Dobutamine stress echocardiography and cardiac troponin T for the detection of significant coronary artery disease and predicting outcome in renal transplant candidates.

AIMS: Ischaemic heart disease is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and after renal transplantation. However, the optimal non-invasive test for coronary artery disease (CAD) diagnosis in this population has yet to be established. The aim of this study was to assess the diagnostic accuracy of dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE) and baseline plasma cardiac troponin T (cTnT) for detecting significant CAD and predicting adverse cardiac events in patients referred for renal transplantation. METHODS: Coronary angiography, DSE, and baseline cTnT measurements were performed in 118 consecutive patients (mean age 52+/-12 years, 75 male) with ESRD (mean creatinine 608+/-272 micromol/L) referred for renal transplantation. The mean follow-up period was 1.32+/-0.48 years. Significant CAD was defined as a reduction in luminal diameter >70% by visual estimation in at least one major epicardial vessel. An abnormal DSE result defined as the development of a new regional wall motion abnormality in one or more normal resting segments or a deterioration of wall motion in one or more resting hypokinetic segments. A baseline cTnT>0.1 microg/L was taken as positive. RESULTS: Significant CAD in at least one vessel was present in 35 patients (30%). The number of patients with significant 3 vessel and 2 vessel disease was 6 and 7, respectively. An abnormal DSE result was present in 36 (31%) patients. Thirty-one (26%) had cTnT>0.1 microg/L. Sixty-four (54%) patients were on dialysis and 46 (39%) were diabetic. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values for DSE in detecting significant coronary artery disease were 88%, 94%, 86% and 95%, respectively. The same values for a raised cTnT were 54%, 62%, 40% and 74%, respectively. The combination of an abnormal DSE result and raised cTnT gave values of 61%, 91%, 76%, and 80%, respectively. Over the follow-up period, mortality was significantly higher in those with a raised baseline cTnT but not those with an abnormal DSE result or significant CAD. CONCLUSION: DSE is an accurate technique for the detection of significant CAD in renal transplant candidates. An elevated cTnT does not predict significant CAD in this population and when used in conjunction with DSE, reduces the sensitivity of the combined tests. cTnT is an important marker of prognosis in renal transplant candidates.     

血液透析患者血清肌钙蛋白T检测的临床研究

目的　观察维持性血液透析患者血清肌钙蛋白T(cTnT)与原发病、心血管事件及死亡事件的关系。　方法　对 5 7例维持性血液透析患者采用干化学方法测定血清cTnT水平 ,随访 1年。　结果　 5 7例患者中cTnT升高者 12例 ,死亡 7例 ,4例 (33 3% )死于急性左心衰 ,12例中有 8例原发病为糖尿病 ;cTnT正常者 4 5例 ,死亡 3例 ,1例 (2 2 % )死于心血管事件 ,两组比较差异有显著性 (P <0 0 0 1)。 2 4例患者测定了透析前后cTnT浓度 ,其中 6例透析前cTnT升高者 ,透析后有 5例cTnT仍进一步升高 ,1例下降但高于 0 1μg/L。　 结论　部分血液透析患者血清cTnT水平升高 ,原发病为糖尿病肾病的患者其发生率高 ,cTnT升高与急性心肌梗死无明确关系 ,但与血液透析患者死亡率及伴发心血管疾病有密切正相关关系 ,血液透析本身对cTnT无影响。     

Cardiac troponin T is not increased in patients with hypothyroidism

Patients with hypothyroidism often have increased creatine kinase (CK) levels. It is possible that there is increased production of CK, but other mechanisms, such as an increased cell membrane permeability or decreased enzyme clearance were also proposed. Recently, troponins T and I have been extensively studied because of their cardiac specificity. Cardiac troponins are sensitive and specific markers of cardiac injury. The objective of the study was to measure cardiac troponin T (cTnT) levels in patients with hypothyroidism. Twenty-five patients with primary hypothyroidism were evaluated (thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) >30 mU/L and low FT₄). In all patients thyrotropin (TSH), free thyroxine (FT₄), CK, CK-MB and cTnT were measured.There were 3 men and 22 women with a mean age of 47.5 ± 12.4 years. TSH levels ranged from 31 to 75 mIU/L and mean FT₄ levels were 4.5 ± 1.9 pmol/L. CK was normal in 11 patients and increased in 14. CK levels ranged between 86 and 1221 U/L (normal levels <170 in women, <195 in men) with a mean of 322 U/L ± 279. CK-MB was increased in 4 patients (16%) and normal in 21. All 25 patients had normal cTnT levels, < 0.01 ng/mL (normal levels 0–0.1 μg/L). Increase in CK and its MB fraction are common in patients with hypothyroidism but cTnT levels are not, even in patients with increased CK-MB. Therefore, cTnT is a reliable marker of cardiac injury even in the hypothyroid patient.     

