12例发作性运动诱发性肌张力障碍的临床、脑电图特点及文献复习

目的观察发作性运动诱发性肌张力障碍(PKD)的临床表现、脑电图特征,提高对本病的认识及选择有效的治疗药物。方法回顾性分析12例PKD患者的临床资料、脑电及影像学改变,并结合文献进行总结分析。结果临床症状表现为发作性运动诱发性手足扭转、肢体僵直、舞蹈手足徐动征等,有明确的运动诱发因素,同步脑电记录无异常,正确选择抗癫痫药物可有效控制其发作。结论 PKD是一种少见的运动障碍疾病,应与癫痫、假性发作、TIA、部分性发作等相鉴别。对抗癫痫药物敏感,早期诊断早期治疗预后较好。     

发作性运动诱发性运动障碍八个家系临床特点分析

目的分析及探讨家族性发作性运动诱发性运动障碍（PKD）的临床特征、诊断和治疗特点。方法观察8个PKD家系的临床表现，进行家系调查分析，对患者进行脑电图或视频脑电图、头颅磁共振成像（MRI）或CT检查。结果8个家系共有患者28例，男性20例，女性8例，发病年龄8～18岁，平均10．8岁。全部患者均表现为突然运动诱发的一侧或双侧异常运动，发作时间短于1min，发作时意识清楚；发作间期均无神经系统阳性体征。同一家系中患者症状轻重不一，随年龄增大发作逐渐减少，以至消失。脑电图、视频脑电图及头颅影像学均未发现明显异常。患者使用抗癫痫药物治疗有效。结论PKD是发作性异常运动中常见的一种，突然运动诱发是其主要特点，家族性患者不少见，主要遗传方式是常染色体显性遗传，有外显不全现象，不排除有其他的遗传方式。临床发作形式与癫痫不同，但抗癫痫药物治疗有效。     

41例发作性运动诱发性运动障碍临床与神经电生理分析

目的　观察发作性运动诱发性运动障碍 (PKMD)的临床特征及与癫的关系。方法　详细观察 4 1例PKMD的临床特征 ,影像学和脑电图改变。结果　 4 1例均由运动诱发 ,呈发作性运动诱发性舞蹈手足徐动症 30例 ,发作性运动诱发性肌张力障碍 11例 ,发作时意识清楚 ,影像学有异常者 6例 ,脑电图有样放电者 12例 ,其中 2例发作时有样放电 ,脑体感诱发电位半数以上病例有定位侧半球改变。对抗药有良效。结论　本症障碍的部位可能在感觉刺激的传入通路与发作症状的传出通路之间的反射中枢。具有某些癫性质 ,推测与癫发作可能有某些共同的生物学基础     

发作性运动诱发性运动障碍临床分析

目的探讨发作性运动诱发性运动障碍的临床特点。方法对23例PKD患者的临床资料进行分析,归纳其特点。结果 23例患者起病年龄6~18岁,病程1~27a,男性占大多数,男女比例为3.6∶1。突发启动的自主运动诱发,以单侧肢体舞蹈样手足徐动多见,部分表现为双侧,持续10s左右,无意识障碍,脑电图、头颅MRI、CT正常。小剂量卡马西平控制发作。结论 PKD是一种发作性运动诱发的、短暂的局部或全身不随意运动,卡马西平治疗有效。     

发作性运动诱发性运动障碍研究进展

发作性运动诱发性运动障碍(PKD)又称发作性运动诱发性手足徐动症或发作性运动诱发性舞蹈指痉症(PKC),主要表现为突然运动诱发的发作性异常运动,具有临床表型和遗传异质性,发作持续时间短,发作频率不等,发作期意识清楚,发作间期无神经系统阳性体征,抗癫痫药物治疗有效,预后良好。临床工作中误诊率高,需与癫痫等多种疾病相鉴别,本文就PKD的流行病学特点、疾病发生机制、临床表现、诊断标准、鉴别诊断、治疗及预后研究进展进行综述,重点更新了发病机制中遗传学说的国内外最新研究进展以及疾病的鉴别诊断。     

发作性运动障碍(附33例临床分析和文献复习)

目的　了解发作性运动障碍的临床特点以及治疗方法。方法　分析 33例发作性运动障碍病例的临床表现和实验室检查。结果　 (1)发作性运动诱发性运动障碍 (PKD) 32例 (96 .97% ) ;(2 )发作性非运动诱发性运动障碍 (PNKD) 3例 (9.0 9% ) ;(3)发作性过度运动导致的运动障碍 (PED) 6例 (18.18% ) ;(4)发作性睡眠诱发性运动障碍 (PHD) 3例 (9.0 9% )。除 2 4例为单纯 PKD外 ,其余病例均与其它类型互相重叠。 EEG大多正常 (32 /33) ,32例 CT/MRI正常。部分可合并癫痫 (5 /33) ,抗癫痫治疗多数 (2 9/33)有效。结论　发作性运动障碍是一种少见的运动障碍疾病 ,和癫痫有一定关系 ,各型可互相重叠 ,EEG大多正常 ,大部分抗癫痫药物治疗有效。     

