Acetabular reconstruction with bone impaction grafting and a cemented cup: 20 years' experience.

Acetabular bone stock loss compromises the outcome in primary and revision total hip arthroplasty. In 1979, a biologic method was introduced with tightly impacted cancellous allografts in combination with a cemented polyethylene cup for acetabular reconstruction. With this technique, it is possible to replace the loss of bone and to repair normal hip mechanics and hip function with a standard implant. Based on the authors' 20 years experience, a review of the long-term data is presented in primary total hip arthroplasty with preexisting acetabular bone stock loss, primary total hip arthroplasty in rheumatoid arthritis, patients who had bone impaction when younger than 50 years, and in acetabular revisions. The survival rate with revision of the cup for aseptic loosening as the end point was 94% at 10 to 17 years, 90% at 10 to 18 years, 91% at 10 to 17 years, and 92% at 10 to 15 years. From biopsy specimens from humans and histologic data in animal experiments the incorporation of these impacted bone chips was proven. The acetabular bone impaction technique using large morselized bone chips (range, 0.7-1 cm) and a cemented cup is a reliable technique with favorable long-term outcome.     

Revision arthroplasty with impaction bone grafting and Charnley-Kerboull cemented stem. Surgical technique and results

We report here the study of a personal series of 129 consecutive femoral impaction grafting during hip revision replacement performed between January 1991 and December 2005. The indication for the revision of the femoral component was aseptic loosening in 127 hips and septic loosening in two. The precise locations of the segmental defects and osteolytic areas were determined and classified, with use of the Endo-Klinik System, as follows: grade 2 in 75 hips, grade 3 in 43, and grade 4 in 11. Removal of the components, debris and cement was done with special care to achieve a complete resection of fibrous tissue in the medullary canal to ensure a direct contact between the graft and the host bone. Before impaction grafting, femoral segmental bone defects or windows were reconstructed and reinforced with strut allograft and cerclage wires. We used in all hips a special revision set of instruments specially designed for impaction grafting. All the acetabular cups were also revised. Clinical and radiologic evaluation was performed at six weeks, three months, six months and one year. Then, patients were reviewed every year for the first five postoperative years and every two years thereafter. A survivorship analysis was performed to determine the overall success of the procedure. Failure was defined as an implant that had been revised or that was radiologically loosened at the time of follow-up. The survival curve was derived from the cumulative survival rate over time, as calculated from the actuarial life table. At the last follow-up evaluation, seven patients (seven hips) had died and two (two hips) were lost to follow-up. The follow-up of these nine patients ranged from two to ten years. One hundred and twenty patients (120 hips) were reviewed with a mean follow-up of 8.2 years (range, two to 16 years). The average follow-up of the whole series was 8.4 years (range, two to 16 years). At the time of the final review 1 of the 129 hips had migration of the stem’s cement mantle relative to the bone (5 mm) with lucent lines at the graft-host interface in three Gruen zones. Another one had migration within the cement (8 mm) with lucent line at the distal graft-host interface and a distal fracture of the cement mantle. These two stems were considered as definitely loosed according to the criteria of Johnston et al. but none of them was revised. The remaining 127 hips showed no radiological changes at the latest examination concerning stem migration and radiolucent lines. One acetabular definite loosening occurred at ten years and was revised at 11 years postoperatively. In this respect, of the 129 hips, only one hip was revised at 11 years’ follow-up (0.7%). The survivorship analysis, with radiologic loosening as the endpoint, yielded a 98% cumulative survival rate for the femoral component and for the acetabular component, 99% at eleven years follow-up. The survival rate with revision for any reason as the endpoint was 99.4% at eleven years follow-up. The results observed in this series, regarding the need for a repeat revision for any reason, are in agreement with the excellent outcome reported by other authors using similar technique. Nevertheless two main differences must be emphasized when comparing the results of this study with the others. The first one is the low rate of subsidence and the second is the absence of postoperative femoral fracture. The quality of bone grafting and the use of a Kerboull stem, double tapered and polish, were associated with the very low rate of distal migration. The unconditional reconstruction of distal bone deficiency or weakness with bone graft strut appeared efficient to prevent the occurrence of femoral fracture, despite the unique use or standard stems.     

