血乳酸与APACHE Ⅱ评分对感染性休克患者预后影响的分析

【摘要】目的研究感染性休克患者动脉血乳酸浓度与APACHEⅡ评分的关系及其对预后的影响。方法回顾性分析42例感染性休克患者的临床资料,患者在转入辽宁省肿瘤医院ICU时进行APACHEⅡ评分及动脉血血乳酸测定,6h后再次进行血乳酸测定．并计算血乳酸清除率;比较不同APACHEⅡ评分分值组的动脉血乳酸浓度及APACHEⅡ与血乳酸浓度间的相关性：根据患者的预后情况将患者分为死亡组和存活组,观察两组患者血乳酸浓度的变化、APACHEⅡ评分及乳酸清除率情况。结果随着APACHEⅡ评分分值的升高（〈15、15～〈25、25-〈35、≥35分）,动脉血乳酸浓度也逐渐升高[（3．45±0．12）、（4．71±1．04）、（9．80±3．29）、（14．29±0．88）mmol／L],差异均有高度统计学意义（均P〈0．01）;动脉血乳酸浓度与APACHEII评分呈正相关（r=0．962,P〈0．001）;死亡组APACHEⅡ评分分值、血乳酸浓度高于存活组,而乳酸清除率均低于存活组,差异有高度统计学意义（P〈0．001）,血乳酸值〉10mmol／L且6h血乳酸清除率〈10％的13例感染性休克患者均死亡。结论随着APACHEⅡ评分的增高。动脉血乳酸浓度逐渐增高,而乳酸清除率逐渐下降,这与病情严重度呈正相关。【关键词】感染性休克;动脉血乳酸;乳酸清除率;APACHEII评分【中图分类号】R441．9【文献标识码】C【文章编号】1673—7210（2013）11（a）一166—03     

早期监测动脉血乳酸清除率和中心静脉血氧饱和度对危重病患者预后的影响

目的：探讨早期监测动脉血乳酸清除率和中心静脉血氧饱和度（central venous oxygen saturation, ScVO2）对危重病患者预后的影响。方法189例 ICU 住院的危重病患者根据急性生理学与慢性健康状况评分Ⅱ（Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation,APACHEⅡ）分为评分＞30分组（A 组）,＞20～30分组（B 组）,＞10～20分组（C 组）,0～10分组（D 组）,比较4组早期（6h）血乳酸清除率、ScVO2、病死率等指标。患者均经过常规治疗及专科处理。治疗28d 后根据患者是否存活分为死亡组（61例）和存活组（128例）,分析死亡组和存活组APACHEⅡ、早期血乳酸清除率、ScVO2等指标,并加以比较。分别对危重病患者 APACHEⅡ与早期血乳酸清除率、ScVO2的相关性加以分析。结果不同 APACHEⅡ评分组的血乳酸清除率、ScVO2、病死率差异有统计学意义（P ＜0．05）;死亡组 APACHEⅡ显著高于存活组（P ＜0．01）,6h 乳酸清除率和 ScVO2显著低于存活组（P ＜0．01）;APACHEⅡ与6h 乳酸清除率呈负相关（r ＝－0．618,P ＜0．05）,与 ScVO2呈负相关（r ＝－0．695,P ＜0．05）。结论ScVO2和6h 血乳酸清除率与危重病患者严重程度呈负相关,并能通过 ScVO2和早期血乳酸清除率反映患者预后和转归情况,值得临床进一步推广和研究。     

血乳酸、乳酸清除率和氧合指数对重症脓毒症患者预后评估的临床价值

目的 探讨血乳酸、乳酸清除率和氧合指数在重症脓毒症患者预后评估中的临床价值.方法 选择46例因重症脓毒症入住ICU的患者,按照28d预后分为生存组和死亡组.比较两组血乳酸浓度、乳酸清除率、氧合指数和急性生理与慢性健康状况(APACHEⅡ)评分,并建立ROC曲线.结果 乳酸、乳酸清除率、氧合指数和APACHEⅡ评分在两组患者中差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05或0.01),乳酸、乳酸清除率、氧合指数与APACHEⅡ评分存在明显正相关(r=0.932,P=0.012).乳酸、乳酸清除率、氧合指数阳性项目越多,28d病死率越高.乳酸、乳酸清除率、氧合指数和APACHEⅡ评分的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.715、0.744、0.701、0.759.结论 血乳酸浓度、乳酸清除率和氧合指数与APACHEⅡ评分显著相关,可以预测重症脓毒症患者的预后.     