托吡酯治疗发作性运动诱发性舞蹈手足徐动症的疗效观察

发作性运动诱发性运动障碍是一种由突然随意运动诱发的发作性运动障碍,可以分为运动诱发性舞蹈手足徐动症(PKC)和运动诱发性肌张力障碍(PKD)。其病理机制至今未明,可用多种抗癫癎药治疗,但尚未有使用托吡酯(TPM)治疗的报道,现将我们用TPM治疗8例的疗效报告如下。     

发作性运动诱发性运动障碍

发作性运动诱发性运动障碍（Paroxysmal Kinesigenic Dyskinesia,PKD）,过去也称发作性运动诱发性舞蹈样手足徐动症（Paroxysmal Kinesigenic Choreoathetosis,PKC）,是发作性运动障碍（Paroxysmal Dyskinesias,PD）最常见的类型,具有遗传和临床表现的异质性口]。PKD以静止状态下突然的随意运动诱发短暂、多变、频繁的不随意运动为特点,发作时大多意识清楚,小剂量抗癫痫药物治疗有效。因其具备发作性、刻板性、重复性及短暂性而易与癫痫混淆。近年来,PKD逐渐为广大临床医师所认识,学者们对其发病机制、遗传特点、基因定位等也表现了较高的关注,提出很多理论和见解,本文将对其中的一些研究结果综述如下。     

发作性运动障碍1例报告

发作性运动障碍是一类罕见的神经系统疾病，其临床特点是反复发作的不自主运动，不伴意识障碍。根据诱因、发作持续时间及病因等将本病分为四型：发作性运动诱发的异常运动(PKD)；发作性非运动诱发的异常运动(PNKD)；发作性持续运动诱发的肌张力障碍(PED)；夜间发作性肌张力障碍(HPD)。现将笔者遇到的1例PKD报告如下。     

发作性运动诱发性运动障碍临床分析

目的探讨发作性运动诱发性运动障碍的临床特点。方法依据Demirkima等的诊断标准对19例患者进行确诊，并对其临床资料进行分析。结果本组患者发病年龄为7～16岁，随年龄增长病情逐渐缓解；通常由突然随意运动后而出现，表现肢体（最常受累）、躯干、颈部或面部的肌张力障碍，持续数秒至数十秒，意识清楚；发作间歇期运动功能正常；发作期及间歇期脑电图、神经影像学检查多正常；对抗癫痫药物反应良好。结论发作性运动诱发性运动障碍是临床上较为少见的疾病，容易误诊，但临床疗效及预后良好。     

Idiopathic paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia in Malaysia,a multi-racial Southeast Asian country

Paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia is a rare disorder, and there are few reports of Asian patients with this condition. We reviewed the clinical features of all patients with idiopathic paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (PKD) seen at a major neurological centre in Malaysia. The charts of 11 patients with idiopathic PKD seen between 1995 and 2008 were reviewed retrospectively. The male:female ratio was 9:2. Ten patients were of Chinese ethnicity, and one was Malay. Three patients (from two families) had a family history of PKD. The involuntary movement was dystonia in 73% of patients. In one patient, attacks were precipitated by vestibular stimulation. One patient had generalized epilepsy. Another patient who did not have epilepsy demonstrated epileptiform discharges. Only slightly over one-quarter of patients had a positive family history. Males, and people of Chinese ancestry, seem to be affected more frequently by PKD in certain Asian populations.     

Paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia: a channelopathy? Study of 19 cases

INTRODUCTION: Paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (PKD) is characterized by brief episodes of dystonia and choreoathetosis triggered by sudden voluntary movements. Disease onset is seen in the first or second decade. The attacks typically last less than one minute. Three autosomal dominant PKD loci are identified: EKD1, EKD2 and EKD3. EKD1 has an overlap with the locus of the "Infantile Convulsion and Choreoathetosis (ICCA) syndrome". The favorable natural history, the episodic nature of the symptoms and their sensitivity to anticonvulsant therapy suggest channelopathy as a mechanism of PKD. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We reviewed the clinical features, the family history, the treatment response, the evolution and the technical investigations in 19 affected individuals. RESULTS: All cases were idiopathic. Ten patients had a positive familial history. Three patients suffered from ICCA syndrome. Some atypical features were seen, such as the association of kinesigenic and nonkinesigenic attacks and the presence of migraine, ataxia, seizures and myoclonus. Acetazolamide responsiveness was seen in two patients. CONCLUSION: The coexistence of PKD and nonkinesigenic dyskinesia in several patients confirms the earlier described presence of intermediary forms, nonrepresented in the current classification of paroxysmal dyskinesias. Our study results suggest channel dysfunction and basal ganglia involvement in the pathophysiology of PKD.     

