正常青年体表温度分布的红外热像分析

利用TTM红外热成像系统对208例正常青年男女进行体表温度测量.根据人体解剖学分区,获得人体体表21个部位的温度分布特征,并分析了人体左右两侧温度的对称性.结果表明正常青年体表的温度对称性很好,两侧温差不超过0.2 ℃.本研究初步建立了青年男女体表温度参考值范围的数据库,其结果可为红外热成像技术用于疾病诊断和健康评估提供一种参考标准.     

脑性瘫痪儿童红外热成像特点观察研究

目的　探讨脑瘫儿童热像特点，为临床应用热像观察脑瘫患儿提供参考。 方法　选取广州市社会儿童福利院中符合入选标准的脑瘫儿童（n=42）和正常儿童（n=42）分别作为观察组和对照组，使用TMI-BX1便携式红外线热影像测温系统采集儿童全身热像，通过计算机抓取额头、前胸、上腹、下腹、脊椎T4、脊椎T12、脊椎L4、左手心、右手心、左足背、右足背共11个点的平均温度值，并统计分析。 结果　两组的左右侧肢端温度差异无统计学意义（P>0.05），两组的头面及躯干温度均高于四肢肢端温度（P<0.01）；最高温度与最低温度的极差，观察组大于对照组（P<0.05）；两组的头面温度分别低于其腹部温度，两者差异均有显著意义（P<0.01）；观察组腹部温度高于背部温度，对照组反之，两组间比较差异有显著意义（P<0.01）。 结论　脑瘫儿童腹部温度高于背部温度，正常儿童均反之，此热像特点可为临床研究提供参考。     

医用热像图的理论基础和临床应用

简要介绍了有关医用红外热像图的基础理论和在临床应用概况。按物理学的观点认为 ,人体是一种自然的红外辐射源 ,测量人体体温是临床诊断的一种重要指标。根据普朗克定律得知 ,量子能量为E =hf,又根据维恩定律计算 ,人体红外线辐射波长在 5～ 5 0微米之间 ,最大波长为λmax=9微米 ,反射率为 1。本文也概要的介绍了当今医用红外热图在临床应用的进展。劳森博士首先发现了乳腺癌病变表面皮肤温度明显高于正常乳房皮肤温度。从那时起 ,医用红外热像图技术在临床应用上有了快速发展 ,在世界范围内成立了一些专业组织并出版了有关医用红外热像图杂志。本文也概要的介绍了当今医用红外热像图在临床应用的进展。     

基于红外热像LBP的面瘫客观评估方法

面瘫是一种多发的面神经疾病,表现为面部一侧横纹肌运动失调。目前,尚缺乏一种客观量化的诊断和评估方法。正常人体面部的温度分布双侧对称,面瘫通常会使这种温度分布的对称性发生改变。因此,本文提出利用面部温度分布的不对称度来客观评估面瘫的严重度,利用面部红外热像图健患双侧的局部二值模式(LBP)的直方图距离来表示面部温度分布的不对称度。对面瘫患者和健康人群作对照试验,结果表明:此方法的敏感性和特异性平均为0.86和0.89,不对称度与面瘫的严重度评分正相关,平均为0.657。因此,红外热像的双侧LBP直方图距离是一项有效的用于面瘫的诊断和评估的临床指标。     

跟骨的测量与观察及其临床意义

目的:研究跟骨的解剖学特点,,为跟骨骨折治疗提供参考.方法:观察102副成人正常跟骨的形态特征和骨小梁分布情况,测量跟骨的各项指标.结果:跟骨最大长、跟骨体中部高、跟骨中部宽、跟骨体中部周长、跟骨前部高、跟骨前部宽、跟骨体中部后距、载距突长、载距突宽、载距突最厚处高的测量值男性大于女性,同性别间左右两侧比较无明显差异,男女间同侧比较有显著性差异; 长屈肌沟宽的测量值同性别间左右两侧及男女间同侧比较无明显差异.Bohler角的测量值同性别间左右两侧比较无明显差异,男女间同侧比较有显著性差异;Gissane角的测量值同性别间左右两侧及男女间同侧比较无明显差异.结论:本次测量结果可为恢复跟骨骨折的形态提供参考依据.     