Revision total hip arthroplasty using impaction bone grafting with cemented nonpolished stems and Charnley cups

This article reports the results of 181 cemented revision total hip arthroplasties in which impacted morcellized allograft and cement was used for reconstitution of acetabular and femoral bone deficiencies. There were 173 acetabular and 79 femoral reconstructions. The mean follow-up was 4.0 years. The overall survival rate was 97.2%. Evidence of revascularization of the impacted allograft was shown in 29 of 30 (97%) randomly selected bone scintigraphies. Radiographic evidence of allograft incorporation was observed in 128 of 173 (74%) acetabula and 48 of 73 (61%) femora. Stem subsidence occurred in all types of femoral bone deficiencies and was not time dependent (P = .17). The acetabular components showed significant migration with increased bone deficiency (P = .0003). Impaction bone grafting has shown promising results in revision total hip arthroplasty but is not recommended in type 3 acetabular defects.     

Femoral revision with impaction bone grafting and a cemented polished tapered stem

Objective

Biological repair of femoral bone loss using bone impaction grafting. Reconstruction of the centre of rotation of the hip using a cemented stem, the size and offset of which are at the discretion of the surgeon.

Indications

Femoral implant loosening with bone loss.

Contraindications

Infection, neurological disorders, noncompliant patient.

Surgical technique

Extraction of the loose femoral implant, cortical reconstruction using meshes if required, impaction bone grafting with special instruments, cement fixation of a polished tapered stem.

Postoperative management

Individualized period of bed rest and limited weight bearing.

Results

Impaction bone grafting and a cemented polished stem were used to perform 33 femoral reconstructions. After a mean follow-up of 15 years, no femoral reconstruction had to be revised. One unrecognized intraoperative fracture healed after nonsurgical treatment, three postoperative femoral fractures healed after plate fixation with the stem left in situ. The average Harris Hip Score improved from 49 prior to surgery to 85 points thereafter. Kaplan–Meier analysis with femoral revision for any reason as the end point showed a survival rate of 100?%.     

Impaction bone grafting and a cemented cup after acetabular fracture

Purpose

Patients suffering from post traumatic osteoarthritis of the acetabulum often require a total hip arthroplasty at a relatively young age. Long-term data outcome studies for this population are lacking. We report on the long-term outcome of 20 acetabular fractures in 20 patients treated with impaction bone grafting and a cemented cup after a mean follow-up of 18 years (range, 12–26 years).

Methods

The group consisted of 14 males (70 %) and six females (30 %) with an average age of 53.3 years (range, 35–75 years) at time of surgery. No patients were lost to follow-up. Four patients died and three patients underwent a revision; at review 13 patients were still living with their implant in situ. Survivorship analysis was performed at 20 years follow-up for three endpoints.

Results

Survival rate with endpoint revision for any reason at 20 years postoperative was 74.7 % (95 % confidence interval (CI), 40–91 %), 80.0 % (95 % CI, 41–95 %) for endpoint aseptic loosening, and 63.9 % (95 % CI 32–84 %) for endpoint radiographic failure. Three acetabular components were revised at 14.5, 15.3, and 16.7 years postoperative. Two cups failed for aseptic loosening and one cup failed due to septic loosening. The average postoperative Harris hip score was 82 (range, 56–100).

Conclusion

Acetabular reconstruction with impaction bone grafting and the use of a cemented cup after acetabular fracture is an attractive technique with acceptable long-term results and a low complication and re-operation rate.     