重症脓毒症患者动态监测血乳酸的预后价值

目的：探讨动脉乳酸及乳酸清除率动态监测在重症脓毒症患者预后的临床应用价值。方法：据患者预后分为入ICU存活组和死亡组,比较两组动脉乳酸及6 h乳酸清除率,据APACHEⅡ分为≤20分组及〉20分组,比较两组入ICU动脉乳酸、6 h动脉乳酸及6 h乳酸清除率;用Spearman相关分析APACHEⅡ评分与入ICU动脉乳酸、6 h动脉乳酸及6 h乳酸清除率的相关性。结果：入ICU乳酸水平和6 h乳酸水平存活组明显低于死亡组水平（t=12.44、9.23,P〈0.01）,6 h乳酸清除率死亡组明显低于存活组（t=11.83,P〈0.01）;在APACHEⅡ评分≤20分组患者入ICU乳酸和6 h乳酸水平明显低于APACHEⅡ评分〉20分组患者水平（t=11.37、8.34,P〈0.01）,并且6 h乳酸水平≤20分组明显低于〉20分组水平（t=8.34,P〈0.01）,而6 h乳酸清除率≤20分组明显高于〉20分组水平（t=11.19,P〈0.01）。进一步分析结果显示,入ICU乳酸水平与APACHEⅡ评分呈显著正相关（r=0.734,P〈0.01）;6 h乳酸水平与APACHEⅡ评分呈显著正相关（r=0.698,P〈0.01）;而6 h乳酸清除率与APACHEⅡ评分呈显著负相关（r=-0.632,P〈0.01）。结论：动态监测动脉乳酸水平是判断重症脓毒症患者预后和病情严重程度的一个良好指标,动脉乳酸越高,病情越重,预后差。     

感染性休克动脉血乳酸水平及乳酸清除率与APACHEⅡ评分相关性分析

目的探讨预测感染性休克患者病情及预后的简便易行可操作且有临床实用价值的指标。方法对58例ICU的感染性休克患者入住时行APACHEⅡ评分及动脉血乳酸水平测定，8小时后再次血乳酸测定，并计算乳酸清除率，比较不同APACHEⅡ评分分值组与动脉血乳酸水平及乳酸清除率的关系。结果APACHEⅡ评分21～30分组动脉血乳酸水平明显高于11～20分组（P〈0．05），APACHEⅡ评分〉30分组动脉血乳酸水平明显高于21～30分组（P〈0．01）。动脉血乳酸水平与APACHEⅡ评分相关，死亡组动脉血乳酸水平明显高于存活组。8小时血乳酸清除率大于10％全部存活。结论随着APACHEⅡ评分增高，动脉血乳酸浓度也相应增高；动脉血乳酸浓度与危重病严重程度呈正相关，乳酸清除率动态反应病情进展，是危重病严重程度的早期、敏感、定量的指标。     

动脉血乳酸及其早期清除率在休克患者病情评估和疾病预后中的价值

目的探讨动脉血乳酸水平及其早期清除率在休克患者病情评估和疾病预后方面的价值。方法收集江门市五邑中医院ICU住院的休克患者67例,按照APACHEⅡ评分分为低分组15例（11～20分）、中分组29例（21～30分）和高分组23例（〉30分）三组;休克确诊后2h测定血乳酸水平和进行APACHEⅡ评分,12h后再次血乳酸测定并计算乳酸早期清除率。按照休克确诊第28天的临床转归划分预后良好和预后不良,比较休克患者不同APACHEⅡ评分及不同预后间的血乳酸水平、早期清除率的变化;对不同预后患者早期的APACHEⅡ评分、血乳酸水平、血乳酸早期清除率进行相关性分析。结果不同APACHEⅡ评分患者的血乳酸水平差异有统计学意义（P=0.000）,不同预后患者休克确诊2h、12h时血乳酸水平、早期清除率差异有统计学意义（P均〈0.05）,患者预后与休克时APACHEⅡ评分、血乳酸水平、血乳酸早期清除率相关（rAPACHEⅡ评分=-0.74,r确诊血乳酸=-0.72,r确诊12h乳酸=-0.75,r乳酸清除率=0.88,P均〈0.05）。结论休克患者动脉血乳酸总体水平随着病情严重程度而升高,早期乳酸清除率能动态反应病情进展和预后,两者结合可作为休克患者病情评估及预后的重要评价指标。     

