Cytochemical and microbiological testing of CSF and catheter in patients with closed continuous drainage via a lumbar subarachnoid catheter for treatment or prevention of CSF fistula

A study was perfomed to evaluate the efficacy of closed continuous drainage (CCD) via a lumbar subarachnoid catheter for prevention or treatment of CSF fistulas. In addition to the analysis of the physical, chemical and biological properties of the CSF obtained, the catheters themselves were tested on removal to identify any microorganisms contaminating them. Other factors taken into consideration were the symptoms reported by the patients during positioning of the catheter and while it was in place, any variations in body temperature and local inflammatory effects on the nerve roots of the cauda equine and surrounding tissues. The low percentage of systemic and local infections observed testifies to the safety of this method, regardless of the duration of treatment.     

腰大池置管持续引流治疗脊柱术后脑脊液漏的疗效分析

目的:探讨腰大池置管持续引流治疗脊柱术后脑脊液漏的疗效。方法:2003年3月~2010年7月在我科行脊柱手术的患者共982例,术后出现脑脊液漏45例,其中26例行腰大池置管持续引流。23例为单纯脑脊液漏,采用腰大池置管持续引流;2例脑脊液漏合并颅内感染,行腰大池置管持续引流加鞘内注射抗生素;1例脑脊液漏合并颅内感染及伤口深部感染,行腰大池置管持续引流加鞘内注射抗生素,同时行伤口深部病灶清除冲洗引流。结果:26例患者均痊愈出院,腰大池置管时间平均为7.2d。无一例出现脑脊液漏复发、颅内感染和伤口感染等并发症。23例单纯脑脊液漏患者中,22例在行腰大池引流2d后脑脊液漏停止,1例在引流5d后脑脊液漏停止,腰大池置管时间平均为6.7d;2例脑脊液漏合并颅内感染患者,均在引流2d后脑脊液漏停止,腰大池置管时间均为9d;1例脑脊液漏合并颅内感染及伤口深部感染患者,经腰大池置管持续引流、鞘内注射抗生素及伤口深部病灶清除冲洗引流综合治疗14d后痊愈。结论:腰大池置管持续引流治疗脊柱术后脑脊液漏安全、有效。     

Continuous cerebrospinal fluid drainage using a lumbar subarachnoid catheter for cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea after functional endoscopic sinus surgery

Anesthesiologists are frequently consulted for performing lumbar cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage to facilitate surgery or manage complications. Functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) is a common treatment for chronic sinus diseases. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage is a serious complication following FESS and is typically treated with an endonasal free or rotational mucoperichondrial flap. Continuous drainage of CSF with a lumbar subarachnoid catheter has been used in patients who have undergone neurosurgery but it is seldom used in the treatment of post-FESS CSF rhinorrhea. We present a 71-year-old male patient who suffered from CSF rhinorrhea after FESS, and was treated successfully with continuous lumbar CSF drainage. We are of the opinion that continuous CSF drainage with a lumbar subarachnoid catheter is an effective and safe modality of treatment for post-FESS CSF leakage.     

Efficacy of intraoperative lumbar subarachnoid drainage for prevention of cerebrospinal fluid leak after spinal cord tumor resection

Background

Postoperative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage is a major clinical problem, and prevention of CSF leakage at the surgical site is an important issue. The goal of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of intraoperative lumbar subarachnoid drainage (LSAD) for prevention of CSF leakage after spinal cord tumor resection.

腰大池引流术在难治性脑脊液漏中的运用价值

目的探讨腰大池引流术在脊柱肿瘤硬膜囊缺损合并难治性脑脊液漏患者中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析本院2005年1月~2012年12月收治的84例脊柱肿瘤硬膜缺损合并难治性脑脊液漏的患者,行持续性腰大池引流术,观察患者术后即刻,术后1周,术后3周时体温变化;术前、术后1周,术后3周时白细胞、血沉,C-反应蛋白的变化。术后3 d、1周,3周内脑脊液量变化的情况。结果实施腰大池引流术后,患者体温、白细胞、血沉、C-反应蛋白出现先升高,随着治疗的进行而逐渐下降恢复为正常水平。放置腰大池引流前,患者脑脊液引流量为135~670 m L/d,平均356 m L/d;术后3周时,多数患者引流量已经降至正常。腰大池引流的放置时间13~25 d,平均16.3 d。腰大池引流中发生引流过度4例、引流不畅3例、引流管滑脱1例,经过调整引流速度,冲洗疏通管腔,适时缝闭皮缘达到满意效果。至末次随访时,原伤口中1例出现皮肤发红,1例发生局部血肿,1例伤口愈合不佳,1例伤口渗液,其余患者均取得了较良好的引流效果,并实现顺利拔除原伤口引流管。结论脊柱肿瘤中多数硬膜囊缺损无法完全缝合修补。对伴有难治性脑脊液漏患者采取降低局部脑脊液压力的持续性腰大池引流术,对促进硬膜的修复和预防并发症的发生有显著的效果。     

Complications of closed continuous lumbar drainage of cerebrospinal fluid

Summary.  Sixty three patients who had a lumbar subarachnoid catheter placed for closed continuous cerebrospinal fluid drainage and the complications are presented. The drain was successful in achieving the desired goal in 59 patients (93,6%). The complications are mainly divided into 3 groups; A – complications related to alterations in CSF drainage rate, B – complications due to mechanical failure of the catheter, C – infection. The overall complication rate is found to be 44,4%. Overdrainage, pneumocephalus and meningitis are found to be the most severe complications, but most of these complications are reversible with early recognition. Unfortunately one patient died following meningitis and hepatic failure. Lumbar subarachnoid drainage is a safe method unless the development of any neurological findings should prompt rapid discontinuation of lumbar drainage and immediate radiographic evaluation.     

