上臂贵要静脉做血液透析内瘘的设计与临床探讨

目的 探讨上臂贵要静脉做血液透析血管内瘘的手术方法及临床应用。方法 上臂贵要静脉与肱动脉或桡动脉吻合,建立上臂贵要静脉直接内瘘;贵要静脉浅置移位与肱动脉吻合,建立上臂贵要静脉移位-肱动脉内瘘;贵要静脉浅置移位与桡动脉吻合,建立上臂贵要静脉移位-桡动脉转位内瘘。结果 67例手术成功,成功率100％。术后6～8周用于血液透析治疗,血流量可达200～300ml／min,可满足长期维持性血液透析的需要,临床使用成功率97．02％（按内瘘术后穿刺使用1周以上计算）,1年通畅率87．8％。主要术后并发症是肢体肿胀52．2％、血栓形成6．0％、感染3．0％、窃血综合征1．5％。结论 当上肢前臂静脉和上臂头静脉因各种原因不能作血液透析动静脉内瘘时,可选用上臂贵要静脉建立贵要静脉内瘘,临床效果良好,此法应在上肢建立人造血管移植内瘘之前考虑。     

疑难血液透析通路的建立

目的总结疑难血液透析通路的建立经验,为提高患者生存率提供一定的临床依据。方法回顾性分析上海交通大学医学院附属仁济医院血管外科收治的7例疑难病例的病史及血液透析通路的设计。结果收集2008年4月至2014年1月收治的7例病例,男3例,女4例,年龄46~79岁,平均年龄(66.6±13.4)岁,其共同特点是由于插管及其他原因,造成中心静脉资源的耗竭,缺乏常规血液透析通路的建立手段及后续手段匮乏,远期通畅率不高,同时部分患者还存在急诊透析通路的建立困难。最终这7例患者根据各自病情分别施行了左股静脉带隧道带涤纶套导管置管1例,右头臂静脉支架植入术1例,股动脉-股总静脉人工血管袢式动静脉内瘘术2例,股动脉-髂总静脉人工血管袢式动静脉内瘘术1例,股浅动脉-股浅动脉人工血管通路1例,肱动脉-肱动脉人工血管通路1例,以维持透析。7例患者随访时间11~56个月,维持规律性血液透析,有5例因其他原因死亡,1例随访2年后失访,1例维持透析。结论中心静脉耗竭是造成血液透析通路建立困难的主要原因,尽量减少和避免中心静脉插管,有助于保护静脉资源。下肢血管通路是维持血液透析通路的一种选择,而当所有静脉资源耗竭时,可采用动脉-动脉的血管通路。     

上臂侧侧吻合动-静脉内瘘20例临床分析

目的 探索一种血液透析血管通路新式的动-静脉内瘘方法.方法 对前臂无法建立血液透析血管通路的内瘘患者,经彩超评估上臂血管情况后,采用肱动脉与头静脉或正中静脉或贵要静脉做侧侧吻合.使用连续性缝合完成的技术要求.结果 20例患者上臂侧侧吻合动-静脉内瘘手术一次性成功,无明显内瘘术后相关严重的并发症发生,患者使用情况良好.血...     

建立血管通路用于血液透析的体会

报告408例慢性透析患者施行452例次动静脉内瘘术。其中自体静脉前臂内瘘276例次,鼻烟窝动静脉内瘘103例次,外瘘改内痿37例次,自体静脉搭桥3例次,人尸动脉搭桥31例次,聚四氟乙烯人工血管搭桥2例次。术后均成功地进行血液透析,血流量达200～400ml/min,使用最氏者达6年。文中还对制作内瘘的方法、内瘘并发症及人工血管和人尸动脉搭桥的优缺点作了讨论。     

切割球囊联合支架置入术治疗人工血管闭塞及静脉吻合口狭窄一例

人工血管动静脉内瘘(AVG)是维持性血液透析患者长期血管通路之一,吻合口狭窄及血栓形成是其丧失功能的主要原因[1].我们近期对1例AVG闭塞1个月余的患者采用经皮腔内血管成形术(PTA)加切割球囊及支架置入术,成功恢复其功能. 男,54岁,血液透析龄6年.2008年8月接受右前臂AVG手术,采用肱动脉-人工血管-贵要静脉攀式吻合.2011年8月18日透析后AVG突然闭塞,其后依靠穿刺足背动脉或桡动脉透析.2011年9月17日来我科就诊.     