心肌肌钙蛋白T与急性心肌梗死患者左心室功能的关系

目的探讨急性心肌梗死（AMI）后血清心肌肌钙蛋白T（cTnT）峰值与心功能、左室射血分数（LVEF）的关系。方法分别测定了24例急性前壁心肌梗死患者的cTnT、心功能、LVEF、EDV、ESV。结果所有前壁AMI患者的cTnT峰值与心功能成等级相关，与LVEF成负相关，与EDV、ESV成正相关；随访6个月，3例死于心衰的病人cTnT峰值均＞15μg／L（平均为17．2±1．9）μg／L），LVEF值下降者的cTnT峰值在8～15μg／L之间，LVEF值升高者的cTnT峰值均＜μg／L。结论前壁AMI后cTnT峰值越高，心功能越差，预后也越差。     

Cardiac troponin T as a marker of myocardial damage caused by antineoplastic drugs in rabbits

Anthracycline derivatives are among the most effective antineoplastic drugs but their therapeutic use is limited by their adverse effects. The cardiac side-effects of antineoplastic drugs were investigated in rabbits in vivo from the viewpoint of release of cardiac troponin T (cTnT) measured by Elecsys Troponin T STAT immunoassay (Boehringer Mannheim, Germany). No increase in cTnT was found following administration of a single dose of daunorubicin (3 mg/kg i.v., n = 4). During development of daunorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy (daunorubicin 3 mg/kg i.v., once a week; maximum nine administrations, n = 7), the levels of cTnT were within the physiological range (i.e. cTnT < 0.1 μg/1) at the beginning of the experiment and before and after the 5th administration, but the pathological values of cTnT after the 8th administration in 43% animals (0.22 ± 0.08 μg/l) correlated with their premature death. In the control group, the levels of cTnT were always lower than 0.1 μg/l during the experiment. Following administration of a new antineoplastic drug – Oracin {6-[2-(2-hydroxyethyl) aminoethyl]-5,11-dioxo-5,6-dihydro-11H-indeno [1,2-c]-isoquinoline hydrochloride, 10 mg/kg i.v., once weekly, ten administrations, n = 7}, there was no increase in cTnT levels. These findings correlated with the PEP: LVET index, histological examination and no animal succumbing to premature death. It is possible to conclude that cTnT is a useful marker for the prediction of experimentally induced anthracycline cardiomyopathy and for the evaluation of cardiotoxic (and, possibly, cardioprotective) effects of new drugs in rabbits. Received: 1 October 1998 / Accepted: 23 November 1998     

不稳定心绞痛心肌钙蛋白T测定的意义

目的：探讨心肌钙蛋白T（cTnT)对不稳定心绞痛（UAP）危险分层的临床价值。方法：用酶联免疫法测定80例UAP患入院当天、第2天、第3天血浆cTn水平，据cTn≥0.1ng/ml或＜0．1ng/ml将患分为cTn升高组和正常组，观察住院期间UAP胸痛发作时ST－T变化以及急性心肌梗死（AMI）的发生率。结果：在80例UAP中cTn升高24例（30％）；正常56例（70％）；cTnT升高24例中发生AMI3例（12．5％），其中死亡1例，cTnT正常无1例发生AMI或死亡：cTnT升高组胸痛发作时的心电图ST－T改变发生率100％（24／24）高于正常组的0％（0／56）（P＜0．01）。结论：cTnT测定对判断UAP在短期内发生AMI和心性死亡预测价值，可作为UAP危险度分层指标。     

Cardiac troponin I as prognostic marker in heart failure patients discharged from emergency department

Despite evidence that cardiac troponin I (cTnI) identifies patients with advanced heart failure (HF) at risk of death, data on heterogeneous HF populations are scarce. Our purpose was to verify and analyze the prognostic role of cTnI in acute HF patients admitted to the emergency department. This was an observational longitudinal prospective study carried out in an urban hospital. We studied 99 patients discharged from the department between March and December 2002 with a HF diagnosis and samples of cTnI. Patients with acute coronary syndromes, myocarditis or renal failure were excluded. The main outcome was death from any cause. The detection level of the cTnI assay was 0.05 ng/ml. cTnI was detected in 45.5% of HF patients. These patients had a higher NYHA class (P < 0.001) at initial presentation and longer hospitalization (P = 0.004) than cTnI-negative patients. Nineteen deaths occurred during the study: 17 for HF and 2 for acute coronary syndrome. Finally, detectable cTnI was associated with increased mortality risk (RR 4.7; 95% CI 1.3–17.1; P = 0.021) also after adjustment for other adverse prognosis factors (age, NYHA class and presence of relapses). Our HF cTnI-positive patients had a worse clinical presentation and longer hospitalization. cTnI is a significant independent predictor of death and of longer hospitalization. It could be used for the early identification of HF patients at an increased risk of death in the long term, and of longer hospitalization. Thus, cTnI can aid decision-making and clinical management in the emergency department. A short abstract of the paper was presented at the A.C.E.P. Scientific Assembly-Research Forum in Boston U.S.A. October 2003.     