An effective and less invasive treatment of post-traumatic cerebrospinal fluid fistula: closed lumbar drainage system.

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage may develop when a defect is formed in dural layers by traumatic or iatrogenic processes. Traumatic CSF leakage was encountered in 2% of head injuries. CSF leakage is an associated feature of 12-30% of skull base fractures. Numerous treatment modalities are proposed for the management of CSF leaks. A closed lumbar drainage system (CLDS) is recommended as an alternative method to surgery for preventing complications related to leakage. In the present study, we report the clinical details of 46 patients who suffered from rhinorrhea/otorrhea (R/O), three of whom were urgently operated due to other causes like subdural hematoma and tension pneumocephalus. Leakage spontaneously ceased in 26 (60.4%) patients whereas CLDS insertion was found to be necessary in 17 patients. A prophylactic antibiotic regimen was started in the CLDS group and these patients were followed with daily CSF cell counts. Fifteen patients (88.2%) were successfully treated by CLDS, however meningitis developed in 2 patients (11.7%). Severe complications like meningitis could be avoided by a simple daily microbiological analysis of CSF.     

Closed subarachnoid drainage for management of cerebrospinal fluid leakage after an operation on the spine

A retrospective review was conducted to assess the effectiveness and safety of a temporary subarachnoid shunt to treat patients who have a leak of cerebrospinal fluid after a spinal operation. The shunt is percutaneously inserted in the lumbar spine and is removed after four days. This technique was used in nineteen patients over a ten-year period. Of the seventeen patients who had the shunt in place for the full four days, fourteen had resolution of the drainage of cerebrospinal fluid from the wound. One of two patients whose shunt was removed early also had a successful result. Eleven of the fifteen patients who were successfully treated were available for follow-up, and none had any adverse effects related to the original cerebrospinal-fluid leak or its treatment. The four patients who had a persistent leak were successfully treated with reoperation and direct repair of the dura. Eleven (58 per cent) of the nineteen patients had transient complaints of nausea and vomiting while being treated with subarachnoid drainage. Two of the nineteen patients had evidence of an intradural infection after placement of the catheter; the infection resolved in both patients after removal of the catheter and treatment with appropriate antibiotics. Closed subarachnoid drainage, when properly performed and monitored, is a reasonably effective and safe method for treating dural-cutaneous cerebrospinal-fluid leaks after a spinal operation. It may be considered as a non-operative alternative to the standard procedure of reoperation and direct repair of the dura. A good result is still possible in patients in whom this technique fails and who eventually need surgical management.     

Complications of lumbar spinal fluid drainage.

Cerebrospinal fluid fistula is an unfortunate, yet well-recognized, complication of basilar skull fracture, skull base surgery, and neurotologic procedures. Treatment commonly involves the use of continuous lumbar drainage. A retrospective chart review of 32 consecutive patients who required placement of lumbar drain by the otorhinolaryngology and neurosurgical services from March 1988 through July 1991 was undertaken to assess possible complications. The complications found were readily separated into minor and major categories on the basis of the possibility of permanent morbidity or mortality. Minor complications, including subjective complaints of headache, nausea, vomiting, etc., were noted in 59% of patients. Major complications were observed in four of 32 patients (12.5%), including unilateral occlusion of the posterior cerebral artery and unilateral true vocal cord paralysis. Alleviation of all complications was achieved by cessation of lumbar drainage. These cases are presented with discussion of pathogenesis. These findings demonstrate the possibility of potentially serious complications that mandate close monitoring of patients who require continuous lumbar drainage.     

Marked reduction of cerebral vasospasm with lumbar drainage of cerebrospinal fluid after subarachnoid hemorrhage

