食管胸腔胃吻合口内支架并发食管气管瘘的内支架再置入治疗

目的 探讨食管癌术后食管胸腔胃吻合口狭窄行支架置入后形成食管-气管瘘,再次采取支架置入治疗的疗效.方法 6例食管胸腔胃吻合口狭窄支架置入后并发食管气管瘘.X线监视下,取出原食管支架,再次置入1枚较长的食管覆膜支架,消除食管与支架成角现象.结果 本组原支架取出顺利,未出现严重并发症.均再次置入较原支架长20 ～ 40 mm的支架,支架置入后均出现不同程度咽部疼痛不适,患者能够耐受,进食顺利.结论 食管胃吻合口狭窄支架置入后并发食管-气管瘘,可以置换稍长支架进行补救.     

自膨式国产金属食管覆膜支架治疗食管-气管瘘

目的:探讨自膨式国产金属食管覆膜支架治疗各种食管瘘的方法,常见并发症的预防与处理。方法:采用自膨式国产金属食管覆膜支架,在X线监视下或胃直视下用推送器经口置入食管病变部位,共治疗食管瘘患者57例,其中食管-气管瘘18例,食管-支气管瘘25例,食管-纵隔瘘9例,食管-纵隔-支气管瘘5例。结果:57例患者均顺利完成支架置入,即时堵瘘率为100%,未出现技术问题及严重并发症。所有患者均达到了改善进食、提高生活质量的治疗效果。结论:自膨式国产食管覆膜支架适用于治疗各种食管瘘,操作简便、疗效安全,且价格低廉,是一项值得推广的技术。     

双支架（覆膜）治疗食管胃胸内吻合口瘘

目的：探讨双（覆膜）支架治疗食管-胃胸内吻合口瘘的疗效及操作方法。方法：回顾分析9例接受覆膜支架治疗食管-胃胸内吻合口瘘患者的临床资料。结果：9例患者,共植入9个双喇叭口自膨式镍钛记忆合金覆膜食管支架和8个覆膜针织支架。8例植入双支架的患者瘘口均达到完全封堵,另1例患者只放置1个覆膜食管支架的,术后1周造影发现经支架上口边缘仍有少许对比剂进入瘘口,给予保守治疗瘘口愈合。术后有5例患者出现胸骨后隐痛,1周后自动缓解。结论：双覆膜支架能完全封堵瘘口,安全有效。     

食管-胃吻合口瘘蘑菇状内支架置入治疗研究

目的评价蘑菇状覆膜内支架置入治疗食管-胃吻合口瘘的疗效。方法20例影像学检查确诊的食管-胃吻合口瘘,根据瘘口的部位、大小,残留食管和胃底部形态,选择蘑菇状覆膜内支架型号。透视下,12例食管-胃吻合口瘘永久性置入蘑菇状覆膜内支架,8例暂时性经鼻与食管置入脓腔引流管和蘑菇状内支架。结果20例共置入21枚蘑菇状覆膜内支架,技术操作全部成功,即刻复查食管造影显示瘘口完全封堵。随访2～36个月,2例患者死于机体衰竭,1例死于大出血,17例正常饮食。结论蘑菇状覆膜内支架置入治疗食管-胃吻合口瘘安全、有效,值得推广应用。     

胃十二指肠良恶性狭窄的内支架治疗

目的探讨金属内支架在治疗不能手术的胃十二指肠交界处良恶性梗阻中的作用、疗效和并发症。方法１１例病人，８例术后吻合口复发狭窄，１例胃幽门良性狭窄，２例恶性狭窄。在透视监视下，使用介入放射学方法置入１１个自膨胀式金属内支架。结果１１例病人支架置入均成功，１０例梗阻症状立即解除，随访期间病人均能进食，疗效满意。本组无严重并发症发生。结论介入放射学置入金属内支架是一个简单、有效的治疗方法，对不能手术的胃出口部狭窄和术后吻合口狭窄有很好的缓解作用。     

设计不同形状覆膜支架封堵食管-胃吻合瘘及食管化学灼伤后瘘

目的探讨不同形状可取式覆膜支架封堵各类食管瘘的治疗方法及临床价值。方法本组共50例,其中外科手术后食管-胃吻合口瘘43例,食管化学灼伤后瘘7例。瘘口直径0.5～2cm。瘘口部位:食管-胃颈部吻合口瘘7例,食管-胃胸腔内吻合口瘘23例,食管-胃膈下吻合口瘘13例;食管化学灼伤后上段瘘2例,中段瘘3例,下段瘘2例。均在DSA透视下经口腔植入支架,依据残胃大小及瘘口位置,选定下端为大喇叭口径可取式覆膜支架,全覆硅胶膜长管状“Z”型支架或覆膜记忆合金网状长管状支架。结果50例患者共植入支架56枚。支架植入后分别于2、7、12、17、22、30d,口服碘水透视检查,所有病例均堵瘘成功,且无并发症出现。结论设计不同形状可取式覆膜支架封堵各类食管瘘的临床疗效肯定。     