评估人体糖代谢功能的红外热像分析法

目的 :利用红外热像的分析方法 ,对人体糖代谢功能进行评估。方法 :根据生物传热原理 ,建立人体代谢功能的传热模型 ,当使用温度负荷的方法将人体内代谢系统的功能活动诱发到体表后 ,计算摄取的红外热像图所反映出的人体代谢功能参数 ,对糖尿病患者体内的代谢功能状态进行评估。结果 :对 2 2 0 0例糖尿病患者和 2 36名健康人群进行分析 ,结果发现可以将 0 0 6 6作为健康人和糖尿病患者的警报值 (正常人的综合代谢参数 >0 0 6 6 )。另外 ,发现不同程度的糖尿病患者的代谢参数之间存在差别 ,病情越严重代谢功能越差 ,代谢功能参数值越低 ;反之病情越轻代谢功能越趋于正常 ,患者的代谢功能参数值越高。结论 :经过临床试验论证 ,表明本方法具有实用性和有效性 ,在糖尿病的早期诊断和临床治疗中都具有重要意义     

激光针灸内关穴的单盲对照实验及图像处理

目的 通过对心包经原穴内关穴进行激光针灸实验,探讨人体心包经循行路线的规律.方法 应用单盲随机对照实验研究,根据随机数字表法将志愿者分为实验组(n=40)和对照组(n=40).实验组用激光针灸心包经原穴内关穴,对照组未施加激光静躺同样的时间.用热像显示法观察并记录相应经脉体表温度的变化,分析心包经经脉上相应穴位的温度和穴位旁开位温度.结合Matlab图像分析软件,对激光针灸前后的手臂体表热像图进行图像配准并相减得到温差效应图.最后对比和分析实验组和对照组激光针灸人体手臂的温度变化.结果 实验组在刺激内关穴后,经线上穴位点升温0.811～1.492℃,经线上穴位旁开点升温0.349～0.539℃,而对照组循经线未有明显升温现象.结论 激光针灸刺激内关穴会引起正常人手厥阴心包经体表沿循行线温度升高.     

糖尿病患者红外热象舌图及温度负荷变化的研究

观察糖尿病患者不同舌质情况下红外热象舌图的温度分布特征及施以温度负荷后的变化,为糖尿病的诊断和辨证施治提供一定的客观依据.被测试者分为正常组和糖尿病组,后者按舌象的不同又分为淡红舌组、舌红少津组、紫暗舌组、舌红苔黄腻组.每组于负荷前、施加冷负荷及热负荷后,各采集一系列舌图存盘.结果显示,糖尿病组红外舌图温度普遍低于正常组,且对冷、热负荷的敏感度明显降低(P＜0.05～0.001).舌红少津组各点温度均高于正常组(P＜0.05～0.001),冷负荷后舌温变化大于正常组(P＜0.05).紫暗舌组舌温多低于正常组,舌尖点(T)、舌前左侧点(TL)、舌前右侧点(TR)P＜0.05,冷负荷后舌温变化值T、TL、TR大于正常组(P＜0.05).淡红舌组与舌红苔黄腻组舌温变化不明显.本研究可在静态和动态下,观测不同舌象糖尿病患者的红外舌图变化,并可进行计算机图象分析;该方法科学、直观、无创伤,可追踪观察;糖尿病不同舌象组的舌温各有其特点,可为糖尿病的诊断和疗效观察提供一定的客观依据.     

