压贴三棱镜矫正小度数斜视和复视的初步观察

目的:观察压贴三棱镜矫正小度数斜视和复视的效果。方法:对6例戴压贴三棱镜前斜视度为 9△～ 27△,无同时视,Worth-4点灯无感觉融合的内斜视手术欠矫患儿、4例斜视并复视的患者,配戴压贴三棱镜前用同视机查斜视度、同时视,Worth-4点灯查融合功能,并用三棱镜反复三次测量斜视度,稳定后确定三棱镜度数,将相应度数的膜状压贴三棱镜压贴在优势眼的镜片上,再戴眼镜测量斜视度、同时视和融合功能。结果:戴压贴三棱镜后6例内斜视手术欠矫患儿5例斜视度在0～ 5△,3例有同时视、Worth-4点灯有感觉融合;4例斜视伴复视患者戴压贴三棱镜后复视消除,代偿头位消失。结论:配戴压贴三棱镜矫正小度数斜视、消除复视效果好。     

压贴三棱镜的临床应用及疗效探讨

目的探讨压贴三棱镜的临床应用范围及疗效。方法通过在框架镜片上压贴相应度数膜状三棱镜,来矫正和缓解微小度数斜视和斜视矫正术后过矫欠矫、麻痹性斜视引起的复视,先天性眼球震颤的代偿头位、成人视疲劳等。选取2005年～2006年我院斜弱视门诊中由于各种原因配戴压贴三棱镜的15例患者,观察其应用及疗效。结果病例15例,其中共同性斜视8例,斜视术后欠矫2例(包括合并眼球震颤1例),麻痹性斜视5例(其中外伤所致3例,Grave’s眼病导致斜视1例。)其中满意12例,明显改善2例,1例由于复视不能消除,改为手术治疗。结论压贴三棱镜是一种能有效改善复视、视疲劳症状,在斜视未行矫正术前或过矫欠矫后重建视功能的非手术疗法。     

压贴三棱镜辅助治疗部分调节性内斜视儿童的临床观察

目的探讨压贴三棱镜在儿童部分调节性内斜视治疗中的应用及效果。方法对53例3～13岁部分调节性内斜视患儿,在全部屈光矫正的基础上,依据同视机及三棱镜检查结果,配戴压贴三棱镜矫正残余斜视度,观察3～6月后,在配戴压贴三棱镜状态下,斜视度矫正及双眼视功能改善情况。结果配戴压贴三棱镜后,患儿残余斜视度矫正,双眼视功能改善,改善率在年龄≤6岁组（81.58%）高于〉6岁组（46.67%）（χ2=6.46,P〈0.05）。结论压贴三棱镜在临床部分调节性内斜视的治疗中,可以矫正残留斜视度,帮助重建双眼视功能,且年龄越小,效果越好。     

非对称性手术矫正共同性斜视的临床分析

目的:观察非对称性手术矫正共同性斜视的疗效。方法:选择138例共同性斜视患者,其中包括共同性外斜视88例,共同性内斜视50例,合并垂直斜视度<7△的20例,合并轻度眼球隐性震颤的4例。其中外斜视平均斜视度30△～65△,内斜视平均斜视度30△～70△。所有患者均经过屈光矫正,弱视治疗视力提高至0.8以上,或双眼视力平衡0.6以上,同视机检查视功能,内斜患者戴镜矫正6mo以上。三棱镜检查33cm和5m斜视度差值≤15△的基本型斜视患者,斜视度在30△～70△的行单眼水平肌肉后徙加缩短的非对称性手术。术后1wk年龄在6～14岁的做10d同视机功能训练。结果:术后1mo复查:矫正正位126例,欠矫8例,过矫2例,垂直斜视度变化不大,复视2例。术后3mo复查:矫正正位128例,欠矫8例,过矫1例,复视1例。同视机检查三级功能:术后做过功能训练的Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ级视功能建立,Ⅰ级视功能建立35例,Ⅱ级视功能建立58例,Ⅲ级视功能建立45例。结论:非对称性手术矫正共同性斜视效果满意,儿童术后行功能训练有助于早日恢复视功能。     