OBJECT: Cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) continues to be a major source of morbidity in patients despite significant clinical and basic science research. Efforts to prevent vasospasm by removing spasmogens from the subarachnoid space have produced mixed results. The authors hypothesize that lumbar cisternal drainage can remove blood from the basal subarachnoid spaces more effectively than an external ventricular drain (EVD). This non-randomized, controlled-cohort study was undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of a lumbar drain in patients with SAH compared with those in whom an EVD or no form of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage was used to prevent the development of clinical vasospasm and its sequelae. METHODS: The authors collected data on 266 patients with nontraumatic SAH who were admitted to the University of Utah Health Sciences Center between January 1994 and January 2003. Of these, 167 met the study entry criteria. The treatment group consisted of 81 patients in whom a lumbar drain had been placed for CSF shunting, whereas the control group was composed of 86 patients who received no form of CSF drainage or who were treated solely with an EVD. Primary outcome measures were as follows: 1) clinically evident vasospasm; 2) the need for endovascular intervention; 3) vasospasm-induced infarction; 4) disposition at time of discharge; and 5) Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) score at 1 to 3 months postdischarge. Secondary outcomes included length of stay and the need for CSF shunting. The presence of a lumbar drain conferred a statistically significant protective and beneficial effect across all outcome measures, reducing the incidence of clinical vasospasm from 51 to 17%, the need for angioplasty from 45 to 17%, and the occurrence of vasospastic infarction from 27 to 7% (all p < or = 0.001-0.008). Patients in the treatment group were more likely to be discharged home (54% compared with 25%, p = 0.002) and to have a GOS score of 5 at follow up (71% compared with 35%, p < 0.001). The mean number of days spent in the intensive care unit and in the hospital overall was also fewer in the treatment group. A similar degree of benefit was found in patients with different Fisher grades and regardless of whether an EVD was needed on presentation, both by subgroup analysis and multivariate logistic regression modeling. There was no statistical difference between the groups in terms of patients requiring a shunt. Complications with lumbar drains were rare and yielded no permanent sequelae. CONCLUSIONS: Shunting of CSF through a lumbar drain after an SAH markedly reduces the risk of clinically evident vasospasm and its sequelae, shortens hospital stay, and improves outcome. Its beneficial effects are probably mediated through the removal of spasmogens that exist in the CSF. The results of this study warrant a randomized clinical trial, which is currently under way.     

持续腰部引流治疗脑脊液漏

目的探讨持续腰部引流治疗脑脊液漏的原理、方法和疗效。方法30例脑脊液漏患者,入院后均经过保守治疗7d,脑脊液漏不能自愈,随后行腰椎穿刺置管持续引流脑脊液。术后随访12个月。结果持续引流治愈23例,7例引流无效。无效患者均行修补手术治疗。结论腰部持续引流治疗脑脊液漏具有疗效好、创伤小、简单、安全等诸多优点,且容易被患者接受。     

颈椎手术联合腰大池引流术治疗无骨折脱位型颈髓损伤

目的探讨颈椎手术联合腰大池引流术治疗无骨折脱位型颈髓损伤治疗效果。方法回顾性分析2001-05-2011-10共收治的57名无骨折脱位型颈髓损伤患者,其中18例行保守治疗,16例行颈椎手术治疗,23例行颈椎手术联合腰大池引流术治疗,并根据日本骨科学会(JOA)评分法对治疗前、治疗后1周、3月、1年进行评分。结果随访57名患者所得JOA评分均有不同程度的增加。治疗前及治疗后1周、3月、1年各组JOA评分为:保守组5.94±1.06,6.89±1.02,8.22±1.48,9.06±1.35;手术组:5.09±1.16,7.81±1.31,10.56±0.95,11.31±1.02;手术结合引流组:5.08±1.16,8.43±1.31,11.43±0.95,13.30±1.02。对以上数据采用SPSS 13.0软件进行重复测量检验,F=19.123,P<0.01,表明三种方法治疗结果有统计学差异,保守组、手术组与手术联合引流组术前评分P>0.01,术前评分无统计学差异,治疗后各阶段评分P<0.01,表明术后治疗效果有显著差别。结论我们认为三种治疗方法均取得一定治疗效果,手术组较保守组效果满意,手术联合腰大池引流组治疗效果最佳。     

腰穿持续外引流术治疗脑室系统出血

腰穿持续外引流术是脑脊液净化疗法中的一种主要方法。国内有关侧脑室持续外引流术报道较多。而对腰穿持续外引流术报道较少。本院于2004年8月至2005年8月。采用腰穿持续外引流术治疗37例脑室系统出血的住院患，现报道如下。     

腰大池引流治疗颈椎肿瘤术后脑脊液漏

目的分析持续腰大池引流治疗颈椎肿瘤术后脑脊液漏的临床效果。方法回顾性分析第二军医大学附属长征医骨肿瘤科2013年7月—2015年12月收治的接受颈椎肿瘤手术的264例患者资料(术后转至上海开元骨科医院继续治疗),其中颈椎肿瘤术后发生脑脊液漏并行持续腰大池引流的患者47例。24例患者因积极一般治疗后症状无明显缓解、13例伤口渗液明显、2例疑似合并颅内感染、8例2周的一般治疗后引流量仍较大而分别选择行腰大池引流。记录置管时间及引流时间,观察伤口愈合情况。结果所有患者经持续腰大池引流治疗后均获痊愈。持续引流7~43 d,平均13.8 d,腰大池置管时间为1~19 d,平均7.1 d。随访中有2例出现脑脊液囊肿,给予患者局部穿刺引流并局部加压包扎后治愈,其余无严重并发症。结论颈椎肿瘤术后脑脊液漏患者行持续腰大池引流治疗能有效控制患者不适症状,有助于伤口愈合,可预防和治疗颅内感染等,疗效确切。