耐力性运动对锌、铜代谢的影响

本文的研究提示运动员经历一次马拉松比赛及长期高强度冬季系统训练后可以导致血清锌、铜水平及尿锌、铜排出量的改变。大白鼠一次衰竭性游泳运动试验也证实,运动可以导致肝脏、肌肉中的锌、铜含量呈增加趋势。     

Relation between serum creatinine and body mass index in elite athletes of different sport disciplines

Objectives

To document the relation between serum creatinine concentration and body mass index in elite athletes from five different sports, and to study potential differences among athletes performing different sports with different features and requirements.

Methods

Before the start of the competitive season, serum creatinine was measured in 151 elite athletes from five different sports: rugby (n  =  44), soccer (n  =  27), alpine skiing (n  =  34), sailing (n  =  22), cycling (n  =  24). Pearson''s correlation analysis was used to evaluate the relation between serum creatinine and body mass index (BMI). Analysis of variance and unpaired Student''s t test were used to compare creatinine concentration and BMI in different sport disciplines.

Results

In the whole group of athletes, a positive correlation between serum creatinine and BMI was found (r  =  0.48, p<0.001). Significant differences in creatinine concentration and BMI were found between athletes competing in different sports: their mean (SD) values were respectively 1.31 (0.12) mg/dl and 28.83 (2.41) for rugby players, 1.27 mg/dl (0.10) and 23.10 (1.01) for soccer players, 1.15 (0.11) mg/dl and 25.8 (1.50) for skiers, 1.08 (0.11) mg/dl and 26.93 (2.36) for sailors, and 0.91 (0.07)mg/dl and 21.33 (1.21) for cyclists.

Conclusions

There is a correlation between creatinine concentration and BMI in elite athletes competing in different sports characterised by different kinds of training, competitive season, and involvement of aerobic and anaerobic metabolism. Interpretation of creatinine concentrations in male athletes should consider professional status as well as the specific sport performed. All athletes should be monitored with consecutive creatinine assessments, using as the baseline the concentration determined before the start of training and the competitive season, but taking into consideration the specific sport performed and the BMI until equations that include creatinine and factors that affect its concentration are used.     

Zinc metabolism in the athlete: influence of training, nutrition and other factors

Serum zinc was measured four times (October, January, March and May) in six young male athletes during a nine-month sporting season in relation to eleven other parameters. A significant decrease in serum zinc was observed after five months of intensive training (all values remaining in the normal range). This cannot be explained by changes in dietary habits, plasma protein concentrations, hormonal changes nor by the existence of minor infectious or inflammatory pathologies. The dietary intakes seemed adequate. These results support the hypothesis that zinc status may be slightly altered in the high-level athlete.     

运动员贫血时血清铁蛋白与微量元素的研究

<正> 缺铁性贫血是贫血原因中最常见的一种贫血,其发生率较高。本病的早期阶段—无贫血的缺铁发生率要比预料的高的多。近年来随着对运动性贫血研究的逐步深入,不少学者把注意力集中到铁代谢的问题上,认为运动性贫血与长期缺铁有密切关系。因此定期了解运动员体内铁贮备对预防缺铁性贫血和保持运动员良好的运动能力尤为重要。     

优秀运动员的营养状况和改善途径

为了解我国优秀运动员当前的营养问题，我们于１９８７年和１９８９年冬训期间对国家集训队１１个项目的４３６名运动员进行了营养生化检测和评定，取得了４０００多个数据，主要结果如下：１．运动员的血红蛋白水平；男女分别是１５．２±０．８和１４．０±０．９ｇ／ｄＬ。血清总蛋白含量：男女分别为７．１±０．６和７．０±０．４ｇ／ｄＬ。运动员的贫血和低蛋白血症的检出率显著减少。运动员的蛋白质营养状况显著改善。２．运动员血清总胆固醇水平：男、女分别是２０２±３２和２０１±３０ｍｇ／ｄＬ，甘油三酯分别是８７．４±１４．２和８８．５±１３．４ｍｇ／ｄＬ。高血清胆固醇的检出率分别为３９．７％（＞２００ｍｇ／ｄＬ）、１９．４％（＞２２０ｍｇ／ｄＬ）和８．７％（＞２４０ｍｇ／ｄＬ）。血清甘油三酯＞１２０ｍｇ／ｄＬ者有８．８％。３．运动员中血清镁浓度低于２ｍｇ／ｄＬ的人数占检测总人数的４．４％，而且低血清镁者多数为游泳运动员。低血清锌和铜的检出率为１５－２０％。运动员中维生素Ｂ１和Ｂ２营养处于不足水平者分别占５１．３％和３２．２％。血清维生素Ａ不足的有２１％。维生素Ｃ营养良好。运动员的元素或维生素不足多数为边缘性（或亚临床）的缺乏水平。４?     