急性共同性内斜视III型的临床特点及三棱镜矫正效果观察

目的：分析三棱镜矫正的急性共同性内斜视（AACE）III型患者的临床特点及三棱镜矫正后三级视功能变化、稳定性及满意度。方法：自身对照研究。AACE III型所引起复视并进行棱镜矫正患者27例,初次戴棱镜时分别予以马氏杆、同视机、Von Graefe棱镜分离行斜视度检查;同时行同视机融合范围测量;给患者试戴棱镜,以复视消除、无不适的处方量作为棱镜最终处方量。随访时间2个月～2 （0.7±0.5）年,再次测量患者各指标。分析戴棱镜前后各数值的变化量,并进行满意度调查。采用配对t检验对数据进行分析。结果：Von Graefe棱镜分离法看远、看近斜视度分别为16.9△±7.0△、 15.1△±7.5△;马氏杆测量看远、看近斜视度分别为22.6△±8.5△,16.3△±9.0△;同视机看远斜视度 为18.0△±8.2△;同视机测量融合范围25.4°±8.8°;处方量6.4△±3.0△。看远棱镜分离斜视度、看近棱镜分离斜视度在配戴三棱镜前后差异无统计学意义（t=0.266,P=0.792;t=0.731,P=0.471）;看远马氏杆斜视度、看近马氏杆斜视度配戴三棱镜前后差异无统计学意义（t=-0.040,P=0.969;t=-0.587,P=0.562）;看远同视机斜视度配戴三棱镜前后差异无统计学意义（t=-0.523,P=0.606）;融合范围配戴三棱镜前后差异无统计学意义（t=-1.210,P=0.237）;棱镜处方量配戴三棱镜前后差异无统计学意义（t=0.000,P=1.000）。患者戴三棱镜前后均存在立体视,无明显变化。戴镜后患者复视消失,对配戴棱镜效果主观评价满意占11%,非常满意占89%。结论：AACE III型具有发病年龄范围广、斜视度范围较大、伴有同侧复视、看远斜视度大于看近斜视度、融合功能和潜在的立体视功能的临床特点。三棱镜矫正是能消除复视,使患者有较好的满意度,不会对斜视程度、融合范围、立体视产生影响。     

应用Fresnel压贴三棱镜治疗儿童眼性斜颈

目的探讨压贴三棱镜治疗儿童眼性斜颈的临床应用特点和疗效。设计回顾性病例系列。研究对象眼性斜颈患儿64例。方法患儿配戴Fresnel压贴三棱镜,观察配镜后的代偿头位及斜视度改变情况,比较戴镜前后双眼视功能的变化,随访6～12个月。主要指标代偿头位改善率,双眼同时知觉、融合功能、立体视觉。结果配镜后代偿头位改善率90．6％（58例）。所有能配合检查者55例（100．0％）戴镜后有双眼同时知觉、52例（94．5％）有融合功能、50例（90．9％）有立体视,与戴镜前相比有非常显著性差异（P均〈0．001）。结论采用压贴三棱镜矫正某些儿童眼性斜颈效果满意,有利于保护和改善儿童双眼视觉功能。     

压贴三棱镜在儿童共同性内斜视的应用

目的 探讨压贴三棱镜在儿童共同性内斜视中的应用效果.方法 对40例共同性内斜儿童进行了Fresnel压贴三棱镜验配,其中屈光性调节性内斜视16例,部分调节性内斜视11例,连性内斜视5例,微小角度性内斜视8例;根据有无弱视决定压贴眼别,根据斜视度数决定压贴度数带镜后每2个月复查一次;共观察3～6个月;结果 压贴三棱镜后3～6个月,视力增加18例,不变例,降低10例;斜视增加10例,不变15例,降低15例;双眼视功能恢复者32例(同视机);手术功率86.6％;结论 对儿童共同性内斜视病例配戴压贴三棱镜有利于视力及双眼视功能改善,并提高术成功率.     

Harada—Ito手术治疗上斜肌麻痹的疗效观察

目的观察Harada—Ito手术治疗上斜肌麻痹的效果。方法对10例(先天性9例,外伤性1例)头位倾斜严重(向麻痹眼对侧肩倾斜≥20°)的上斜肌麻痹患者施行Harada—Ito手术。双马氏杆检查原在位≥10°外旋斜视5例;不能很好配合主观检查,用三棱镜中和垂直斜视后代偿头位无明显改善者5例,术中以移位后的前部上斜肌纤维有一定张力为准。结果代偿头位消失6例,改善4例,外伤性1例视物倾斜及复视消失。结论Hara-da—Ito手术治疗先天性上斜肌麻痹表现的外旋斜视和严重代偿头位效果确切良好,不能配合主观旋转斜视检查、三棱镜中和垂直斜视后代偿头位无改善者可以手术。     