个体化全覆膜支架封堵食管-胃吻合口瘘、胸腔胃-气道瘘、化学灼伤后食管瘘

目的探讨个体化可取式覆膜支架,封堵食管-胃连接部吻合口瘘和胸腔胃-主支气管瘘及化学灼伤后食管瘘的治疗方法及临床价值。方法667例上消化道良、恶性病变支架植入病例中,食管-胃吻合口瘘63例,胸腔胃－气道瘘11例,化学灼伤后食管瘘17例。瘘口直径0．5～2cm。瘘口部位：食管－胃颈部吻合口瘘7例,食管－胃胸腔内吻合口瘘33例,食管－胃膈下吻合口瘘23例;胸腔胃－右主支气管瘘9例,胸腔胃－气管隆突瘘2例;化学灼伤后食管上段瘘3例,中段瘘9例,下段瘘5例。均在DSA透视下经口腔植入支架,依据残胃大小及瘘口位置,选定下端为大喇叭口径可取式覆膜支架63枚;气管-支气管分叉型全覆膜支架11枚;全覆硅胶膜长管状“Z”型支架18枚。结果63例食管-胃吻合口瘘及11例胸腔胃-气道瘘和17例化学灼伤后食管瘘,共植入支架92枚。支架植入后分别于2、7、12、17、22、30d,口服碘水DSA下透视检查,所有病例均堵瘘成功。支架取出无一例消化道出血、食管破裂、瘘口复发等并发症出现。结论设计个体化可取式覆膜支架,封堵食管-胃连接部吻合口瘘和胸腔胃-气道瘘及化学灼伤后食管瘘临床疗效肯定,具有临床推广应用价值。     

介入综合治疗胸内食管-胃吻合口瘘12例

目的探讨介入综合治疗胸内食管-胃吻合口瘘的疗效.资料与方法透视下,对12例胸内食管-胃吻合口瘘患者经鼻腔及时置入胃减压管和空肠营养管.2例未行胸腔引流者和5例外科胸腔闭式引流管不通畅者经鼻腔、食管和瘘口置入胸内脓腔引流管,负压抽吸脓液.择期置入蘑菇状覆膜内支架封堵瘘口.结果经鼻腔胃减压管、空肠营养管和脓腔引流管置入位置合适.12例共置入13枚蘑菇状覆膜内支架,技术操作全部成功,脓腔愈合后将引流管拔出.随访期间10例支架封堵瘘口完全;1例1个月后死于机体极度衰竭;1例7个月后支架滑脱,取出并再次置入1枚新支架.结论及时胃减压管、空肠营养管置入和脓腔有效引流,择期蘑菇状覆膜内支架置入治疗胸内食管-胃吻合口瘘,是一种安全、可靠、有效的综合治疗方法.     

经口支架置入术治疗胃十二指肠恶性梗阻

目的 探讨经口释放支架治疗胃十二指肠恶性狭窄的治疗方法及临床疗效.方法 12例胃十二指肠恶性梗阻患者,梗阻部位位于胃窦及幽门部4例,胃肠吻合口3例,位于十二指肠降段及以远5例,均在X线引导下采用介入放射学方法,经口腔置入记忆合金支架12枚,并观察术后临床疗效.结果 12例患者均一次性置入支架成功,未出现并发症及不良反应,术后梗阻情况均解除,术后2月,支架均保持通畅,随访结果显示患者死前均未再次出现消化道梗阻症状.结论 金属支架置入术具有操作安全简便、创伤小、恢复快、并发症少等特点,是无法手术治疗的胃十二指肠恶性梗阻有效的治疗方法.     

内镜直视联合X线导向介入治疗食管气管瘘一例

本文报道1例食管癌术后并发食管气管瘘(esophago-tracheal fistula,ETF)患者,该患者中上段食管癌行手术切除后出现食管-胃吻合口瘘,后进展为ETF.现将治疗过程及体会报道如下. 患者男,69岁.4年前因食管中上段癌于外院行手术切除,术后病理结果不详,术后出现食管-胃吻合口瘘,在当地医院行食管覆膜支架置入堵瘘,术后瘘口封闭.2年前患者出现进食后呛咳,经检查示ETF,于当地医院再次置入2枚食管支架堵瘘后症状消失.     