人工血管移植感染的显微外科治疗

目的 报道人工血管移植感染显微外科治疗的临床疗效. 方法 从1998年1月至2008年12月,应用健侧肢体血管桥式交叉供血营养患肢治疗人工血管移植感染8例,其中股动、静脉4例.腘动、静脉2例,腋动、静脉2例. 结果 术后随访3年,所有肢体血液供应良好,肢体外形及功能恢复. 结论 应用健侧肢体血管桥式交叉供血营养患肢可有效恢复人工血管移植后感染肢体的血液供应,降低截肢率.     

尸体动脉建立动静脉内瘘术

目的 动静脉内瘘是慢性肾功能衰竭血液透析患者的重要“生命线”,但一些长期透析患者,由于多次手术及反复穿刺,上肢前臂已无可供做内瘘吻合的动静脉。我们采用尸体动脉作为移植血管制作动静脉内瘘。方法 将尸体动脉用乙醚及无水乙醇处理,保存于75％乙醇内。将尸体动脉作为移植血管制作动静脉内瘘3例。结果 术后血流通畅,血流量200-275ml·min-1。结论 用尸体动脉作为移植血管制作动静脉内瘘效果满意。     

自体血管移植动静脉造瘘术的临床应用

目的探讨自体血管移植进行动静造瘘术临床应用的可行性. 方法 1997年10月～2002年7月对7例肾功能衰竭患者选择大隐静脉移植,进行前臂的动静脉造瘘术.其中男3例,女4例,年龄47～76岁.慢性肾小球肾炎2例,糖尿病肾病5例.手术选择血管较粗直的大隐静脉,将大隐静脉在前臂内侧行直线或U 形搭桥,进行桡动脉或肱动脉与头静脉、或贵要静脉、或肘正中静脉吻合. 结果术后随访15～32个月,动-静脉瘘管均获成功,全部患者均能在临床定期进行血液透析,无假性动脉瘤形成. 结论自体血管移植动-静脉造瘘术是一种手术操作简便、取材容易、价格低廉和符合临床需要的方法,能够弥补血管造瘘术失败或前臂无血管造瘘的动-静脉造瘘方式.     

上肢动脉闭塞性疾病的外科治疗

目的 总结上肢动脉闭塞性疾病的外科治疗方法及其治疗效果.方法 2000年1月至2011年1月,对7例上肢动脉闭塞性疾病患者术前进行数字减影血管造影(DSA)检查,根据血管病变部位、范围、侧支形成情况,采用腋及上臂部人工血管移植手术3例,自体大隐静脉移植重建肘动脉4例.结果 7例患者经6个月的随诊,移植血管通畅,手部血运改善,其中2例手部慢性溃疡病变自行愈合.结论 针对腋-上臂部肱动脉狭窄性闭塞,采用人工血管移植修复;针对肘动脉及腕部桡动脉闭塞,采用自体静脉移植术均可获得满意效果.术前DSA检查对确认病变部位选择手术方式起重要作用.     

人造血管在血液透析通路中应用17例

目的 观察人造血管动、静脉内瘘在血液透析中的临床应用效果.方法 应用膨体聚四氟乙烯(ePTFE)人造血管在前臂建立动、静脉内瘘17例,分析其成熟时间、使用时间、透析时血流量及并发症.结果 术后4～6周开始使用内瘘,早期通畅率100%,随访4年,1例感染后出现瘘管裸露;5例血栓形成,行人造血管切开取栓;1例出现假性动脉瘤破裂出血后拔除人造血管,改行腹膜透析;2例行桥式闭塞后改行袢式.使用时间最短2周,最长时间4年,仍在继续使用.全部患者均在临床定期进行血液透析治疗.结论 对于周围血管硬化,多次自体内瘘失败的血透患者,人造血管移植建立血液透析通路有较好可行性.提高手术质量,术后正确认识和处理并发症,加强护理可提高长期的通畅率.     

