Molecular survey on zoonotic tick—borne bacteria and chlamydiae in feral pigeons(Columba livia domestica)

Objective;To determine the presence of zoonotic tick-borne bacteria in feral pigeons(Columba lixia domestica) from urban areas.Methods:Spleen samples from 84 feral pigeons,found dead with traumatic injuries in urban areas,were examined by PCR to detect DNA of Anaplasma phagocytophilum,Bartonella spp.,Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato.Coxiella burnetii.Rickettsia spp.,and Chlamydnphila spp.Results:Twenty(23.8%) pigeons were infected by tick-borne agents,in particular 2(2.38%) animals resulted positive for Bartonella spp.,5(5.95%) for Coxiella burnetii.5(5.95%) for Rickettsia spp.,13(15.47%) for Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato.All birds scored negative for anaplasma phagocytophilum.Moreover,17(20.23%) pigeons were positive for Chlamydophila spp.and among them 10(11.9%) for Chlamydophila psittaci,Mixed infections by two or three agents were detected in 8(9.52%) animals.Conclusions:Feral pigeons living in urban and periurban areas are a hazard for the human health as source of several pathogens.The obtained results confirm pigeons as reservoirs of chlamydial agents and suggest that they may be involved in the epidemiology of zoonotic tick-borne infections too.     

吉林省鸽子鹦鹉热衣原体的分子流行病学调查和基因型分布研究

目的 2015年3-5月调查吉林省长春市和吉林市肉鸽与信鸽中鹦鹉热衣原体的流行情况及基因型分布.方法 本研究共采集鸽子粪便样本399份,其中长春市样本282份,吉林市样本117份.利用PCR技术进行鹦鹉热衣原体ompA基因扩增、测序以及基因型分析.结果 本实验结果显示:鹦鹉热衣原体的感染率为5.01％(21/399),其中吉林市鹦鹉热衣原体的感染率(9.40％)明显高于长春市的感染率(3.19％).此外,品种也是与衣原体感染相关的主要风险因素,肉鸽的感染率为7.49％,而信鸽的感染率为0.ompA基因的序列分析显示,这些鹦鹉热衣原体都属于B型.结论 综上所述,我国吉林省肉鸽具有较高的B型鹦鹉热衣原体流行,给人类的健康带来了潜在的威胁.     

Health hazards posed by feral pigeons

A comprehensive literature search of epidemiological studies and reports of transmissions of disease from feral pigeons to humans was performed. There were 176 documented transmissions of illness from feral pigeons to humans reported between 1941 and 2003. Feral pigeons harbored 60 different human pathogenic organisms, but only seven were transmitted to humans. Aerosol transmission accounted for 99.4% of incidents. There was a single report of transmission of Salmonella enterica serotype Kiambu to humans from feral pigeons, and no reports of transmission of Campylobacter spp. The most commonly transmitted pathogens continue to be Chlamydophila psittaci and Cryptococcus neoformans. Although feral pigeons pose sporadic health risks to humans, the risk is very low, even for humans involved in occupations that bring them into close contact with nesting sites. In sharp contrast, the immunocompromised patient may have a nearly 1000-fold greater risk of acquiring mycotic disease from feral pigeons and their excreta than does the general population.     

An Outbreak in Pigeons Caused by the Subgenotype VI.2.1.2 of Newcastle Disease Virus in Brazil

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) can infect over 250 bird species with variable pathogenicity; it can also infect humans in rare cases. The present study investigated an outbreak in feral pigeons in São Paulo city, Brazil, in 2019. Affected birds displayed neurological signs, and hemorrhages were observed in different tissues. Histopathology changes with infiltration of mononuclear inflammatory cells were also found in the brain, kidney, proventriculus, heart, and spleen. NDV staining was detected by immunohistochemistry. Twenty-seven out of thirty-four tested samples (swabs and tissues) were positive for Newcastle disease virus by RT-qPCR test, targeting the M gene. One isolate, obtained from a pool of positive swab samples, was characterized by the intracerebral pathogenicity index (ICPI) and the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests. This isolate had an ICPI of 0.99, confirming a virulent NDV strain. The monoclonal antibody 617/161, which recognizes a distinct epitope in pigeon NDV strains, inhibited the isolate with an HI titer of 512. A complete genome of NDV was obtained using next-generation sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis based on the complete CDS F gene grouped the detected isolate with other viruses from subgenotype VI.2.1.2, class II, including one previously reported in Southern Brazil in 2014. This study reports a comprehensive characterization of the subgenotype VI.2.1.2, which seems to have been circulating in Brazilian urban areas since 2014. Due to the zoonotic risk of NDV, virus surveillance in feral pigeons should also be systematically performed in urban areas.     