中国优秀运动员血清锌、铜水平的研究

为研究参加系统训练运动员冬春两季的血清锌、铜水平的变化及影响因素,作者对9个运动项目360名优秀运动员测定了血清锌、铜水平。结果表明:运动员在冬训期的血清锌水平偏低、血清铜水平偏高,18岁以下的运动员血清铜低于成年运动员。25名优秀运动员冬春两季血清锌、铜水平配对T检验的数据表明,女运动员在冬季时的血清锌远低于春季时的水平。本文数据为运动员微量元素的合理补充提供了依据。     

Effects of erythropoietin administration in training athletes and possible indirect detection in doping control.

PURPOSE: This study investigated the effects of repeated subcutaneous injection of rHuEpo (50 IU x kg(-1)) in athletes and proposes a method based on the measurement in blood samples of the sTfR/serum protein ratio to determine if the observed values of this marker are related to rHuEpo abuse. METHODS: Serum erythropoietin concentrations, and hematological and biochemical parameters were evaluated, during treatment and for 25 d posttreatment in nine training athletes. Moreover, the effect of rHuEpo administrations on the maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) and ventilatory threshold (VT) of these athletes was also studied. Threshold values for sTfr and the sTfr/serum protein ratio were determined from 233 subjects (185 athletes, 15 athletes training at moderately high altitude, and 33 subjects living at >3000 m). RESULTS: Significant changes in reticulocytes, hemoglobin (Hb) concentration, hematocrit (Hct), sTfr, and sTfr/serum proteins were observed during and after rHuEpo treatment. The maximal heart rate of 177 beats x min(-1) at the beginning of the study was significantly higher than the value of 168 beats x min(-1) after 26 d of rHuEpo administration. Compared with the values measured at baseline, the VT measured after rHuEpo administration occurred at a statistically significant high level of oxygen uptake. CONCLUSIONS: When oxygen uptake measured at the VT was expressed as a percentage of V02 max, the values obtained were also significantly higher. The increased values of Tfr and sTfr/serum proteins, respectively, above 10 microg x mL(-1) and 153, indicated the probable intake of rHuEpo.     

Physiological characteristics of sprint and endurance Masters runners.

Data were obtained from 13 sprint (age range 41-58) and 13 distance (age range 4-78) Masters track athletes. The mean VO2max value for the distance runners was 54.4 +/- 3 ml kg min compared with 47.2 +/- 2 ml kg min for the sprinters. The highest VO2max (71.0 ml kg min) was obtained on a 45-year-old distance runner while the lowest (27.3 ml kg min) was obtained on the oldest (78 years) distance runner. VO2max decreased by 34.5% from age 40 to 70 in the distance runner in spite of continued training that ranged from 40 to 120 miles/week. Maximum ventilation rates were 122.5 +/- 6.8 and 116.8 +/- 7.0 1 min for the sprint and distance runners, respectively. Percentage of body fat was 16.5 +/- 0.5 for the sprinters and 18.0 +/- 1.1 for the distance runners. Serum cholesterol values were 218.7 +/- 8.7 and 203.0 +/- 13.8 ml/dl, while triglyceride values were 101.5 +/- 8.2 and 84.1 +/- 9.3 mg/dl for the sprint and distance groups, respectively. These data indicate that, VO2max decreases significantly with aging despite the continuation of long distance training. Percent body fat and serum lipid levels were significantly lower in these athletes compared to those for sedentary adults, suggesting a protective effect against coronary heart disease. Only one subject had S-T segment depression during the exercise test.     

Sorption characteristics of zinc(II) by calcareous soil-radiotracer study.

65Zn was used as a radiotracer to study the sorption characteristics of zinc by two calcareous soils from Gansu Province (China). The sorption and desorption isotherms of Zn on two untreated calcareous soils and on two soils treated to remove CaCO3 were determined at 20 +/- 2 degrees C, pH 7.8 +/- 0.2 in the presence of 0.001 mol/l CaCl2. The contribution of CaCO3 to the Zn sorption by the two calcareous soils was approximately 70% of the total amount sorbed and the sorption-desorption hysteresis was definitely demonstrated, thus the CaCO3 in calcareous soil is undoubtedly the most significant sink for zinc at high pH range.     