压贴三棱镜在共同性内斜视的应用

目的探讨压贴三棱镜应用于共同性内斜视的效果。方法对41例共同性内斜视病例,其中屈光性调节性内斜视24例、部分性调节性内斜视6例、继发性内斜视11例,一眼前置底向外的压贴三棱镜4～24月。结果压贴三棱镜前,同视机无同时视17人、Ⅰ级功能5人、Ⅱ级11人、Ⅲ级8人;Titmus〉800″36人（87.8%）。压贴三棱镜4个月,同视机无同时视1人、Ⅰ级功能7人、Ⅱ级17人、Ⅲ级16人,差异有高度显著性,P〈0.001;Titmus〉800″18人（43.9%）,差异有显著性,P〈0.01。结论对暂时不能手术的共同性内斜视病例佩戴压贴三棱镜有利于双眼单视功能。     

Arnold-Chiari畸形合并急性共同性内斜视一例

患者女性,17岁,因双眼复视3年于2005年6月28日就诊。3年前配戴近视眼镜后出现复视,看近明显,摘镜复视消失,伴有间歇性头痛。神经科和神经眼科检查未见阳性体征。眼部检查:右、左眼视力均0.1,矫正视力:右眼-5.75DS 0.50DC×90°=1.0,左眼-5.25DS 1.25DC×90°=1.0。双眼眼压正常,前、后节检查无异常。眼位:角膜映光法:裸视时视近眼位正(图1),戴镜内斜 15°(图2)。三棱镜遮盖法:视近 8△,视远 14△,戴镜矫正视近 30△,视远 20△。双眼球各方向运动良好。同视机检查:不戴镜,Ⅰ= 10°,Ⅱ=-6°～ 8°,Ⅲ=立体视功能无。戴镜:Ⅰ= 18°,Ⅱ=-8°…     

麻痹性斜视引起复视的棱镜矫正效果分析

目的对麻痹性斜视引起的复视进行棱镜光学矫正,探讨棱镜矫治复视的适应证和治疗效果。方法回顾分析近2年我院对24例麻痹性斜视所引起复视病例进行棱镜矫正处理的过程及治疗效果。结果24例患者中21例能接受棱镜矫正,在配戴棱镜后恢复稳定双眼视觉功能,消除复视的症状;17例患者配戴棱镜一年后出现“棱镜适应”反应。结论科学运用棱镜矫正部分麻痹性斜视引起的复视是一种有效的方法,但同时要注意“棱镜适应”现象的影响。     

Effect of full tendon transposition augmented with posterior intermuscular suture for paralytic strabismus

PURPOSE: To evaluate the results of the full rectus muscle transposition augmented with a posterior intermuscular suture for paralytic strabismus. DESIGN: Single-center, retrospective, interventional case series. METHODS: This study retrospectively reviewed the medical records from November 1994 to September 2004 of 16 patients who underwent the full tendon transposition that was augmented with posterior intermuscular suture for paralytic strabismus. This series evaluated the results of a single transposition surgery; five patients had previous nontransposition strabismus surgery. The following data were analyzed before and after the operation: (1) the angle of deviation in the primary position, (2) the presence of diplopia in the primary position, (3) the binocular single visual fields, (4) the presence of an abnormal head posture, (5) the motility of the affected eye, and (6) the procedure that was performed. RESULTS: The preoperative angle of deviation in the primary position was 59 +/- 22 prism diopter (prism diopter; range, 30 to 115 prism diopter) compared with 17 +/- 12 prism diopter (range, -10 to 40 prism diopter) after the operation. The preoperative binocular single visual fields improved from 0 degrees to 60 +/- 25 degrees (range, 0 to 90 degrees) after the operation. Diplopia in the primary position was resolved in 11 patients (69%) after the operation. There were no complications such as scleral perforation, unwanted vertical deviations, or anterior segment ischemia in any of the cases during the procedure and postoperative follow-up. CONCLUSION: Full tendon transposition that is augmented with a posterior intermuscular suture is an effective procedure that results in improved ocular alignment in patients with paralytic strabismus and has a favorable complication profile.     

Injection of type A botulinum toxin into extraocular muscles for correction of strabismus

Between July 1984 and March 1985, 51 injections of type A botulinum toxin were given to 39 patients aged 11 to 81 years with various types of strabismus, including paralytic strabismus, sensory exotropia, consecutive and residual postsurgical deviations and partially accommodative esotropia. All deviations were documented by orthoptic assessment and photography. After treatment the patients were followed for up to 3 years. The beneficial effects of a single injection were modest, and a second injection was often necessary to achieve satisfactory ocular alignment. Thirteen of the 26 patients (50%) with nonparalytic strabismus and 10 of the 13 patients (77%) with paralytic strabismus had a good outcome (final deviation 12 prism dioptres or less). Adverse side effects included transient ptosis and diplopia and inadvertent vertical deviation. Twenty-one consecutive cases of nonparalytic horizontal strabismus treated with adjustable sutures were also reviewed. The results in these patients were more predictable and longer lasting than those in the patients who received botulinum toxin.     