Occurrence of Escherichia coli virulence genes in feces of wild birds from Central Italy

Objective: To investigate the potential role of wild birds as fecal spreaders of enteropathogenic,enterohemorrhagic and Shiga-toxins producing Escherichia coli(E. coli),enteropathogenic E. coli,enterohemorrhagic E. coli and Shiga toxin-producing E. coli strains. Methods: Fecal samples collected from 121 wild birds of different orders and species were submitted to molecular analyses. In particular,eaeA encoding intimin,hlyA encoding for hemolysin,stx1 and stx2 genes encoding Shiga-toxins 1 and 2,respectively,were investigated. Results: Overall,21(17.35%) fecal samples resulted positive for at least one of the investigated genes. In detail,12(9.91%) samples were positive for eaeA,10(8.26%) for stx1,4(3.31%) for hylA and 1(0.83%) for stx2. An owl(Athene noctua) positive for the four investigated genes suggesting that it harbored a STEC strain. However,virulence genes characterizing EPEC,and EHEC strains were mainly found among seagulls,waterfowl and feral pigeons. Conclusions: Seagulls,waterfowl and feral pigeons,which frequently reach and contaminate rural,urban and peri-urban areas with their droppings,may be important sources of E. coli infection for other animals and humans.     

Wild-pigeon-related psittacosis in a family

Three members of a family acquired psittacosis after exposure to a wild pigeon. Each of the patients had pulmonary infiltrates, prominent headache, abdominal complaints, and serologic evidence for infection with Chlamydia psittaci. Of 759 cases of psittacosis reported to the Centers for Disease Control for the period of 1974 to 1981, some 75 (10 percent) were associated with pigeons. Fifty-two of the cases were associated with domestic pigeons and 23 with wild pigeons. Pigeons represent a largely unrecognized reservoir of psittacosis in the United States.     

鹦鹉热嗜性衣原体特异性TaqMan-MGB探针荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立与应用

目的建立一种特异、灵敏、重复性好的鹦鹉热嗜性衣原体的TaqMan-MGB荧光定量PCR检测方法。方法利用鹦鹉热嗜性衣原体MOMP基因的特异保守序列设计引物和MGB探针,通过优化,获得最佳反应体系与反应条件,同时进行特异性、重复性、灵敏性评价与Spike-test实验进行临床应用性评价,利用该检测方法对禽鸟类粪便样品进行检测,并与常规PCR检测方法进行比较。结果该方法在0.01pg~100pg范围内线性相关系数为0.999,扩增效率为97.7%;对鹦鹉热嗜性衣原体菌株检测结果均呈现阳性,而非鹦鹉热嗜性衣原体菌株及其它衣原体菌株为阴性;重复性试验中,变异系数为0.317%~0.563%;检测灵敏性为0.01pg;Spike-test试验中最低检出量为25个EB;该方法对禽鸟类粪便样品的检出率为14.3%(40/282),高于常规PCR检测法的7.4%(21/282)。结论本文所建立的Taqman-MGB荧光定量PCR检测法是一种灵敏、高效、稳定,可在嗜性衣原体属中准确检测鹦鹉热嗜性衣原体的方法,该方法的建立更有意于今后对禽鸟类实施鹦鹉热的临床诊断与分子流行病学研究。     

Hepatitis B virus genotypes and clinical manifestation among hepatitis B carriers in Thailand