运动性闭经机理的探讨

测定运动后闭经及月经正常的运动员和非运动员的血清考的松、雌二醇、孕酮和催乳素,作者认为血清考的松升高可能是运动后闭经原因之一。同时还发现,运动后闭经运动员血清考的松升高的同时,骨密度减少。     

A three-week traditional altitude training increases hemoglobin mass and red cell volume in elite biathlon athletes

It is well known that altitude training stimulates erythropoiesis, but only few data are available concerning the direct altitude effect on red blood cell volume (RCV) in world class endurance athletes during exposure to continued hypoxia. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of three weeks of traditional altitude training at 2050 m on total hemoglobin mass (tHb), RCV and erythropoietic activity in highly-trained endurance athletes. Total hemoglobin mass, RCV, plasma volume (PV), and blood volume (BV) from 6 males and 4 females, all members of a world class biathlon team, were determined on days 1 and 20 during their stay at altitude as well as 16 days after returning to sea-level conditions (800 m, only males) by using the CO-rebreathing method. In males tHb (14.0 +/- 0.2 to 15.3 +/- 1.0 g/kg, p < 0.05) and RCV (38.9 +/- 1.5 to 43.5 +/- 3.9 ml/kg, p < 0.05) increased at altitude and returned to near sea-level values 16 days after descent. Similarly in females, tHb (13.0 +/- 1.0 to 14.2 +/- 1.3 g/kg, p < 0.05) and RCV (37.3 +/- 3.3 to 42.2 +/- 4.1 ml/kg, p < 0.05) increased. Compared to their sea-level values, the BV of male and female athletes showed a tendency to increase at the end of the altitude training period, whereas PV was not altered. In male athletes, plasma erythropoietin concentration increased up to day 4 at altitude (11.8 +/- 5.0 to 20.8 +/- 6.0 mU/ml, p < 0.05) and the plasma concentration of the soluble transferrin receptor was elevated by about 11 % during the second part of the altitude training period, both parameters indicating enhanced erythropoietic activity. In conclusion, we show for the first time that a three-week traditional altitude training increases erythropoietic activity even in world class endurance athletes leading to elevated tHb and RCV. Considering the relatively fast return of tHb and RCV to sea-level values after hypoxic exposure, our data suggest to precisely schedule training at altitude and competition at sea level.     

'Sports anemia'--a real or apparent phenomenon in endurance-trained athletes?

In order to critically define the apparently widespread condition 'sports anemia', the red cell indices and iron status of male distance runners and triathletes, and female distance runners and ballet dancers were compared to non-exercising controls of both sexes. The mean hemoglobin (Hb) levels of all groups were within the normal ranges and there was no difference between the athletic and control groups of each sex. The mean serum ferritin (SF) concentration of the male distance runners (79.8 micrograms/l) was significantly lower than that of the triathletes (123.5 micrograms/l) and controls (138.3 micrograms/l). Iron deficiency (SF less than 12 micrograms/l, % saturation less than 18%) was evident in 3.3% and 5% of the male and female runners respectively, and 3.3% of the ballet dancers. Iron deficiency anemia (abnormal red cell indices and iron status) occurred in only 1.7% and 3.3% of the male and female distance runners respectively, and 3.3% of the dancers. However, 7 (11.7%) each of the male and female distance runners and 6 (20.0%) of the ballet dancers recorded hemoglobin values lower than the normal range of 140 g/l and 120 g/l for males and females respectively. This anomaly can be explained by a significantly expanded plasma volume in endurance-trained individuals, causing a 'pseudoanemia'. We conclude therefore that athletes are at no greater risk for developing a frank anemia than the non-exercising population, and that the term 'sports anemia' is misleading, as it does not describe a specific clinical entity.     