Implant migration and bone mineral density measured simultaneously by low-dose CT scans: a 2-year study on 17 acetabular revisions with impaction bone grafting

Background and purpose — Early postoperative implant migration predicts failure of joint replacements. Bone mineral density reflects bone quality and bone-graft incorporation. Implant migration and bone densitometry analysis usually require special equipment. We investigated cup migration and bone mineral density changes simultaneously with low-dose CT scans after acetabular revision hip arthroplasty using impaction bone grafting.Patients and methods — We performed a low-dose CT postoperatively, after 6 weeks, and after 2 years in 17 patients, all revised using impaction bone grafting and a graft-compressing titanium shell in the acetabulum. 6 patients had combined segmental and cavitary acetabular defects. Cup migration was analyzed using CT-based micromotion analysis (CTMA). Bone mineral density was determined in the graft and in surrounding native bone using volumetric quantitative computed tomography (QCT). The bone graft volume was calculated from 3D reconstructions.Results — At 2 years, the translations were 1.5 (95% CI 0.4–2.6) mm in proximal direction, -0.6 (CI –1.6 to 0.4) in the medial direction and 0.3 (CI 0.0–0.6) in the anterior direction. The mean volume of impacted bone graft was 40 cm³ (CI 28–52). In the graft bone mineral density increased 14% after 6 weeks and 23% after 2 years. There was 1 mechanical failure.Interpretation — Proximal migration of the acetabular component was low and comparable to previous reports. There was a rapid increase of bone mineral density in the bone graft. Low-dose CT scans make migration analysis and bone densitometry measurements possible in the same setting, offering great diagnostic potential for hip arthroplasty patients.

There is a strong relationship between early prosthetic migration and long-term prosthetic survival for both knee and hip replacements (Pijls et al. 2012). Radiostereometric analysis is the traditional method for exact measurement of prosthetic micromotion. Computed tomography is an alternative that offers comparable precision when using a new software called CT-based micromotion analysis (CTMA, SECTRA AB, Linköping, Sweden). Migration analysis is much easier to perform without specialized equipment. This software defines the surface of the pelvic cortical bone in 2 CT scans taken on 2 different occasions. The software will overlap and match these digital 3D reconstructions in a precise manner (pelvic rigid body). The implant is then defined in the same way in the same examinations. By defining the pelvic bone as the reference, the migration of the implant between the 2 examinations is calculated along the x-, y-, and z-axis. By using the pelvic cortical surface as reference, tantalum markers are no longer a prerequisite for precise definition of the pelvic bone reference (Brodén et al. 2020). This CT-based motion analysis had a precision of 0.07–0.16 mm for translations and 0.10°–0.32° for rotations of acetabular components in a recent study of 24 double examinations with different patient cohorts from 3 Swedish hospitals. 10 patients, with double examinations, from this study were also included in the precision study by Brodén et al. (2020). Prosthetic implants alter the load distribution in peri-prosthetic bone and cause osteopenia—a phenomenon known as stress-shielding (Wright et al. 2001, Bodén et al. 2006) Bone mineral density (BMD) measures only mass of mineral per volume bone tissue. A low BMD is associated with fragility fractures and BMD increases when morselized bone graft is incorporated (Gerhardt et al. 2018). However, the mechanical strength of bone is also dependent on mineralization degree, trabecular architecture, hydroxyapatite crystal size, and collagen properties, therefore BMD is a proxy measurement for bone quality (Fonseca et al. 2014). Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) is currently the most widely used method for clinical measurement of bone mineral density in orthopedics (DeSapri and Brook 2020). However, DEXA screens both cortices and adjacent tissue, whereas quantitative computed tomography (QCT) can study the bone mineral density in a specific region of interest.We measured postoperative cup migration and bone mineral density simultaneously with serial low-dose CT scans in 17 patients after revision total hip arthroplasty with impaction bone grafting.     

Nonunion of extended trochanteric osteotomies in impaction grafting femoral revisions

Extended trochanteric osteotomies have been recommended to facilitate femoral component removal, femoral cement removal, and acetabular exposure in cases of difficult revision hip arthroplasty. Complications due to the osteotomy have been rare and no nonunions have been reported when this osteotomy has been used in conjunction with extensively porous-coated implants. It has been suggested that the osteotomy should also work well with impaction grafting revisions. This is a report of two cases of nonunion of extended trochanteric osteotomies in which the impaction grafting technique was used.     