动脉血乳酸和乳酸清除率在感染性休克治疗中的价值探讨

目的探讨动脉血乳酸和乳酸清除率在感染性休克治疗中的应用价值。方法92例感染性休克患者治疗前予动脉血乳酸测定及急性生理和慢性健康状况评分（APACHEⅡ）,早期目标导向治疗（EGDT）后根据疗效分为达标和未达标组,并根据28d病程转归分为存活和死亡组,分别比较各组间血乳酸、乳酸清除率和APACHEⅡ的差异。结果达标组6h血乳酸和乳酸清除率与未达标组比较均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,APACHEⅡ无统计学差异（P〉0．05）,存活组24h血乳酸、乳酸清除率和APACHEⅡ与死亡组比较均有统计学差异（P〈0．05）。结论动态血乳酸变化和乳酸清除率可作为感染性休克评价疗效和预后的指标。     

乳酸早期清除率与重症感染患者预后的关系

目的评价乳酸早期清除率与重症感染患者预后的关系。方法分析35例重症感染患者的临床资料,根据预后将患者分为存活组（23例）和死亡组（12例）,比较患者乳酸清除率。同时以乳酸清除率10%为界限,分为高乳酸清除组（26例）和低乳酸清除组（9例）,比较2组病死率。结果年龄、入ICU时的APACHEⅡ评分和血乳酸值在存活与死亡2组间相比较无统计学差异。存活组的乳酸清除率高于死亡组（P〈0.05）;高乳酸清除组的病死率明显低于低乳酸清除组,且2组相比差异有显著性（P〈0.05）。结论早期6 h动脉血乳酸清除率可以评估重症感染患者的预后转归。     

APACHE Ⅱ评分与血乳酸清除率对危重症患者预后评估的比较

目的：探讨APACHE Ⅱ评分、血乳酸清除率对危重症患者的预后评估比较。方法：临床上选取146例危重患者,按照APACHE Ⅱ评分高低分为A、B、C组,评估各组血乳酸清除率、APACHEⅡ评分;将患者分为死亡组和存活组,评估血乳酸清除率、APACHE Ⅱ评分。结果：146例危重患者中死亡23例（15．8％）,存活123例（84．2％）。 B、C两组血乳酸水平明显高于A组,血乳酸清除率明显低于A组,P＜0．01,具有统计学意义;C组血乳酸水平明显高于B组,血乳酸清除率明显低于B组P＜0．05,具有统计学意义;A、B、C组24h血乳酸水平都比即时血乳酸水平低,P＜0．05,具有统计学意义;A-PACHE Ⅱ分值的增加患者血乳酸清除率在减小,P＜0．05,具有统计学意义;死亡组的APACHE Ⅱ评分明显高于存活组,P＜0．05,具有统计学意义;两组24h血乳酸水平都比即时血乳酸水平低,P＜0．05,具有统计学意义。结论：通过检测血乳酸水平和APACHE Ⅱ评分的方法能够很好地评估危重患者的患病情况,利于医生对患者的治疗,从而降低患者的死亡率。     

APACHEⅡ评分与血乳酸水平对ICU多发伤患者预后的评估应用

目的：探讨多发伤患者入院24h内生理学与慢性健康状况评分II（APACHEII）、血乳酸水平的相关性及对预后的评估价值。方法：检测多发伤患者62例血乳酸水平,行APACHEII评分,并按APACHEⅡ评分分为A组（11～20分）、B组（21～30分）、C组（〉30分）,根据患者预后分为存活组和死亡组,分析血乳酸水平与APACHEII评分的关系。结果：B、C组血乳酸水平明显高于A组（P〈0．01）,C组血乳酸水平明显高于B组（P〈0．05）。存活组血乳酸水平（2．8±1．3）mmol／L,死亡组血乳酸水平（6．0±2．1）mmol／L,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;62例患者APACHEII评分（19．0±3．7）分,存活组APACHEII评分（15．4±4．3）分,死亡组APACHEⅡ评分（27．6±3．8）分,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。APACHEⅡ评分与血乳酸水平呈正相关（r=0．585,P〈0．01）。结论：多发伤患者血乳酸水平与APACHEⅡ评分有相关性,对判断病情及预后有重要意义。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.