Anterior Chest Wall Arteriovenous Grafts: An Underutilized Form of Hemodialysis Access

Vascular access dysfunction is a major cause of morbidity in hemodialysis (HD) patients and the maintenance of a functional vascular access is an ongoing challenge. An upper extremity autogenous arteriovenous fistula (AVF) that preferentially involves the cephalic vein is the access of choice for hemodialysis patients, followed by autogenous AVF utilizing the basilic vein and the use of prosthetic arteriovenous grafts (AVG). Unfortunately, upper extremity options for vascular access rapidly become exhausted in a sub‐group of patients and use of alternative sites for access becomes necessary. An anterior chest wall graft, in which the axillary artery is anastomosed to either the ipsilateral or contralateral axillary veins, is a reasonable option in patients who have exhausted their upper extremity as vascular access sites, but still have patent central veins. Major indications include patients predisposed to steal syndrome as well as those with stenotic outflow veins necessitating over the shoulder extension of a brachio‐axillary graft. Recent data suggest that primary and secondary patency rates in anterior chest wall grafts are equivalent to upper extremity AVGs, making them a reasonable alternative vascular access option. This review will discuss the anatomical variations, percutaneous interventions, patency and longevity of anterior chest wall AV grafts.     

Axillary artery to contralateral axillary vein graft fistula in chronic hemodialysis patients

BACKGROUND: Vascular access failure is a severe and common complication for hemodialysis patients. The possible vascular access sites are limited in dialysis patients. Axillary artery to contralateral axillary vein arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is one of the possibilities. However, the clinical outcome of this procedure is still un-defined. OBJECT: The purpose of this study is to review the clinical outcome of axillary artery to contralateral axillary vein AVF as a hemodialysis vascular access. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed native or graft arteriovenous fistula records for chronic hemodialysis patients at Chang Gung Memorial Hospital in Kaohsiung, Taiwan, from January 1986 to March 2001. Records were reviewed for all chronic hemodialysis patients, with more than 2000 individuals receiving more than 10,000 fistulas. Eight patients received axillary artery to contralateral axillary vein AVF. RESULTS: The mean age for these patients was 61.7 +/- 16.3 year-old at time of surgery. All patients had received multiple native or graft arteriovenous fistula creation. The 2-year and 4-year AVF graft survival is 87.5% and 43.8% respectively. One patients developed brachial plexopathy after operation. Another patient had venous hypertension distal to the AVF site. Both patients were managed conservatively. There is no AVF-related mortality in these patients. CONCLUSION: We conclude that axillary artery to contralateral axillary vein graft fistula may be a feasible alternative choice for chronic hemodialysis access.     

Axillary Artery to Contralateral Axillary Vein Graft Fistula in Chronic Hemodialysis Patients

Background.?Vascular access failure is a severe and common complication for hemodialysis patients. The possible vascular access sites are limited in dialysis patients. Axillary artery to contralateral axillary vein arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is one of the possibilities. However, the clinical outcome of this procedure is still un-defined. Object.?The purpose of this study is to review the clinical outcome of axillary artery to contralateral axillary vein AVF as a hemodialysis vascular access. Patients and Methods.?We retrospectively reviewed native or graft arteriovenous fistula records for chronic hemodialysis patients at Chang Gung Memorial Hospital in Kaohsiung, Taiwan, from 01 1986 to 03 2001. Records were reviewed for all chronic hemodialysis patients, with more than 2000 individuals receiving more than 10,000 fistulas. Eight patients received axillary artery to contralateral axillary vein AVF. Results.?The mean age for these patients was 61.7 ± 16.3 year-old at time of surgery. All patients had received multiple native or graft arteriovenous fistula creation. The 2-year and 4-year AVF graft survival is 87.5% and 43.8% respectively. One patients developed brachial plexopathy after operation. Another patient had venous hypertension distal to the AVF site. Both patients were managed conservatively. There is no AVF-related mortality in these patients. Conclusion. We conclude that axillary artery to contralateral axillary vein graft fistula may be a feasible alternative choice for chronic hemodialysis access.     