BACKGROUND: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes have distinct geographic distributions. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the distribution of HBV genotypes and their clinical relevance in Thailand. METHODS: Hepatitis B virus genotypes among 107 hepatitis B carriers residing in Thailand were evaluated using serologic and genetic methods. They were clinically classified into asymptomatic carriers with normal serum alanine transaminase (ALT) levels and patients with chronic liver disease, such as those with chronic hepatitis (CH), liver cirrhosis (LC) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). RESULTS: Hepatitis B virus genotype distribution among the 107 patients was 25.2% for genotype B, 72.0% for genotype C and 2.8% for genotype D. The serum ALT levels, HBV-DNA and hepatitis B e antigen positivity were significantly higher in carriers infected with genotype C HBV than in those infected with genotype B (P < 0.05). The proportion of genotype B HBV was higher in asymptomatic carriers than in patients with CH and those who developed liver disease, such as LC and HCC (45.5, 16.9 and 25.0%, respectively; P < 0.05). In contrast, the proportion of genotype C HBV was higher in patients who developed liver disease and CH than in asymptomatic carriers (68.7, 83.0 and 50.0%, respectively; P < 0.05). Phylogenetic analysis based on entire genome sequences revealed three HBV isolates, which were classified into a subgroup of genotype C in isolates from South-East Asian countries. CONCLUSIONS: Genotypes B and C are the predominant types among hepatitis B carriers residing in Thailand and those genotypes influence the clinical manifestation in carriers with chronic hepatitis B infection.     

Analysis of beta-thalassemia mutations in northern Thailand using an automated fluorescence DNA sequencing technique

A total of 218 beta-thalassemia (thal) genes from 109 beta-thal major patients were characterized using an automated fluorescence DNA sequencing technique. Eight different mutations were identified in all 218 alleles (100%). Four common mutations accounted for 96.8% [49.5% were codons 41/42 (-TTCT), 34.4% were codon 17 (A --> T), 6.9% were IVS-I-1 (G --> T) and, 6.0% were codons 71/72 (+A)]. There were three cases of -28 (A --> G) and one of IVS-II-654 (C --> T), mutations that have been previously described in Thai subjects. We also identified two mutations in the beta-globin promoter region which have not been reported in Thailand before [-31 (A --> G) and -87 (C --> A)]. Although these mutations are described as beta+-thal, the compound heterozygote with one of the common beta(o)-thal mutations exhibits the phenotype of beta-thal major. The frequency of beta-thal genes in northern Thailand were similar to the northeastern region, but different from those reported in southern and central Thailand, where IVS-I-5 (G --> C) and IVS-II-654 (C --> T) were the second most common anomalies, respectively. The spectrum of beta-globin gene mutations from this study will be useful for planning a prenatal diagnosis program especially for this region of Thailand.     

鹦鹉热衣原体HSP60基因克隆及其表达产物抗原性的实验研究

目的验证新获得的鹦鹉热衣原体HSP60基因在E.coli中高效表达的产物是否具有足够的抗原活性,为进一步研究其在鹦鹉热衣原体感染检测上的应用奠定基础。方法根据GenBank鹦鹉热衣原体Hsp60基因序列X51404,设计一对特异性引物,扩增了鹦鹉热衣原体HSP60全长基因,克隆入pET32a(+)载体,转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)后,利用IPTG诱导获得高效表达。结果扩增了鹦鹉热衣原体HSP60全长基因,表达产物分子量约为68kD,经Western blotting和胶体金免疫层析技术检测,表明表达产物具有较好的抗原性。结论扩增了鹦鹉热衣原体HSP60全长基因,并对其表达产物的抗原性进行免疫印记分析和免疫层析初步检测,表明具有较好的抗原性,为进一步研究其在鹦鹉热衣原体感染检测上的意义打下了基础。     

Analysis of β‐Thalassemia Mutations in Northern Thailand Using an Automated Fluorescence DNA Sequencing Technique