C-reactive protein serum concentrations in well-trained athletes

Previously it had been shown that there is a sharp increase in C-reactive protein (CRP) serum concentration during the first few days after severe exercise. To evaluate the effect of physical training on the CRP levels, a sensitive enzyme immunoassay was developed and used to assess the basal CRP concentrations in 356 male and 103 female athletes, who trained at least 4 times per week in various disciplines, in 45 male and 40 female untrained controls, and in 35 elderly coronary patients. In male athletes the lowest CRP values were found in swimmers (median: 102 ng/ml, n = 59), which were significantly lower (P less than 0.001) than those of male controls (median: 502 ng/ml, n = 45). The CRP concentrations in rowers (median: 260 ng/ml, n = 108) were also significantly lower (P less than 0.01) than in the control group. CRP levels in middle- and long-distance runners (median: 315 ng/ml, n = 53), racing cyclists (median: 620 ng/ml, n = 111), and soccer players (median: 660 ng/ml, n = 25) did not differ significantly from those of the controls. In female athletes the lowest CRP concentrations were also found in swimmers (median: 110 ng/ml, n = 49), which were significantly lower (P less than 0.001) than those of the female controls (median: 396 ng/ml, n = 40). Female middle- and long-distance runners (n = 36) and female rowers (n = 18) had median CRP values of 250 and 285 ng/ml, respectively. This results suggest that training induces a suppressive effect upon CRP, responsible for the low serum levels in athletes (particularly swimmers) when compared to controls.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Plasma zinc and immune markers in runners in response to a moderate increase in training volume

Changes in plasma zinc concentration and markers of immune function were examined in a group of 10 male runners (n = 10) following a moderate increase in training over four weeks. Seven sedentary males acted as controls. Fasting blood samples were taken at rest, before (T0) and after (T4) four weeks of increased (+ 16 %) training and after two weeks of reduced (-31 %) training (T6). Blood was analysed for plasma zinc concentration, differential leucocyte counts, lymphocyte subpopulations and lymphocyte proliferation using incorporation of 3H-thymidine. The runners increased their training volume by 16 % over the four weeks. When compared with the nonathletes, the runners had lower concentrations of plasma zinc (p = 0.012), CD3 + (p = 0.042) and CD19 + lymphocytes (p = 0.010) over the four weeks. Lymphocyte proliferation in response to Concanavalin A stimulation was greater in the runners (p = 0.0090). Plasma zinc concentration and immune markers remained constant during the study. Plasma zinc concentration correlated with total leucocyte counts in the athletes at T6 (r = -0.72, p < 0.05) and with Pokeweed mitogen stimulation in the nonathletes at T6 (r = -0.92, p < 0.05). Therefore, athletes are unlikely to benefit from zinc supplementation during periods of moderately increased training volume.     

运动员维生素E营养水平初探

采用荧光分光光度法对４０名北京体院竞技体校运动员和３０名普通大学生维生素Ｅ（ＶＥ）营养水平作了调查，结果表明：①运动员组与大学生组平均血清ＶＥ含量分别为１．２０±０．２８ｍｇ／ｄｌ和１．３３±０．３３ｍｇ／ｄｌ，运动员明显低于大学生组（Ｐ＜０．０５）。②竞走及中长跑组与短跑组平均血清ＶＥ含量分别为１．２４±０．２６ｍｇ／ｄｌ和１．１８±０．２９ｍｇ／ｄｌ，二者无明显差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。而将这两组与大学生组比，则短跑组表现的差异大（Ｐ＜０．０５），竞走及中长跑组与大学生组没有显著性差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。③从血中ＶＥ／ＴＣ（胆固醇）比值看，运动员组虽有低于大学生组的趋势，但两者无显著性差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。运动员的ＶＥ营养状况是否存在不同于普通大学生的现象仍有待进一步的研究。     

Training effects on blood zinc levels in humans

Effects of physical training on fasting erythrocyte and plasma zinc distributions were studied on seven previously sedentary male students. The training consisted of running over 5 km, 6 times/week for 10 weeks. Maximum aerobic capacity (VO2max) and 12 min walk-run performance increased significantly (p less than 0.01) after training. The erythrocyte concentrations of total zinc and of zinc derived from carbonic anhydrase I (CA-I) rose significantly (p less than 0.05) after training, whereas no such effects were noted in CA-II-derived zinc, Cu2Zn2 superoxide dismutase-derived zinc, and other zinc. On the other hand, no effect of training was found in total or alpha 2-macroglobulin-bound zinc in plasma, although albumin-bound zinc concentration declined significantly (p less than 0.05). Following the training period, however, the response to a VO2max test of the van Beaumont quotient (J Appl Physiol 1973;34:102-6) for total plasma zinc had decreased significantly (p less than 0.05), suggesting a relative reduction of the circulating exchangeable zinc. In addition, there were significant (p less than 0.05) decreases in plasma iron and ferritin concentrations after training, indicating latent iron deficiency anemia. These results may suggest that the changes in CA-I-derived zinc and/or albumin-bound zinc portend zinc deficiency during running training and that sports anemia precedes hypozincemia in athletes.     