打压植骨结合金属网重建髋臼严重骨缺损

目的 评价打压植骨结合金属网重建严重骨缺损髋臼的中期临床效果,分析Paprosky骨缺损分型在评价骨缺损时的重要性.方法 1998年12月至2007年12月采用打压植骨技术结合使用金属网片和(或)金属网杯进行严重髋臼缺损重建63例(67髋),所有患者均为AAOS Ⅲ型混合型缺损.其中58例患者(61髋)获得了完整随访,平均63个月.Paprosky Ⅱ B 19例(20髋),Paprosky Ⅱ C 27例(28髋),Paprosky Ⅲ A 12例(13髋).术前Harris髋关节评分平均41.7分(21～52分).术后随访时进行临床疗效、影像学及并发症等评估.结果 58例(61髋)患者Harris髋关节评分术后平均89.2分(81～98分),术后优良率达93%,除3例发生聚乙烯髋臼从网杯中脱出外,其余55例患者髋臼无影像学松动.1例使用金属网杯患者髋臼旋转中心未能恢复正常.3例术后脱位患者,其中2例手法复位,1例切开复位,均获成功.术后发生感染1例(1.6%),经二期翻修打压植骨成功治愈.结论 异体骨打压植骨配合金属网是处理严重髋臼骨缺损的理想技术.建议在使用打压植骨技术对严重髋臼缺损重建时,采用AAOS分型结合Paprosky分型方法对缺损的严重程度进行评价.金属网杯不适用于严重髋臼骨缺损的打压植骨重建.     

Treatment of femoral head osteonecrosis using bone impaction grafting

Even in extensive osteonecrosis of the femoral head in younger patients, a femoral head-preserving method is preferable. We developed a new technique using the lateral approach as used in traditional core biopsy; the osteonecrotic lesion was removed and impacted bone grafts were used to regain sphericity and prevent collapse. In this prospective one surgeon study, we included 28 consecutive hips in 27 patients with extensive osteonecrotic lesions (ARCO classification Stage 2 [11 hips], Stage 3 [14 hips]; and Stage 4 [three hips]); 14 hips had preoperative collapse. The mean age of the patients was 33 years (range, 15-55 years). At a mean followup of 42 months (range, 24-119 months), eight hips (29%) were converted to a total hip arthroplasty (THA). Of the 20 reconstructions that were in situ, 18 were clinically successful (90%) and 70% were radiologically successful. Patients who were younger than 30 years at surgery had a radiologically significant better outcome, even patients with higher stages of osteonecrosis. Patients with preoperative collapse and use of corticosteroids had disappointing results. This method is attractive as a salvage procedure, is relatively simple and quick, and it does not interfere with an eventual future hip arthroplasty.     

Mechanical considerations in impaction bone grafting

In impaction grafting of contained bone defects after revision joint arthroplasty the graft behaves as a friable aggregate and its resistance to complex forces depends on grading, normal load and compaction. Bone mills in current use produce a distribution of particle sizes more uniform than is desirable for maximising resistance to shear stresses. We have performed experiments in vitro using morsellised allograft bone from the femoral head which have shown that its mechanical properties improve with increasing normal load and with increasing shear strains (strain hardening). The mechanical strength also increases with increasing compaction energy, and with the addition of bioglass particles to make good the deficiency in small and very small fragments. Donor femoral heads may be milled while frozen without affecting the profile of the particle size. Osteoporotic femoral heads provide a similar grading of sizes, although fewer particles are obtained from each specimen. Our findings have implications for current practice and for the future development of materials and techniques.     

Favorable mid-to-long-term results of impaction bone grafting using a fresh frozen allograft bone with cemented stem for the treatment of Paprosky IV femoral bone defects