A total of 218 β‐thalassemia (thal) genes from 109 β‐thal major patients were characterized using an automated fluorescence DNA sequencing technique. Eight different mutations were identified in all 218 alleles (100%). Four common mutations accounted for 96.8% [49.5% were codons 41/42 (–TTCT), 34.4% were codon 17 (A→T), 6.9% were IVS‐I‐1 (G→T) and, 6.0% were codons 71/72 (+A)]. There were three cases of ?28 (A→G) and one of IVS‐II‐654 (C→T), mutations that have been previously described in Thai subjects. We also identified two mutations in the β‐globin promoter region which have not been reported in Thailand before [?31 (A→G) and ?87 (C→A)]. Although these mutations are described as β⁺‐thal, the compound heterozygote with one of the common β⁰‐thal mutations exhibits the phenotype of β‐thal major. The frequency of β‐thal genes in northern Thailand were similar to the northeastern region, but different from those reported in southern and central Thailand, where IVS‐I‐5 (G→C) and IVS‐II‐654 (C→T) were the second most common anomalies, respectively. The spectrum of β‐globin gene mutations from this study will be useful for planning a prenatal diagnosis program especially for this region of Thailand.     

Association of polymorphism of tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene promoter region with outcome of hepatitis B virus infection

AIM: To determine whether -238G/A and -857C/T polymorphisms of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), gene promoter and hepatitis B (HB) viral genotypes were associated with outcomes of HBV infection. METHODS: A total of 244 HBV self-limited infected subjects, 208 asymptomatic carriers, and 443 chronic HB patients were recruited to conduct a case-control study. TNF-a -238G/A and -857C/T gene promoter polymorphisms were examined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP), and HBV genotypes were examined by nested PCR. RESULTS: The positive rate of HBV DNA in asymptomatic carrier group and chronic HB group was 46.6% and 49.9%, respectively. HBV genotype proportion among the asymptomatic carriers was 2.1% for genotype A, 25.8% for genotype B, 68.0% for genotype C, and 4.1% for genotype B+C mixed infection, and 0.9% for genotype A, 21.7% for genotype B, 71.5% for genotype C, 5.9% for genotype B+C mixed infection in chronic HB group. There was no significant difference in genotype distribution between the asymptomatic carrier group and chronic HB group (X2 = 1.66, P = 0.647). The frequency of -238GG genotype in self-limited group was 95.1%, significantly higher than 90.7% in chronic HB group and 89.0% in asymptomatic carrier group (P= 0.041 and P= 0.016, respectively).The frequency of TNF-α-857 CC in chronic HB group was 79.7%, significantly higher than 64.4% in asymptomatic carrier group and 70.9% in self-limited group (P<0.001 and P= 0.023, respectively). A multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that TNF-α-238GA and -857CC were independently associated with chronic HB after gender and age were adjusted. CONCLUSION: TNF-α promoter variants are likely to play a substantial role in the outcome of HBV infection.     

Prevalence and genotyping of Cryptosporidium SPP from dairy cow fecal samples in western Thailand

The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp in dairy cows in central Thailand and to investigate the genotype of Cryptosporidium spp in this population. A total of 200 fecal samples from dairy cows were collected and examined by the acid-fast staining technique and polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). The prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection in dairy cows was 7% (95% CI 3.5-10.5) by acid-fast staining, and 15.5% (95% CI 10.5-20.5) by PCR-RFLP. This is the first report of genetic identification of the C. parvum bovine genotype in dairy cows in Thailand. PCR-RFLP analysis showed all positive samples were C. parvum (bovine genotype). C. andersoni was not found in this study. The only significant risk factor for Cryptosporidium infection in dairy cows was age. Calves less than 2 months old were more frequently infected by Cryptosporidium than others (OR 13.82, 95% CI 3.67-51.97, p = 0.001). Cattle may be a potential source of human cryptosporidiosis.     

Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis by polymerase chain reaction]

A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) procedure was developed for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis. Two oligonucleotide primers based on sequences within the major outer membrane protein gene from C. trachomatis serovar L2 were used. A single DNA fragment was amplified, when C. trachomatis DNA was template for the PCR. No amplified product was detected in Chlamydia psittaci DNA, Chlamydia pneumoniae DNA or other bacterial DNAs. The amplified DNA fragment was detected, when DNA of greater than or equal to 10(2) C. trachomatis per reaction was used as template for the PCR. Thus, the PCR was shown to be specific for C. trachomatis and more sensitive than the enzyme immunoassays for detection of chlamydial antigen and the chlamydial rRNA:DNA probe hybridization method.     