A locus for paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia maps to human chromosome 16

OBJECTIVE: To use genetic linkage analysis to localize a gene for paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (PKD) in a three generation African-American kindred. BACKGROUND: PKD is a rare autosomal dominant disorder characterized by episodic choreiform or dystonic movements that are brought on or exacerbated by voluntary movement. There are individuals with the clinical features of PKD but with no family history of the disease, but whether these sporadic cases represent spontaneous mutations of PKD or have a distinct condition is unknown. METHODS: A genome-wide linkage scan of polymorphic microsatellites at 25 cM resolution was performed to localize a gene for PKD in one African-American kindred. Pairwise multipoint linkage analyses were performed at different penetrance estimates. RESULTS: Evidence for linkage of the kinesigenic form of paroxysmal dyskinesia to chromosome 16 was obtained. A maximum lod score of 4.40 at theta = 0 was obtained with D16S419. Critical recombinants place the PKD gene between D16S3100 and D16S771. CONCLUSIONS: A paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (PKD) locus lies within an 18 cM interval on 16p11.2-q11.2, between D16S3100 and D16S771. A gene for infantile convulsions with paroxysmal choreoathetosis has also been mapped to this region. These two regions overlap by approximately 6 cM. These two diseases could be caused by different mutations in the same gene or two distinct genes may lie within this region.     

Phenotypic overlap among paroxysmal dyskinesia subtypes: Lesson from a family with PRRT2 gene mutation

Paroxysmal dyskinesia (PD) is a group of rare neurological conditions which was divided into paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (PKD), paroxysmal non-kinesigenic dyskinesia (PNKD) and paroxysmal exercise-induced dyskinesia (PED) according to their clinical features. PRRT2 gene was initially identified as the major gene responsible for PKD followed by presence of various PRRT2 mutations discovered in families with benign familial infantile convulsions (BFIC) and infantile convulsions and choreoathetosis (ICCA). We describe a family with characteristic PD showing overlaps in clinical pictures among the three PD subgroups, and a nonsense PRRT2 mutation c.649C > T (p.Arg217X) was also detected. This broadens the phenotypic spectrum in PRRT2-related disorders. In addition, an unusual exercise trigger observed in the proband, likely representing an underestimated occurrence, together with the current clinical PD classification is also elucidated.     

A case of paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia in idiopathic bilateral striopallidodentate calcinosis

Paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (PKD) is presented as a short paroxysmal attack of focal or generalized involuntary movement. Bilateral striopallidodentate calcinosis (BSPDC) is referred to as Fahr's disease and is characterized by the calcification of the basal ganglia, cerebellar nuclei and thalamus. Most common presentation of BSPDC was a parkinsonism, and PKD has also been reported to few of the cases with sporadic BSPDC. Here, we report the case of a 35-year-old-man with PKD for 19 years, and we describe the pathogenesis of PKD in the BSPDC.     

Paroxysmal dyskinesias revisited: A review of 500 genetically proven cases and a new classification

Paroxysmal movement disorders are a heterogeneous group of conditions manifesting as episodic dyskinesia with sudden onset and lasting a variable duration. Based on the difference of precipitating factors, three forms are clearly recognized, namely, paroxysmal kinesigenic (PKD), non‐kinesigenic (PNKD), and exercise induced (PED). The elucidation of the genetic cause of various forms of paroxysmal dyskinesia has led to better clinical definitions based on genotype–phenotype correlations in the familial forms. However, it has been increasingly recognized that (1) there is a marked pleiotropy of mutations in such genes with still expanding clinical spectra; and (2) not all patients clinically presenting with either PKD, PNKD, or PED have mutations in these genes. We aimed to review the clinical features of 500 genetically proven cases published to date. Based on our results, it is clear that there is not a complete phenotypic–genotypic correlation, and therefore we suggest an algorithm to lead the genetic analyses. Given the fact that the reliability of current clinical categorization is not entirely valid, we further propose a novel classification for paroxysmal dyskinesias, which takes into account the recent genetic discoveries in this field. © 2014 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society     

Paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia and generalized seizures: clinical and genetic analysis in a Spanish pedigree

Familial paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (PKD) is a rare disorder featuring brief, dystonic or choreoathetotic attacks, typically triggered by sudden movements. Symptoms usually start in mid-childhood, although in several pedigrees infantile convulsions have been reported as the presenting sign. Previous linkage studies have identified two PKD loci on 16 p12.1-q21. We report here the clinical features of a Spanish kindred with autosomal dominant PKD, in which haplotype data are compatible with linkage to the pericentromeric region of chromosome 16 and exclude linkage to the locus for Paroxysmal Non Kinesigenic Dyskinesia (PNKD) on chromosome 2 q35. In this family, the conservative candidate region for the disease lies between markers D16S3145 and GATA140E03 on 16 p12.1-q21 and partially overlaps with both the Paroxysmal Kinesigenic Dyskinesia - Infantile Convulsions (PKD-IC) critical interval and the Episodic Kinesigenic Dyskinesia 2 (EKD2) locus. Unusual findings in our pedigree were early infantile onset of the dyskinesias in one patient and generalized seizures as adults in two, adding to previous observations of phenotypic overlap between epileptic and non-epileptic paroxysmal disorders. Further clinical and genetic studies are needed to elucidate whether PKD and PKD-IC are allelic disorders with age-dependent phenotypic expression.