗应用于进展期胃癌的有效性和安全性研究

目的探讨进展期胃癌应用替吉奥胶囊联合注射用奥沙利铂（SOX方案）新辅助化疗的有效性和安全性。方法回顾性分析解放军总医院普通外科2009年11月至2010年9月收治66例符合入组条件的进展期胃癌患者临床病例资料。32例患者予以术前SOX方案化疗（新辅助化疗组）。SOX方案具体为：替吉奥胶囊80mg·（m2）-1·d-1,第1～14天．注射用奥沙利铂130mg／m2,第1天;3周重复。每2个治疗周期后进行化疗有效性和安全性评估。其余34例患者直接行外科手术（对照组）。统计所有手术患者R0切除率和D2淋巴结清扫率。结果新辅助化疗组化疗有效率为68．8％,疾病控制率为93．8％;3-4级不良反应主要为呕吐（12．5％）、肝功能异常（9．4％）、贫血（6．3％）、中性粒细胞减少（6.3％）和食欲减退（6.3％）;化疗后进行外科手术,其中25例（78．1％）行胃癌D2根治术,凡切除率为81．3％。对照组中,行D2根治术23例（67．6％）,与新辅助化疗组比较,差异有统计学意义（P=0．028）;R0切除率为73．5％,与新辅助化疗组比较,差异亦有统计学意义（P=0．040）。结论进展期胃癌应用SOX新辅助化疗具有较高的有效性,而不良反应率较低,能够提高D2根治率和R0切除率。     

Transhiatal esophagectomy

Thirty-six patients underwent resection of the thoracic esophagus without a thoracotomy for the management of cancer of the cervical esophagus (2 patients), middle third and lower third of the esophagus (4 patients and 23 patients, respectively), and the gastroesophageal junction (17 patients). In addition to a total esophagectomy, two patients required a laryngectomy and seven patients had a total gastrectomy. Intraoperative bleeding occurred in three patients. Postoperative complications included subphrenic abscess (Candida) (2 patients), diaphragmatic hernia (1 patient), and salivary fistula (11 patients). Three patients died in the postoperative period from necrosis of interposed colon, pneumonia, and liver failure due to liver metastasis. The average blood loss was 1,300 ml, the duration of surgical procedure was 5.3 hours, and the hospital stay was 21 days. The survival rates at 1, 2, and 3 years were 80 percent, 50 percent, and 33 percent, respectively. Transhiatal esophagectomy can be considered a sound alternative to transthoracic esophagectomy in the management of tumors involving the cervical and lower esophagus. Small lesions of the middle third should also be considered for this procedure, however, bulky lesions of the upper esophagus are better removed by thoracotomy.     

Esophageal carcinoma: surgery without preoperative adjuvant chemotherapy

Our experience with 100 consecutive patients with esophageal carcinoma treated with surgical intervention as the primary method of therapy between 1967 and 1987 was reviewed. Preoperative chemotherapy was not administered by us. Follow-up was complete for all 100 patients. Twelve percent of tumors were in the proximal third of the esophagus, 21% were in the middle third, and 67% were in the distal third. Adenocarcinoma accounted for 44% of all tumors, squamous cell for 55%, and adenosquamous for 1%. Six patients were in stage I, 14 were in stage II, and 80 were in stage III; no patient was in stage IV. Surgical procedures included 85 esophagogastrectomies with primary anastomoses, 11 with colon interposition, and 4 with Roux-en-Y small-bowel interposition. Six patients had radical laryngopharyngo-esophagectomy with gastric or colopharyngeal anastomosis. Operative mortality was 3%. The mean survival of stage I patients was 182 months; stage II patients, 25 months; and stage III patients, 18 months. Our data show that surgical resection without preoperative adjuvant chemotherapy remains the cornerstone of therapy for patients with carcinoma of the esophagus.     