BackgroundFemoral revision surgery in patients with substantial bone loss is challenging. Impaction bone grafting using a cemented stem can be a good solution for reconstruction of the femur with poor bone stock and extensive bone loss. This study aimed to evaluate the mid-to-long-term clinical and radiographic results of impaction bone grafting using a cemented stem for Paprosky IV femoral bone defects.MethodsThirteen patients (13 hips) who underwent revision total hip arthroplasty with impaction bone grafting using a cemented stem and were followed up for at least 5 years were enrolled in this study. In all patients, a sufficient amount of fresh frozen bone of good quality was used. When cortical segmental defects were present, peripheral reinforcement with metal mesh and strut allograft was performed. The average follow-up duration was 11.1 (range, 5.3–15.1) years. The clinical and radiographic outcomes were reviewed at the final follow-up.ResultsThe average Harris hip score was 82.5 (range, 79–94), and the average University of California, Los Angeles activity score was 5.6 (range, 4–8) at the final follow-up. Radiographic assessment revealed an average femoral component subsidence level of 0.67 (range, 0.05–2.81) mm. There were no complications, except one case (7.6%) of periprosthetic fracture.ConclusionsImpaction bone grafting using a cemented stem yielded excellent mid-to-long-term outcomes. It is a reliable technique for Paprosky IV femoral bone defects, and even when severe femoral cortical bone defects are present, long-term stability can be obtained using a metal mesh and/or strut allograft.     

颗粒打压植骨结合骨水泥型髋臼杯在髋关节发育不良髋臼重建中的应用

目的探讨颗粒打压植骨结合骨水泥型髋臼杯在CroweⅡ、Ⅲ型髋关节发育不良（DDH）中应用的早期疗效。方法2005年3月至2008年3月,采用颗粒打压植骨重建髋臼结合骨水泥型髋臼杯治疗11例DDH继发骨性关节炎的患者。女10例,男1例,年龄43～58岁,平均49．4岁;CroweⅡ型9例,Crowem型2例,疼痛病史5～30年,术前Harris评分28～55分,平均45．3分。术后定期随访进行影像学评价和Harris评分。结果本组患者临床随访4～36个月,平均18个月,全部患者髋关节功能恢复良好,无感染、神经损伤、脱位等并发症。术后Harris评分90～98分,平均94．1分,术后随访影像学上显示植骨均与宿主骨愈合,最后一次随访无植骨吸收髋臼假体松动、移位。结论颗粒打压植骨结合骨水泥型髋臼杯治疗CroweⅡ、Ⅲ型DDH患者早期效果可靠。     

Acetabular reconstruction with impaction bone-grafting and a cemented cup in patients younger than fifty years old

BACKGROUND: Acetabular bone deficiency can present a challenge during total hip arthroplasty, especially in young patients. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the long-term clinical and radiographic outcomes of primary and revision acetabular reconstruction with use of an impaction bone-grafting technique and a cemented polyethylene cup in young patients who had preexisting acetabular bone deficiency. METHODS: Forty-two consecutive acetabular reconstructions were performed in thirty-seven patients who were younger than fifty years old (average, 37.2 years old). The impaction bone-grafting technique was used for twenty-three primary and nineteen revision acetabular reconstructions. Twenty-eight patients (thirty-one hips) were available for review after a minimum duration of follow-up of fifteen years. Clinical and radiographic results were assessed, and survivorship analysis was performed with the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: Eight hips were revised at a mean of twelve years (range, three to twenty-one years) after a primary reconstruction (four hips) or revision reconstruction (four hips). The revision was performed because of aseptic loosening of the acetabular component in four hips and because of culture-proven septic loosening in two. Two additional cups (both in hips that had had a revision reconstruction) were revised, during revision of the femoral stem, because of wear (one hip) or because of persistent intraoperative instability (one hip). Twenty-eight hips (in twenty-five patients) had retention of the acetabular component for a minimum of fifteen years. The mean Harris hip score for that group was 89 points. Twenty-six of these twenty-eight hips had no or slight pain. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed a twenty-year survival rate of 80% (95% confidence interval, 67% to 94%) with acetabular revision for any reason as the end point and of 91% (95% confidence interval, 80% to 100%) with acetabular revision because of aseptic loosening as the end point. CONCLUSIONS: Acetabular reconstruction with use of impaction bone-grafting and a cemented polyethylene cup is a reliable and durable technique that is associated with good long-term results in young patients with acetabular bone-stock defects.     