Analysis of three phenotyping methods and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis for differentiation of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from two hospitals in Thailand

Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an important hospital and community-acquired pathogen. Rapid and reliable epidemiologic typing is necessary for controlling the spread of MRSA outbreak. The objective of this study was to compare the phenotyping with the genotyping method to differentiate MRSA isolates obtained from the two hospitals in Thailand (central and northeastern). Seventy-four MRSA isolates were randomly collected and confirmed by the presence of mecA gene. Antibiogram, phage typing and enterotoxin production were used for the phenotyping analysis. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) with Smal digestion of chromosomal DNA was used for the genotyping analysis. We found 17 distinct profiles by the 3 phenotypic typing methods and 18 PFGE types designated as 5 major types (A-E) and 13 subtypes. The most frequent PFGE types and their related subtypes found in both hospitals were A and C, comprising 54 and 27%, respectively. The antibiogram could differentiate 6 different types. All isolates were resistant to the majority of antimicrobial agents tested, but were susceptible to vancomycin and fosfomycin. Ten (13.5%) MRSA isolates produced enterotoxin A. Nontypable phage and phage type 77 were found predominantly in MRSA isolated from the northeast and central hospital, respectively. A significant correlation was found between the phenotyping and the genotyping methods and there was a good correlation between antibiogram and PFGE. Antibiogram typing alone can be used as a useful epidemiological marker for practical purposes. PFGE types A and C were the common endemic MRSA clones in both hospitals in Thailand.     

Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) gene polymorphism is not associated with severe and cerebral malaria in Thailand

The pathogenesis of cerebral malaria from Plasmodium falciparum infection is thought to involve inflammation of the central nervous system. Since monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) is a chemokine strongly involved in the inflammatory process, we here study MCP-1 gene polymorphisms in association with severe or cerebral malaria in Thailand. Malaria patients in the northwest of Thailand were grouped into mild (n=206), severe (165), and cerebral (110) malaria case groups. Five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the promoter (-2518A/G, -2348G/C, -2158C/T, -2076A/T, and -2072T/C), and 1 SNP in intron 1 (764C/G) were analyzed by PCR-RFLP, PCR-SSP, or direct sequencing. The SNP -2158 was a novel polymorphism found in this study. For all SNPs, genotype and allele frequencies were not significantly different between mild and severe or mild and cerebral malaria. Strong linkage disequilibrium was found among 4 SNPs (-2518A/G, -2348G/C, -2076A/T, and 764C/G), resulting in 4 major estimated haplotypes. The most common haplotype was GGAC. The results indicated that MCP-1 gene polymorphisms were not associated with malaria severity, implying that MCP-1 was not a cause of malaria severity in this Thai population.     

Chlamydia species as a cause of community-acquired pneumonia in Canada.

Chlamydia pneumoniae has been implicated as a cause of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in several studies. However, there has been no comprehensive study of the role of Chlamydia species (C. pneumoniae, C. psittaci (avian and feline strains) and C. pecorum) as a cause of CAP. The aim of the present study was to determine the role of C. pneumoniae, C. psittaci and C. pecorum as causes of CAP. A prospective cohort observational study of CAP was conducted at 15 teaching centres in eight Canadian provinces between January 1996-October 1997. Acute (n=539) and convalescent (n=272) serum samples were obtained for determination of antibody titres to C. pneumoniae, C. psittaci, C. pecorum, C. trachomatis, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila serogroups I-VI, Streptococcus pneumoniae and various respiratory viruses. Twelve of 539 (2.2%) patients had acute C. pneumoniae pneumonia and an additional 32 (5.9%) had possible acute infection. C. pneumoniae was the sole pathogen in 16 of 42 (38.1%) of these patients. The most common copathogens were S. pneumoniae, respiratory syncytial virus and influenza virus type A. C. pneumoniae pneumonia patients were older and more likely to show congestive heart failure compared to bacteraemic S. pneumoniae patients. The latter had a lower mean diastolic blood pressure, a higher white blood cell count and a lower arterial carbon dioxide tension. Two patients had antibody titres suggestive of recent infection with the feline strain of C. psittaci. Although numerically Chlamydia pneumoniae is an important cause of community-acquired pneumonia, no distinctive clinical features associated with this pathogen were detected in the present study. Feline Chlamydia psittaci may cause a few cases of community-acquired pneumonia. Avian Chlamydia psittaci should be considered only if there is a compatible epidemiological history.     