Axillary to common iliac arteriovenous graft for hemodialysis access: Case report and review of 'exotic' axillary-based grafts

A 58-year-old Caucasian male with end-stage renal disease and peripheral arterial disease was referred to us for management of his complex vascular access. His vascular access history included a left wrist primary fistula, a left upper arm access graft, a left leg loop graft, and multiple PermCaths in his jugular veins with recurrent infections. Magnetic resonance venography (MRV) of his chest revealed extensive bilateral venous occlusions due to numerous past hemodialysis access catheters. The patient was scheduled for right lower extremity arteriovenous graft placement, but intraoperatively was found to have severe peripheral arterial disease and a thromboendarterectomy was performed instead. Lower body venous imaging demonstrated patent iliac veins. Based on these anatomic considerations a right axillary artery to right common iliac vein polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) graft was placed. The graft required revision twice--once for graft ultrafiltration at the arterial end of the graft and once for needle stick infection--but continues to serve as sufficient access after 15 months. Grafts based off the axillary artery have become increasingly popular in recent years and several venous outflow options have been considered, each with distinct advantages. The common iliac vein offers a central location with high flow rate and low probability of infection. Axillary artery to iliac vein arteriovenous grafting may have a place in the vascular surgeon's armamentarium for complex vascular access cases.     

Optimal timing for secondary arteriovenous fistula creation: devastating effects of delaying conversion

A chronic hemodialysis patient was referred to interventional nephrology for evaluation of arteriovenous access dysfunction. The patient had been receiving hemodialysis using a left forearm brachiobasilic loop graft for the past 3 years. Physical examination revealed a hyperpulsatile graft. Angiography documented a critical stenosis at the vein-graft anastomosis and a well-developed basilic vein from the elbow to the axillary region. Central veins were patent all the way to the right atrium. All attempts to navigate the wire across the stenosis failed. The patient was educated and counseled regarding the possibility of surgical creation of a secondary arteriovenous fistula (AVF). The images obtained were shared and discussed with the surgeon. A plan to create a secondary AVF using the basilic vein in the arm was made. A few months later the patient was referred to interventional nephrology, this time for thrombectomy of the same left arm loop graft. Thrombectomy could not be performed and a right internal jugular tunneled catheter was inserted. The patient again was referred to the surgeon for AVF creation. Six weeks later the patient was seen in the interventional laboratory for removal of the right internal jugular tunneled catheter. It was noted that instead of a fistula, the patient had received a right forearm brachiocephalic loop graft. Devastating consequences, such as the lost opportunity to create a fistula, insertion of a tunneled dialysis catheter, arteriovenous graft placement, exhaustion of available sites for fistula creation, and exposure to increased morbidity and mortality associated with grafts and catheters, can result if the opportunity to create a secondary AVF is not availed in a timely manner. This concept must be understood by every member of the vascular access team.     

Subcutaneous brachial vein arteriovenous fistula for chronic hemodialysis

While the subcutaneous arteriovenous fistula is the ideal method for creating vascular access for chronic hemodialysis, it is not suitable for all patients. Other methods such as polytetrafluoroethylene grafts have proven satisfactory but have been fraught with problems in some cases. In these situations, we have employed the brachial vein arteriovenous fistula as a means of providing continuing vascular access. The brachial vein is dissected free from surrounding structures in the upper arm and anastomosed to the distal brachial artery in end-to-side fashion. The arterialized vein is then placed in the subcutaneous position for easy access. We have performed this procedure in 12 patients. All have had previous access problems. Follow-up has extended from 1 to 34 months. There have been 3 failures and 7 complications. Nine patients have maintained patency of their fistulas through the follow-up period, until transplanted, or until death. We feel that the brachial vein fistula is a reasonable alternative in patients who have encountered problems with standard wrist arteriovenous fistulas or with prosthetic grafts.     