正常人体颜面温度分布及红外面像分析

颜面是人体最重要的部位之一,了解它的温度分布状态对于面部生理和病理状态的研究、对于了解全身的机能状态,都具有一定的意义;红外热像技术具有简便、直观和无创的特点,     

精细乳腺有限元模型温度场的仿真与临床验证

为了研究乳腺肿瘤对体表温度分布的影响,本研究基于乳腺解剖学结构和生理学特征,建立了适合乳腺温度场分析的精细乳腺三维有限元模型。与传统乳腺模型相比,该模型更接近乳房生理结构,因此能更加准确的仿真出正常和嵌合肿瘤的乳腺温度场分布。本研究分别对传统均匀结构乳腺模型、正常精细结构乳腺模型和嵌合肿瘤精细乳腺模型进行了温度场分析,并与临床医学病例中的乳腺肿瘤热像图对比,发现结果吻合得很好。研究结果为乳腺癌的热成像检测提供了重要的参考依据。     

Asymmetry of the internal connections of the striate cortex of the cat in the projection zone of the center of the field of vision

Studies were carried out on the organization of the internal connections of the striate cortex in cats in the projection zone of the center (0–5°) of the field of vision by microintophoretic application of horseradish peroxidase to electrophysiologically identified orientational columns. The area containing neurons showing retrograde labeling in most cases extended in the mediolateral direction. Labeled cells were located in the upper (II, III) and lower (V, VI) layers of the cortex, and the shapes and orientations of the areas containing labeled neurons in these layers coincided. Spatial asymmetry was detected in the distribution of labeled neurons relative to the orientational column studied. Labeled cells were located predominantly medial to the columns, regardless of the distance from the projection of the area centralis. Considering the visuotopical map of field 17, the asymmetry detected here provides evidence that neurons in orientational columns have more extensive connections with neurons of the peripheral part of the cortex. An asymmetrical distribution of “silent” zones around the receptive fields of neurons in orientational columns is suggested, and that these appear to receive influences from the periphery of the visual field. Laboratory of Visual Physiology and Laboratory of Central Nervous System Morphology, I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Makarov Bank, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia. Translated from Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 82, No. 12, pp. 23–29, December, 1996.     

Effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on the behavior of the rat.

The effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on behavior of the rat has been studied. Results may be summarized as follows. An increase in the exploratory behavior in the open field which decreases rapidly; a decrease in the number of defecations in this test and a decrease in time leaving a dark environment for exploration. In the shuttle box test, no facilitation of the acquisition, but a permanent and quite significant increase in the intertrial activity has been found. We conclude that the lesions tend to decrease the emotivity of the subjects. An interpretation on the basis of the species -- specific defensive reactions explains the transitory and permanent effects of the lesions on the spontaneous activity.     

Counterpointing the functional role of the forebrain and of the brainstem in the control of the sleep-waking system