Binocular Visual Rehabilitation in Paralytic Strabismus by Botulinum A Toxin Chemodenervation

PurposeTo investigate the effect of botulinum A toxin (BTXA) chemodenervation in paralytic strabismus patients without surgical correction.MethodsA retrospective chart review of 51 patients who were diagnosed as paralytic strabismus and underwent BTXA chemodenervation was performed. The patients were divided into four groups according to the cause of paralytic strabismus of vasculopathy, neoplasm, trauma, and idiopathic. They were also divided into two groups of early and late treatment according to the initiation time of BTXA chemodenervation after the onset of strabismus (3 months), and of the initial strabismus type of exotropia and esotropia. We investigated the changes of angle of deviation and diplopia after BTXA chemodenervation.ResultsThe average deviation of angles decreased by 25.2 prism diopter (PD) (35.1 to 9.9 PD) in total patients, and the overall success rate was 64.7% (33 by 51), and the there was no statistically significant difference in success rate between each group divided by the cause of paralytic strabismus. According to the treatment timing, the deviation of the angle decreased by 28.0 PD (36.8 to 8.8 PD) in the early treatment group, and 21.3 PD (33.5 to 12.2 PD) in late treatment group at the time of the last postinjective follow-up. According to the initial strabismus type, the average angle of deviation decreased by 20.3 PD (35.6 to 15.3 PD) in exotropia group by cranial nerve 3 palsy, and 24.4 PD (32.5 to 8.1 PD) in esotropia by cranial nerve 6 palsy.ConclusionsBTXA chemodenervation reduced the angle of deviation and the number of patients with diplopia regardless of the cause of paralytic strabismus. Early BTXA chemodenervation can be considered as the first treatment of choice in paralytic strabismus, especially in esotropia patients.     

眶壁骨折修复术后斜视和复视的手术治疗

目的 观察眶壁修复术后斜视和复视眼外肌手术矫正效果.方法 对14例眼眶爆裂性骨折修复手术6月后仍有斜视和复视的患者,采取二期眼外肌手术治疗.结果 4例为限制性斜视,二期手术探查,松解肌肉、解除限制因素,后徙受累肌或/和缩短拮抗肌后,前方及前下方视野内复视消除;10例为非限制性眼肌功能不足所致斜视,二期手术缩短受累肌/和后徙拮抗肌后,9例复视明显好转,前方及前下方视野内垂直及水平斜视度分别小于10△和15△.1例仍有眼位偏斜,需佩戴三棱镜矫正复视.结论 正确分析爆裂性眼眶骨折修复术后斜视和复视的原因,采取相应的术式,可获得较好的治疗效果.     

Clinical observations of iridociliary cysts and their changes after implantable collamer lens implantation in myopic patients

AIM: To analyze the clinical efficacy of the partial rectus muscle transportation (PRT) procedure for paralytic strabismus due to single rectus muscle palsy. METHODS: In total, 28 patients (31 eyes) who underwent the PRT procedure for paralytic strabismus due to single rectus muscle palsy were retrospectively examined. The following data were collected pre- and postoperatively: angle of deviation in the primary position, presence of diplopia in the primary position, presence of compensatory head posture, and motility of the affected eye. The follow-up period was 6mo. RESULTS: Based on the preoperative and intraoperative findings, different operations were performed: 2 eyes were treated with PRT, 26 eyes were treated with PRT combined with the recession of the antagonist muscle (Am) of the paralytic rectus muscle, and 3 eyes were treated with PRT along with the recession of the Am and the yoke muscle (Ym). On the first day after the operation, 24 patients were found to be orthophoric in the primary position, without diplopia or abnormal head posture. Moreover, 2 patients with monocular lateral rectus muscle palsy had mild overcorrection to 5 prism diopters (PD) and 8 PD, respectively, whereas 2 patients with binocular lateral rectus muscle palsy had mild undercorrection to 8 PD and 10 PD, respectively. During the 6-month follow-up period, the mean deviation was rectified from 96.79±41.21 PD to 0.64±2.38 PD (t=12.48, P<0.001), whereas the deviations in the 2 patients with mild overcorrection were corrected to orthotropia. The mean preoperative limitation of motility improved from -4.55±0.51 to -2.65±0.61 (t=-15.13, P<0.001) after 6mo postoperatively. CONCLUSION: PRT is an effective treatment for complete paralytic strabismus due to single rectus muscle palsy, and can achieve stable clinical efficacy.     