Preoperative Radiochemotherapy and Sphincter-Saving Resection for T3 Carcinomas of the Lower Third of the Rectum

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the complications and oncologic and functional results of preoperative radiochemotherapy and sphincter-saving resection for T3 cancers of the lower third of the rectum. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Carcinomas of the lower third of the rectum (i.e., located at or below 6 cm from the anal verge) are usually treated by abdominoperineal resection, especially for T3 lesions. Few data are available evaluating concomitant chemotherapy with preoperative radiotherapy for increasing sphincter-saving resection in low rectal cancer. METHODS: Between 1995 and 1999, 43 patients underwent preoperative radiochemotherapy with conservative surgery for a low rectal tumor located a mean of 4.5 cm from the anal verge (range 2-6); 70% of the lesions were less than 2 cm from the anal sphincter. There were 40 T3 and 3 T4 tumors. Patients received preoperative radiotherapy with a mean dose of 50 Gy (range 40-54) and concomitant chemotherapy with 5-FU in continuous infusion (n = 36) or bolus (n = 7). Sphincter- saving resection was performed 6 weeks after treatment, in 25 patients by using intersphincteric resection. Coloanal anastomoses were associated with a colonic pouch in 86% of the patients, and all patients had a protecting stoma. RESULTS: There were no deaths related to preoperative radiochemotherapy and surgery. Acute toxicity was mainly due to diarrhea, with 54% of grade 1 to 2. Four anastomotic fistulas and two pelvic hematomas occurred; all patients but one had closure of the stoma. Distal and radial surgical margins were respectively 23 +/- 8 mm (range 10-40) and 8 +/- 4 mm (range 1-20) and were negative in 98% of the patients. Downstaging (pT0-2N0) was observed in 42% of the patients (18/43) and was associated with a greater radial margin (10 vs. 6 mm; P =.02). After a median follow-up of 30 months, the rate of local recurrence was 2% (1/43), and four patients had distal metastases. Overall and disease-free survival rates were both 85% at 3 years. Functional results were good (Kirwan continence I, II) in 79% of the available patients (n = 37). They were slightly altered by intersphincteric resection (57 vs. 75% of perfect continence; NS) but were significantly improved by a colonic pouch (74 vs. 16%; P =.01). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that preoperative radiochemotherapy allowed sphincter-saving resection to be performed with good local control and good functional results in patients with T3 low rectal cancers that would have required abdominoperineal resection in most instances.     

颈段食管癌的外科治疗

目的总结外科治疗颈段食管癌的经验体会。方法综合分析1993年12月至2005年12月在河南省肿瘤医院胸外科和头颈外科接受外科治疗的82例颈段食管癌患者的临床资料。结果本组患者1997年以前以单纯手术治疗为主（27例）；1997年后，除5例早期癌患者外，50例常规采用半量放疗后再手术的综合治疗模式。非开胸食管切除73例．开胸食管切除9例；同期行单侧或双侧区域性颈淋巴结清扫14例；联合脏器切除12例。单纯手术组和综合治疗组保喉率分别为81．3％和95．8％，差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。无术中或术后大出血、气管和（或）支气管撕裂及围手术期死亡者；并发症发生率为19．5％；术后病理证实上切缘阳性5例，均为单纯手术组；淋巴结转移14例（17．1％）。全组5年总生存率43％：其中综合治疗组50．2％，高于单纯手术组的33．9％（Χ^2=7．17；P=0．007）；开胸食管切除者、同期行单侧或双侧区域性颈淋巴结清扫者和联合脏器切除者的5年生存率分别为36．5％、45．8％和33．3％。结论颈段食管癌患者半量放疗后再手术．可明显减少肿瘤上切缘阳性的发生率，提高保喉率和5年生存率。手术方式以非开胸游离食管为首选，联合脏器切除或双侧颈部淋巴结清扫应非常谨慎。     

Adenocarcinoma of the gastric cardia: what is the optimal surgical approach?