Femoral impaction grafting in revision hip arthroplasty with irradiated bone

We evaluated the results of femoral impaction grafting with the Exeter stem (Stryker Howmedica Osteonics, Newbury, UK) and irradiated bone-graft. We followed 57 hips for an average of 27 months. Endo-Klinik grading showed 8 grade 1, 22 grade 2, and 27 grade 3 hips. Radiographic analysis revealed cortical repair in 34% and graft incorporation in 39% but no evidence of trabecular remodeling. Moderate subsidence (5-10 mm) occurred in 7 patients (12.5%), and massive subsidence (>10 mm) occurred in 4 patients (7%). Complications included 6 dislocations, 3 periprosthetic fractures, and 2 stem revisions. Impaction grafting with the Exeter system produces satisfactory results for most patients, but a few hips perform poorly, and the reasons for this are unclear. We have concerns about irradiated bone-graft because the characteristic changes of graft remodeling are not seen.     

The initial stability of cemented acetabular cups can be augmented by mixing morsellized bone grafts with tricalciumphosphate/hydroxyapatite particles in bone impaction grafting

Tricalciumphosphate (TCP) and hydroxyapatite (HA) have been suggested as bone graft substitutes in a wide range of applications. In this study, the initial stability of cemented acetabular cups was determined after reconstructing a combined cavitary and segmental defect in a realistic acetabular revision surgery model. The defects were reconstructed with mixes of TCP/HA particles and human bone grafts using the bone impaction grafting technique. In comparison with defect reconstruction with human bone grafts only, cup translation and tilt decreased by 27% when mixes of bone grafts and porous TCP/HA particles were used and by 55% when mixing the bone grafts with solid TCP/HA particles. Increasing the TCP/HA ratio within the mix significantly decreased cup translation. From a biomechanical perspective, mixes of TCP/HA particles and bone grafts are an attractive alternative for morsellized bone grafts when using the bone impaction grafting technique in the reconstruction of large defects of the acetabulum.     

Quality of life after hip revision with impaction bone grafting on a par with that 4 years after primary cemented arthroplasty

BACKGROUND: There have been few studies evaluating patient-reported quality of life outcomes after hip revision with impaction bone grafting. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The inclusion criteria were aseptic loosening after primary arthroplasty performed for osteoarthrosis, and first-time revision with impacted morselized allograft bone and cemented Exeter stem. During a 4-year period, 35 patients were eligible and all were included. The Nottingham Health Profile (NHP) was completed by the patients and the Charnley hip scores recorded by the examining surgeon preoperatively, after 6 months and yearly up to 4 years (28 patients) postoperatively. For comparison, 35 osteoarthrotic patients completed the NHP 4 years after cemented Exeter primary arthroplasty. RESULTS: At 4 years, the NHP scores for the revision patients did not differ significantly from those recorded in the primary arthroplasty group. Among the revision patients, mixed model analysis showed improvement in NHP pain (p < 0.001) and physical mobility scores (p = 0.002). The effect size at 4 years was large for pain (1.2) and moderate for physical mobility (0.6). The major improvement was recorded at 6 months, with no further substantial change observed. The correlations between the NHP and Charnley scores were weak or moderate (r, -0.15 to -0.67). INTERPRETATION: Hip revision with impaction bone grafting leads to substantially improved quality of life, similar to that 4 years after primary arthroplasty.     

Acetabular revision with impacted morsellised cancellous bone grafting and a cemented cup. A 15- to 20-year follow-up

This study presents the clinical and radiological results of 62 consecutive acetabular revisions in 58 patients, at a mean of 16.5 years follow-up (15 to 20). The Kaplan-Meier survivorship for the cup with end-point revisions for any reason, was 79% at 15 years (95% confidence interval (CI); 67 to 91). Excluding two revisions for septic loosening at three and six years, and one revision of a well-fixed cup after 12 years in the course of a femoral revision, the survivorship was 84% at 15 years (95% CI; 73 to 95). At review there were no additional cases of loosening, although seven acetabular reconstructions showed radiolucent lines in one or two zones. Acetabular revision using impacted large morsellised bone chips (0.7 cm to 1.0 cm) and a cemented cup, is a reliable technique of reconstruction, when assessed at more than 15 years.