Clinical efficacy of the partial rectus muscle transportation procedure for paralytic strabismus

AIM: To study the effect of mechanical stress on the cytoskeleton in lens epithelial cells following conventional phacoemulsification surgery (CPS) and femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery (FLACS).METHODS: The cytoskeleton of the epithelial cells of the anterior lens capsules (ALC) removed by CPS and FLACS was examined by immunohistochemistry. Expression of the intermediate filament, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and glutamine synthetase (GS) immunoreactivity were detected. In order to map the actin network of cells, fluorescently labeled phalloidin was used. The samples were examined using confocal laser scanning microscopy. RESULTS: GFAP expression was visible in a larger number of the epithelial cells after CPS compared to FLACS. In CPS sample’s epithelial cells, GFAP immunoreactivity indicated robust morphological change. Regarding the actin filaments, the presence of tubular elements connecting epithelial cells, regular actin pattern and marked cortical network after CPS were found. Following FLACS, the actin cytoskeleton of the epithelial cells remained densely structured, and the tubular elements after CPS were undetectable, however, the above-mentioned regular actin pattern and the marked cortical network were visible. CONCLUSION: The conventional removal of the ALC induces more robust changes of the cytoskeleton of the lens epithelial cells.     

上直肌转位联合内直肌后徙术治疗外展神经麻痹性内斜视的临床疗效

目的　探讨上直肌转位（SRT）联合内直肌后徙术（MRC）治疗外展神经麻痹性内斜视的临床疗效。方法　回顾性系列病例研究。收集2017年9月至2020年3月郑州大学第一附属医院斜视与小儿眼科专业组收治的应用SRT联合MRC治疗的38例（50眼）外展神经麻痹性内斜视患者的临床资料。采用三棱镜角膜映光法测量所有患者第一眼位斜视度,第一眼位时应用角膜映光法评估眼球外转受限程度;Titmus立体图评估近立体视,同视机随机点图片评估远立体视。随访时间为6~14个月。采用配对样本t检验比较手术前后第一眼位的斜视度和外转受限程度,配对卡方检验比较手术前后立体视变化情况。结果　38例（50眼）患者的第一眼位斜视度由术前的(75.53±13.17)PD降至术后6个月的(5.93±2.46)PD（t=12.49,P=0.00）,外转受限程度由术前的-4.50±0.68改善至术后6个月的-1.87±0.55（t=-13.00,P=0.00）。术后20例患者近立体视恢复,17例患者远立体视恢复。2例患者术后仍残余小角度内斜视,配戴压贴三棱镜后复视消除。所有患者术后均未发生垂直斜视和旋转斜视。结论　SRT联合MRC可有效矫正外展神经麻痹性内斜视,减少手术累及眼外肌的数目,且术后未发生明显垂直斜视和旋转斜视。     

Strabismus after regional anesthesia for cataract surgery

BACKGROUND: An adult strabismus clinic in a regional eye centre provided an opportunity to estimate the risk of postoperative diplopia from regional anesthesia after cataract surgery and to describe the management of these patients. METHODS: Retrospective cohort analysis. All cases were referred over a 22-month period (November 1997 to September 1999) for investigation of postoperative diplopia after cataract surgery. The surgical and anesthetic records were reviewed to determine the number and location of injections, and the volume and type of regional anesthesia. The evolution and management of patients' diplopia was studied prospectively. RESULTS: Twenty-one patients (12 women and 9 men aged 63 to 88 [median 76] years) were ascertained with postoperative diplopia. In 11 cases the right eye was affected, and in 10 cases, the left eye. Vertical diplopia occurred most commonly from inferior rectus restriction (16 cases). Three cases resolved without treatment, which indicated that the diplopia was transient. Four patients declined treatment, five required prism in eyeglasses only, and nine required strabismus surgery. One patient required surgery and prism in eyeglasses. Two patients required more than one strabismus operation to relieve the diplopia. For the period of data collection, we estimate the risk of nontransient postoperative diplopia from regional anesthesia as 2.6 cases per 1000 cataract procedures (95% confidence interval 1.9-4.7). INTERPRETATION: Patients should be forewarned of the risk of diplopia after cataract surgery with regional anesthesia. The treatment of the diplopia may require prism in eyeglasses or strabismus surgery or both.