BACKGROUND: The incidence of adenocarcinoma of the gastric cardia is rising in Western countries. This study evaluates prognostic factors associated with surgical management of this cancer. STUDY DESIGN: Medical records of consecutive patients with gastric cardial cancer treated by surgical resection from 1991 through 2001 were reviewed. Survival was analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method. Prognostic factors were evaluated using log-rank test and Cox regression. Mean followup period was 34 months. RESULTS: Eighty-two patients met study inclusion criteria. Median patient age was 65 years (range 86 to 22). Fifty-nine (72%) patients had type II tumors and 23 (28%) patients had type III tumors, according to the Siewert classification for gastroesophageal junction tumors. Twenty-seven (33%) patients underwent total esophagectomy, 24 (29%) patients underwent extended gastrectomy with thoracotomy, and 31 (38%) patients underwent extended gastrectomy without thoracotomy. Overall postoperative 5-year survival rate was 30%. On multivariate analysis, patient age 65 years and older, absence of lymph node metastasis, and R0 resection emerged as factors independently associated with improved postoperative survival. Frequency with which proximal resection margin was infiltrated with cancer was a function of gross margin length and T stage. Proximal gross margin length of at least 6 cm was required to achieve a microscopically negative proximal margin for T3 and T4 cancers. CONCLUSIONS: Achieving R0 resection should be the goal of surgical therapy for the gastric cardial cancer. The surgical approach should be tailored to individual patients to achieve this goal.     

瘢痕切除即刻局部注射曲安奈德联合放疗治疗耳廓瘢痕疙瘩疗效观察

目的:探讨手术切除,术中曲安奈德局部注射,术后放疗联合治疗耳廓瘢痕疙瘩的效果。方法:将病例分为三组:第一组:12例,24个瘢痕疙瘩(手术+曲安奈德注射+放疗),手术切除瘢痕疙瘩,术中注射醋酸曲安奈德,注射剂量依切缘大小而异,每次注射量不大于40mg,术后每周1次,连续4～8次,术后24h内行局部浅层放疗3天;第二组:11例,22个瘢痕疙瘩(手术+放疗),手术切除瘢痕疙瘩,术后24h内行放疗3天;第三组:17例,23个瘢痕疙瘩(手术+曲安奈德注射),手术切除瘢痕疙瘩,术中即刻注射曲安奈德,术后每周1次,连续4～8次。结果:第一组、第二组、第三组有效率分别为95.83%、77.27%、52.17%。第一组与第二组、第三组比较有显著差异(P<0.05)。结论:手术切除,术中曲安奈德局部注射联合术后放疗治疗耳廓瘢痕疙瘩副作用小、复发率低,值得临床应用。     

Impact of preoperative radiochemotherapy on postoperative course and survival in patients with locally advanced squamous cell oesophageal carcinoma

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy (RCT) on postoperative complications and survival after surgery for locally advanced oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma. METHODS: Postoperative course and survival were compared in 144 patients who had neoadjuvant RCT and 80 control patients who had surgery alone for locally advanced oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (radiological stage T3, N0 or N1, M0). RESULTS: The two groups were comparable in terms of American Society of Anesthesiologists grade, age, sex, weight loss, tumour location, presence of lymph node metastasis and surgical approach. Postoperative mortality rates were 6.3 and 9 per cent (P=0.481), with morbidity rates of 40.3 and 41 percent (P=0.887) in the RCT and control group respectively. Complete resection (R0) rates were 74.3 and 48 percent respectively (P<0.001). Significant downstaging was observed in the RCT group (P<0.001), with 16.0 percent of patients having a complete pathological response. Median survival was 29 versus 15 months, and the 5-year survival rate 37 versus 17 percent (P=0.002) in RCT and control groups respectively. CONCLUSION: Neoadjuvant RCT significantly enhanced R0 resection and survival rates in patients with stage T3 oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma, with no increase in postoperative mortality and morbidity rates.