The significance of elevated troponin T in patients with nondialysis-dependent renal insufficiency: a validation with coronary angiography

BACKGROUND: Patients with elevated troponin are at high risk of adverse outcomes, future cardiac events, and are more likely to have hemodynamically significant coronary artery stenoses. Elevated troponin T (cTnT) in patients with poor renal function portends a poor prognosis; however, findings of significant coronary artery disease (CAD) by coronary angiography have not been demonstrated in patients with poor renal function and elevated cTnT. HYPOTHESIS: The purpose of this study was to correlate the angiographic findings of patients with elevated cTnT with respect to renal function in patients with nondialysis-dependent renal insufficiency. METHODS: We retrospectively identified 342 patients with elevated cTnT who underwent coronary angiography in the setting of acute coronary syndrome. Patients were divided into poor (< 40 ml/min) and normal (> 40 ml/min) renal function by measuring their glomerular filtration rate. Our primary outcome was CAD stenosis, defined as epicardial stenosis > or = 70%. Secondary outcomes were rates of contrast nephropathy, initiation of hemodialysis, revascularization, length of stay (LOS), and in-hospital mortality. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in the prevalence of CAD between patients who had positive cTnT with poor renal function versus patients with positive cTnT and normal renal function (87.1 vs. 89.7%, p = 0.54). This finding persisted after stratifying by age. Patients with impaired renal function had a higher mortality, longer LOS, and a higher rate contrast nephropathy requiring hemodialysis. CONCLUSION: The association between elevated cTnT and significant CAD stenosis does not vary with renal function.     

血清心肌肌钙蛋白T在射频消融治疗前后的变化

探讨射频消融合治疗对心肌细胞的损伤。方法测定了５３例行ＲＦＣＡ者的血清心肌肌钙蛋白Ｔ。结果术前ｃＴｎＴ无一阳性。术后阳性率６６．０％，且与放电次数，累积时间呈正相关。结论ＲＦＣＡＡ可对心肌细胞造成损伤。损伤程度与射频放电次数。累积放电时间相关。     

血清肌钙蛋白T和心肌酶对心肌炎的诊断价值

目的：探讨肌钙蛋白T（cTnT)诊断VMC的价值。方法：对34例心肌活检的VMC患和25例健康对照组进行cTnT,CK,CK-MB检测。结果：（1）VMC患检出：①电镜阳性率100％（34／34）；②光镜阳性率58.8%(20/34)；③cTnT阳性率97.1%(33/34)；④CK－MB阳性率41.2%；⑤CK阳性率11.8%；（2）心肌炎心功能Ⅲ级患的cTnT，CK，CK－MB水平均高于Ⅱ级（P＜0.001)；（3）心肌炎病理变化与cTnT水平密切相关。结论：cTnT(≥0.12μg/L)是判断VMC患心肌损伤的最佳指标。     

心脏肌钙蛋白I的磷酸化调控与心衰

心脏肌钙蛋白I(cTnI)是心肌收缩/舒张的关键性调控蛋白.多种激酶调控的cTnI磷酸化通过改变心肌纤维性状影响心脏功能.生理条件下,PKA依赖的cTnI Ser23/24磷酸化与PKC依赖的Ser43/45磷酸化相互拮抗,相互制衡,共同调控心脏的功能.心衰时,动态平衡被打破,cTnI出现磷酸化紊乱,Ser23/24"...     

Dialysis — A family matter. A personal tribute to the relatives of kidney patients

The patient and his or her treatment is the main focus of the multidisciplinary team in the Renal Unit, yet the most important part of the patient's life is that spent at home, outside the hospital. It is important to recognise the contribution to care of the patient's family, especially the spouse. It is also important to understand the carer's needs. Carers experience many of the stresses associated with End Stage Renal Failure, while being relatively unsupported and unappreciated by hospital staff. This paper focuses on the need for imagination and understanding of the carer's predicament, and suggests ways in which carer's needs can be met.     