Chest radiograph of atypical pneumonia: comparison among Chlamydia pneumoniae. Pneumonia, ornithosis, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia

No report has been found comparing Chlamydia pneumoniae (C. pneumoniae) pneumonia radiographically with other atypical pneumonias, Chlamydia psittaci (C. psittaci) pneumonia and Mycoplasma pneumoniae (M. pneumoniae) pneumonia. We described the chest radiographs of three kinds of pneumonia cases: 46 cases of C. pneumoniae pneumonia, 39 cases of C. psittaci pneumonia, and 131 cases of M. pneumoniae pneumonia. Radiographic shadows were categorized into main shadows and sub-shadows. The main shadows are classified from the viewpoint of the characteristics; air space consolidation(AS), ground-glass opacity(GG), reticular shadow(RS), bronchopneumonia(BP), and small nodular shadows (SN). The size, the site, and the number of the main shadows were also analyzed. In comparison among the three pneumonias, BP was the most frequent in M. pneumoniae pneumonia (0.40/case). AS predominated in C. pneumoniae pneumonia (0.67/case), and GG in C. psittaci pneumonia (0.62/case). The number of main shadows was equal, about 1.4/case in three pneumonias. Large shadows were less frequent in M. pneumoniae pneumonia than C. pneumoniae pneumonia (p = 0.02) and C. psittaci pneumonia (p = 0.01). Main shadows were more frequent in the outer zone in M. pneumoniae pneumonia than C. psittaci pneumonia (p = 0.01), and in the middle zone in C. psittaci pneumonia than in M. pneumoniae pneumonia (p = 0.02). Cases with bilateral main shadows were less common in M. pneumoniae pneumonia (9%) than C. pneumoniae pneumonia(33%, p = 0.001) and C. psittaci pneumonia(30%, p = 0.005). Thickening of bronchovascular bundles as a sub-shadow was most frequently noted in M. pneumoniae pneumonia. Some differences among the three atypical pneumonias were seen in the chest radiograph. However, no specific findings of C. pneumoniae pneumonia were shown radiographically in this study.     

鹦鹉热嗜衣原体实时定量PCR检测方法的建立

目的建立一种简便、快速、特异的荧光定量PCR检测方法,用于鹦鹉热嗜衣原体的快速检测。方法以主要外膜蛋白(MOMP)基因为靶序列设计特异性引物,采用SYBR GreenⅠ随机渗入法建立实时定量PCR检测方法。结果循环阈值(Ct)与标准DNA模板在1.0×102-1.0×107拷贝/μl浓度范围内呈良好的线性关系,相关系数为0.989。该方法用于鹦鹉热嗜衣原体的检测具有很高的特异性,其敏感性与常规PCR相比可以提高100倍。结论本研究建立的检测鹦鹉热嗜衣原体的实时定量PCR检测方法具有很高的特异性和敏感性,可以用于鹦鹉热嗜衣原体的检测。     

10株鹦鹉热衣原体菌株主要外膜蛋白基因的比较性研究

目的　进行比较性研究了 10株鹦鹉热衣原体菌株 ,分析其主要外膜蛋白 (MOMP)基因的限制性内切酶图谱和基因同源性。方法　接种鸡胚卵黄囊对菌株进行培养 ,收集培养物 ,通过聚合酶链式反应 ,扩增了 10株Cps的主要外膜蛋白基因 ,获得 10 5 8bp的片段 ,根据限制性片段长度多态性 (RFLPs)技术 ,利用AluⅠ酶切此片段 ,获得其限制性图谱。将此片段连入 pGEMT载体 ,进行基因测序。 结果　有 5株菌的MOMP基因完全相同 ,将它们与其它 5株比较 ,仅有个别碱基不同。提示MOMP基因是鹦鹉热衣原体中高度保守的序列