This paper reviews the lifetime contributions of the author to the field of sleep-wakefulness (S-W), reinterprets results of the early studies, and suggests new conclusions and perspectives. Long-term cats with mesencephalic transection show behavioral/polygraphic rapid eye movement sleep (REMS), including the typical oculo-pupillary behavior, even when the section is performed in kittens prior to S-W maturation. REMS can be induced as a reflex. Typical non-rapid eye movement S (NREMS) is absent and full W/arousal is present only after a precollicular section. The isolated forebrain (IF) rostral to the transection exhibits all features of W/arousal and NREMS [with electroencephalographic (EEG) spindles and delta waves], arousal to olfactory stimuli, and including the appropriate oculo-pupillary behaviors. These features also mature normally after neonatal transection. REMS is absent from the IF. After deprivation there is NREMS pressure and rebound in the IF, but the decerebrate cat only shows pressure for REMS. Most IF reactions to pharmacologic agents are within expectations, except for the tolerance/withdrawal effects of long-term morphine use which are absent. In contrast, these effects are supported by the brainstem (i.e. seen in the decerebrate cat). In cats with ablation of the telencephalon, or diencephalic cats, delta waves are absent in the thalamus. EEG thalamic spindle waves are seen triggering S for only 4-5 days after ablation. Therefore, true NREMS is absent in chronic diencephalic cats although pre- and postsomniac behaviors persist. These animals are hyperactive and show a pronounced, permanent insomnia; however, a low dose of barbiturate triggers a dramatic REMS/atypical NREMS rebound. Cats without the thalamus (athalamic cats), initially show a dissociation between behavioral hyperactivity/insomnia and the neocortical EEG, which for 15-20 days exhibits only delta and slower oscillations. Fast, low-voltage W rhythms appear later on, first during REMS, but spindle waves and S postures are absent from the start, such that these cats also display only atypical NREMS. Athalamic cats also show barbiturate-sensitive insomnia. Cats with ablation of the frontal cortices or the caudate nuclei remain permanently hyperactive. They also show a mild, but significant hyposomnia, which is permanent in afrontal cats, but lasts for about a month in acaudates. The polygraphic/behavioral features of their S-W states remain normal. We conclude and propose that: (a) the control of the S-W system is highly complex and distributed, but is organized hierarchically in a well-defined rostro-caudal manner; the rostral-most or highest level (telencephalon), is the most functionally complex/adaptative and regulates the lower levels; the diencephalic/basal forebrain, or middle level, has a pivotal role in inducing switching between S and W and in coordinating the lowest (brainstem) and highest levels; (b) W can occur independently in both the forebrain and brainstem, but true NREMS- and REMS-generating mechanisms exist exclusively in the forebrain and brainstem, respectively; (c) forebrain and brainstem S-W processes can operate independently from each other and are preprogrammed at birth; this helps understanding normal and abnormal polygraphic/behavioral dissociations in humans and normal dissociations/splitting in aquatic mammals; (d) NREMS homeostasis is present in the IF, but only REMS pressure after deprivation persists in the decerebrate cat; (e) the thalamus engages in both NREMS and W; (f) insomnia in diencephalic cats is the result of an imbalance between antagonistic W- and S-promoting cellular groups in the ventral brain (normally modulated by the telencephalon); (g) the EEG waves, which are signature for each S-W state, appear to truly drive the concomitant behaviors, e.g. a hypothetical human IF could alternate between behavioral NREMS and W/arousal/awareness; (h) a role for REMS is to keep the individual sleeping at the end of the self-limiting NREMS periods. The need for accelerating research on telencephaling NREMS periods. The need for accelerating research on telencephalic S-W processes and downstream control of the lower S-W system levels is emphasized.     

The development of the ligament of the head of the femur

The hip joints of 30 human male and female fetuses and stillborns between 20 mm and 350 mm crown-rump length were studied by light microscopy. The ligament of the head of the femur developed in situ as a condensation of mesenchyme at the end of the second month of intra-uterine life (IUL), and was vascularized by branches of acetabular vessels early in the fourth month. In the majority of fetuses older than 5.5 months IUL, vessels in the ligament passed a short way into the femoral head within cartilage canals, to supply a small region around the fovea capitis. The remainder of the head was supplied by vessels in canals from around the upper part of the neck. The ligament changed from predominantly cellular to fibrous during the last 4 months of IUL. This increase in strength suggested significant mechanical functions in utero: limitation of adduction-flexion and opposition to postero-superior dislocation were the most likely.     

Topical organization of the projections of neurons of the substantia nigra and the ventral field of the tegmentum of the midbrain to the head of the caudate nucleus of the cat

Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology -     

Involvement of the striatum in the central regulation of the hormonal functions of the gonads

Studies reported here show that intrastriatal administration of corticoliberin to rats decreases the blood testosterone level. However, in conditions of chemical deficiency of dopaminergic transmission in the dorsal striatum induced by injection of 6-hydroxydopamine, the effect of this neurohormone did not appear. It is concluded that extrahypothalamic corticoliberin is involved in regulating the hormonal reproductive system acting via dopaminergic mechanisms. Translated from Rossiiskii Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 85, No. 4, pp. 594–597, April, 1999.     

Ultrastructure of the endothelium of the drainage system of the eye

The endothelium of the ocular drainage system (Schlemm’s canal, collector tubules, and aqueous veins) in primary juvenile glaucoma undergoes degenerative dystrophic changes with compensatory hypertrophy and proliferation at the initial stages of the glaucomatous process and atrophy and desquamation at advanced and terminal stages. Progressive decrease in the pinocytous function of endotheliocytes, reduction of the protein-synthesizing and mitochondrial compartments of the cytoplasm, and formation of autophagosomes reflect the process of endotheliocyte degeneration in general. __________ Translated from Byulleten’ Eksperimental’noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 145, No. 5, pp. 574–577, May, 2008