Arteriovenous graft with outflow in the proximal axillary vein

Arteriovenous access can result in complications including extremity ischemia and swelling. Use of the nondominant upper extremity is preferred because complications will result in less severe disability. The distal axillary vein in the axilla is usually considered to be the end point for arteriovenous access in the upper extremity. Vascular surgeons are familiar with exposure of the proximal axillary artery via an infraclavicular incision. The axillary vein is also easily exposed through this technique. Use of this vein for arteriovenous graft outflow can preserve the dominant arm for future use. Nine patients with arteriovenous grafts with venous outflow in the proximal arm for future use. All patients had exposure to the proximal axillary vein via an infraclavicular incision. There were six women and three men. All patients had multiple failed access in the ipsilateral extremity. One patient had a loop configuration graft, while the six others had a straight graft with arterial inflow via the brachial artery. One patient had a bovine mesenteric vein graft, while the remaining six had expanded polytetrafluoroethylene grafts. Six of the seven patients had ambulatory surgery, while one patient was admitted postoperatively with mental status changes. Patency rates were 78%, with mean follow-up of 16 months. One patient had early failure due to steal and one patient failed at 22 months. Six of seven patients are alive at current follow-up. Three patients required secondary procedures including venous angioplasty (n=2) and subclavian artery stenting (n=1). The infraclavicular axillary vein can be used as an effective outflow for arteriovenous grafts. This procedure can be done as an outpatient surgery with a low complication rate. This procedure can preserve the dominant arm for future access and provides a possible alternative to surgery on another extremity.     

Difficult vascular access in patients with end-stage renal failure

BACKGROUND/AIM: End-stage renal failure patients requiring long-term hemodialysis need a durable vascular access. The arteriovenous fistula (AVF) with its long patency rate and low complication profile is usually the first choice for vascular access creation. However, when superficial veins are not suitable for AVF creation or all have been exhausted as a result of repeated AVF procedures, arteriovenous grafts (AVGs) using expanded polytetraflouroethylene (ePTFE) is an alternative. This study reviewed our experience in using PTFE AVGs for vascular access in patients requiring chronic hemodialysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a prospective study, from September 2002 to October 2004, 21 PTFE AVGs were placed in 21 patients. We evaluated the complications and patency. RESULTS: There were 12 female and nine male patients of mean age 58+/-8.7 years (range=45 to 76 years). Nine patients (43%) had hypertensive nephrosclerosis, 6 (29%) diabetic, 2 (10%) glomerulonephritis, 3 (14%) systemic lupus erythematosis requiring long-term steroids, and 1 (4.7%) unknown cause. The patency rate at 24 months was 85.7%. Complications included graft thrombosis (three; 14.3%), wound infection (three; 14.3%) and graft infection (one; 4.8%). CONCLUSION: ePTFE AVGs offer reasonable patency and serviceability rates as a vascular access modality, but in view of their complication profile, the native vein arteriovenous fistula should continue to be the first choice for vascular access for patients requiring chronic hemodialysis.     

Prosthetic arteriovenous fistula for vascular access in hemodialysis.

Vascular access through subcutaneous prosthetic arteriovenous fistulas was studied in eighteen dogs. Dacron velour and woven Dacron grafts (6 mm diameter) were constructed across the lower abdomen between the common femoral artery and the opposite common femoral vein. In heparinized animals 197 percutaneous punctures were made with a "14 guage hemodialysis cannula at weekly intervals. Over a period of one and a half years there was no instance of infection. One of the fourteen Dacron velous and all four woven Dacron fistulas thrombosed. These data suggested the feasibility of achieving repetitive blood access through Dacron velour vascular prostheses. Nineteen Dacron velour fistula bypasses between the brachial artery and median basilic vein were performed in fifteen selected patients for a total dialysis period of ninety-six months. Failed standard subcutaneous fistulas or absence of suitable vessels in the upper extremity were indications for the primary procedure. Of three looped forearm fistulas, two thrombosed at twenty-two and two months. Complications among sixteen straight bypasses in the arm included two graft infections and one cannula tract infection. There were no instances of thrombosis in this group. The advantages of single needle dialysis in these high risk patients have been emphasized. Eleven grafts are presently functioning two to nine months postoperatively. Our preliminary results suggest that a Dacron velour fistula merits consideration as an alternative for vascular access in maintenance hemodialysis.     

Subclavian vein-to-right atrial bypass for symptomatic venous hypertension.

A new surgical technique for bypassing subclavian vein thromboses in patients undergoing hemodialysis is presented. Subclavian vein stenosis or occlusion can occur after the use of temporary access catheters in subclavian vein dialysis. If this occurs in a patient with an arteriovenous access fistula of an ipsilateral upper extremity, venous hypertension, massive edema of the arm, and dysfunction of the access graft may result. In 2 patients with this condition, we successfully performed axillary vein-to-right atrial bypass, which resolved swelling and restored function of the access graft. This may be an appropriate surgical option for symptomatic venous hypertension in such patients.