155名运动员血清睾酮的调查及唾液睾酮测定初探

本文用放射免疫测定法调查了155名优秀运动员的血清睾酮水平,认为血清睾酮值将成为力量型运动员选材的一个重要参数。同时对血清睾酮放射免疫测定试验方法、质量控制,及唾液睾酮放射免疫测定法作了初步探讨。     

Preparation of [61Cu]-2-acetylpyridine thiosemicarbazone complex as a possible PET tracer for malignancies.

Due to the interesting anti-proliferative properties of copper-thiosemicarbazone complexes, the production of a (61)Cu-labeled thiosemicarbazone, i.e. 2-acetylpyridine thiosemicarbazone (APTS) was investigated. Copper-61 (T(1/2)=3.33 h) was produced via the (64)Zn(p,alpha)(61)Cu nuclear reaction using a natural zinc target irradiated with 22 MeV protons for 500 microAh. The (61)Cu was separated from the irradiated target material by a two-step method and converted to acetate; this yielded a final activity of 222 GBq (6.0 Ci), with a radiochemical yield of >95%. The (61)Cu-acetate was mixed with 2-acetylpyridine thiosemicarbazone for 30 min at room temperature to yield [(61)Cu]APTS with a radiochemical yield of more than 80%. Colorimetric methods showed that residual chemical impurities in the product were below the accepted limits. Radio thin layer chromatography (RTLC) showed a radiochemical purity of more than 99% after C(18) column chromatography. A specific activity of about 370-740 MBq/mmol (10-20 Ci/mmol) was obtained. The stability of the final product was checked in the absence and presence of human serum at 37 degrees C for up to 3 h. The partition coefficient of the final complex was also determined.     

Training and overtraining markers in selected sport events

PURPOSE: Varieties of symptoms are supposed to detect overtraining (OT). Besides the problems of diagnosis and analysis in elite athletes, a daily monitoring of training status takes place with measurement of the parameters serum urea (SU) and serum creatine kinase (CK); therefore, their meaningfulness will be examined, with special respect inter- and intra-individually. METHODS: Data were obtained from determinations during training from athletes in rowing and athletes of international level. RESULTS: For 6981 SU determinations (male, N = 717; female, N = 285), a slightly asymmetric normal distribution was found (male, 80%, 5-7 mmol x L(-1); female, 75%, 4-6 mmol x L(-1)). Values for women were approximately 1.5 mmol x L(-1) lower. Individual variability was enormous; there seems little point in setting fixed value as 8.3 mmol x L(-1) for men and 7.0 mmol x L(-1) for women as a critical limit for OT. CK has also been measured and evaluated in sports as an essential parameter for determination of muscular stress. Frequency distributions of CK in 2790 samples (male, N = 497; female, N = 350) presented an asymmetric normal distribution with distinct trend toward higher values being evident for the range between 100 and 250 U x L(-1). Conspicuously elevated values occurred in the ranges 250-350 U x L(-1) and 1000-2000 U x L(-1). Men's maximal values were 3000 U x L(-1) and 1150 U x L(-1) for women. Individual variability was enormous. Athletes with chronically low CK exhibited mainly low variability; those with chronically higher values exhibited considerable variability. CONCLUSIONS: Establishment of both parameters should be useful to determine individual baselines from a large number of samples. Determinations should be made at least every 3 d in standardized conditions. If a large increase is observed in combination with reduced exercise tolerance after a phase of exertion (2-4 d), then the possibility of a catabolic/metabolic activity or insufficient exercise tolerance becomes much more likely.     

对膝关节损伤运动员屈、伸肌力矩比值的研究

研究了60例膝关节损伤运动员的屈、伸肌力矩比值(H/Q值)、两腿同名肌力矩相差值及康复训练对这些值的影响。运用日本产GH221高级型大腿肌肉训练器,每周训练3次,共8周,结果发现:膝关节损伤运动员患膝的H/Q值也会发生改变,进行有针对性的康复训练,可使H/Q值向50—60%范围发展。患膝H/Q值变化可作为康复训练效果评定的重要指标。