肌钙蛋白T与N端B型尿钠肽前体对急性肺栓塞患者危险分层的意义

目的探讨联合检测生化标记物肌钙蛋白T（cTnT）和N端B型尿钠肽前体（NT—proBNP）水平对急性肺栓塞（APE）患者进行危险分层及预后判断的临床意义。方法根据血浆cTnT和NT—proBNP水平将59例APE患者分为3组：1组（14例）,cTnT〈0．1ng／ml,NT—proBNP〈100pg／ml;2组（28例）,cTnT≥0．1ng／ml或NT—proBNP≥100pg／ml;3组（17例）,cTnT≥0．1ng／ml且NT-proBNP≥100pg／ml,分析cTnT和（或）NT—proBNP升高对APE患者危险分层与临床预后的关系。结果三组间动脉血PaO2、P（A—a）O2比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。进行两两比较,1、3组动脉血PaO2、P（A—a）O2分别与其他各组相比差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。1组、2组、3组预后不良者分别为0（0％）、7例（25．0％）、9例（52．9％）,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。59例APE患者中临床不良事件发生组与无临床不良事件组比较,PaO2、cTnT、NT—proBNP水平差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论联合检测cTnT和NT—proBNP在APE患者早期危险分层、指导临床决策及预后判断中具有重要价值。     

心力衰竭患者血清基质金属蛋白酶及骨桥蛋白、cTnI、cTnT与心室重构的关系

目的研究及观察心力衰竭患者血清基质金属蛋白酶(matrix metalloproteinase,MMP)及骨桥蛋白(osteopontin,OPN)、心肌肌钙蛋白(cardiac troponin,c Tn)I、c Tn T与心室重构的关系。方法选取2012年8月至2014年3月四川省阆中市人民医院收治的70例心力衰竭患者为观察组;另外选择同时期的70名健康人为对照组。将两组的血清MMP及OPN、c Tn I、c Tn T浓度分别进行检测及比较,然后比较观察组不同左心室舒张末期容积指数(left ventricular end-diastolic volume index,LVEDVI)及左心室体积指数(left ventricular mass index,LVMI)患者的上述指标,并以Logistic分析处理上述血清指标与心室重构的关系。结果观察组的血清MMP及OPN、c Tn I、c Tn T浓度均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);且观察组中不同ΔLVEDVI和LVMI患者上述指标比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。Logistic分析结果显示,血清MMP及OPN、c Tn I、c Tn T浓度与心室重构均有密切的关系(P<0.05)。结论心力衰竭心室重构患者的血清MMP及OPN、c Tn I、c Tn T浓度呈现异常的状态,上述指标对于心室重构均有较高的反映价值。     

Regular exercise as a part of treatment for patients with end-stage renal disease

Physical inactivity and its negative influence on health and the quality of life is a common problem generally, especially in patients with chronic illness and also in patients with end-stage renal disease. Motivation for regular physical exercise could be a problem. A supervised outpatient program in a rehabilitation center, a home exercise rehabilitation program and an exercise rehabilitation program during the first hours of the hemodialysis treatment with a bed bicycle ergometer in the renal unit could be carried out. Low intensity aerobic activity has a favorable effect on cardiovascular risk factor, and gymnastics to increase strength, flexibility and coordination, as well as relaxation techniques are very effective exercises in a rehabilitation program. The positive influence of individual regular exercise on health, quality of life, physical exercise capacity, endurance, muscle strength, social, professional and emotional status is also very high in patients. Side effects of exercise are very rare.     

冠状动脉介入治疗对冠心病血浆心肌肌钙蛋白T的影响

目的：探讨冠状动脉介入治疗对冠心病血浆心肌肌钙蛋白T的影响。方法：随机抽取我院2013年2月～2015年2月收治的90例冠心病患者为研究对象,其中45例经冠状动脉介入治疗患者为观察组,45例冠状动脉造影呈阳性但未经冠状动脉介入治疗的患者为对照组,应用发光免疫法检测、比较两组患者手术前后心肌肌钙蛋白T(cTnT)的水平变化并找出潜在的影响因素。结果：两组组内术前、术后比较：观察组cTnT术后显著上升,对照组无明显变化;两组组间比较：观察组术后cTnT值显著高于对照组,差异比较具有统计学意义。结论：冠状动脉介入治疗对冠心病血浆心肌肌钙蛋白T存在一定影响,术后cTnT值上升,表明心肌出现一定程度损伤或血管内皮损伤,冠状动脉介入治疗能导致血浆心肌肌钙蛋白T的释放。