带膜支架在食管狭窄中的临床应用

目的：本文回顾性分析了金属带膜支架对恶性食管狭窄、吻合口狭窄及食管气管瘘和吻合口瘘的治疗功效,方法：36例吞咽困难患者放置了Gianturco-Z和自彭式金属带膜支架。其中包括恶性食管梗阻（32例）、吻合口狭窄（4例）,合并食管气管瘘（3例）和吻合口瘘（1例）。结果：37根支架被成功释放。吞咽困难在33例患者中获得明显缓解,平均吞咽困难积分从3．02减低到0．81。3例食管气管瘘和1例吻合口瘘完全堵住。并发症包括胸骨后疼痛（23例）、支架移位（21例）、上消化道出血（12例）、返流性食道炎（1例）和气管受压迫（1例）。结论：金属带膜支架是治疗食道梗阻、食管气管瘘及吻合口瘘安全、有效的方法。     

被覆内支架治疗食管-气管瘘和食管狭窄的临床应用

目的评价应用被覆金属内支架治疗食管-气管瘘和食管狭窄病人的疗效。方法根据食管狭窄的程度、长度、瘘口部位及狮窄上缘距食管上端开口处距离，确定支架长度和支架位置。5例患者均在X线电视监视下完成操作。结果5例病人均1次成功放置被覆金属内支架，患者呛咳及吞咽困难症状消失，术后均能进普通流食。正侧位胸片检查，支架位置准确，形状为两头呈喇叭口样，中间狭窄部直径可达1．1cm～1．5cm。管瘘病人的二种很好的非创伤性姑息性治疗手段。结论X线透视下置入被覆金早内支架，是晚期食管癌合并食管-气管瘘病人的二种很好的非创伤性姑息性治疗手段。     

食管癌性重度狭窄并食管-气道瘘的内支架置入治疗

目的探讨食管癌性重度狭窄合并食管-气道瘘的内支架置入效果。方法透视下,27例食管重度癌性狭窄合并食管-气道瘘患者置入食管覆膜内支架。结果支架全部一次性置入成功,瘘口完全封堵,患者恢复正常进食,肺部感染得以控制。结论内支架置入治疗食管癌性狭窄并食管-气道瘘损伤小、操作简单安全、并发症少、成功率高,控制呛咳具有立竿见影的效果。     

Covered Metallic Stent Placement in the Treatment of Postoperative Fistula Resistant to Conservative Management after Billroth I Operation

A 55-year-old man presented with a case of postoperative enterocutaneous fistula with anastomotic stenosis after a Billroth I operation that was resistant to conservative treatment. This fistula was successfully treated with the placement of a covered metallic stent under fluoroscopic guidance. To our knowledge, this is the first report of postoperative enterocutaneous fistula that was successfully treated with a covered metallic stent.     

Malignant esophageal-tracheobronchial strictures: parallel placement of covered retrievable expandable nitinol stents

Purpose: To assess the safety and clinical effectiveness of the parallel placement of covered retrievable expandable metallic stents in the palliative treatment of malignant esophageal and tracheobronchial strictures.

Material and Methods: Under fluoroscopic guidance, parallel stents were placed in 12 symptomatic patients with both malignant esophageal and tracheobronchial strictures. Seven of these 12 patients also had an esophagorespiratory fistula (ERF) and one patient had an esophagocutaneous fistula. Technical success, clinical improvement, complications, and survival rates were evaluated.

Results: A total of 28 esophageal and airway stents were successfully placed. The grade of dysphagia and dyspnea score significantly decreased after stent placement (P = 0.002 and 0.003, respectively). ERF and esophagocutaneous fistula were sealed off in all eight patients after esophageal stent placement; however, the esophagocutaneous fistula reopened 1 month later. Complications included stent migration or expectoration (n = 3), tracheal compression by the esophageal stent (n = 3), new fistula development due to covering membrane degradation of the esophageal stent (n = 1), and symptomatic sputum retention (n = 1). Stent removal was easily performed for two stents; one migrated stent and the other with covering membrane degradation. All 12 patients died within the mean survival period of 72.50 days (range 7-375 days).

Conclusion: Parallel placement of covered retrievable expandable metallic stents is safe and effective for the palliative treatment of malignant esophageal and tracheobronchial strictures.     

Treatment of Esophagopleural Fistulas Using Covered Retrievable Expandable Metallic Stents

PurposeTo evaluate the clinical efficacy of placement of covered retrievable expandable metallic stents for esophagopleural fistulas (EPFs).Materials and MethodsDuring the period 1997–2013, nine patients with EPF were treated using covered retrievable expandable metallic stents. The underlying causes of EPF were esophageal carcinoma (n = 6), lung cancer (n = 2), and postoperative empyema for Boerhaave syndrome (n = 1).ResultsTechnical success was achieved in eight patients (88.9%). In one patient, incomplete EPF closure was due to incomplete stent expansion. Clinical success, defined as complete EPF closure within 7 days, was achieved in five patients (55.6%). Overall fistula persistence (n = 1) or reopening (n = 4) occurred in five patients (55.6%) 0–15 days after stent placement. The causes of reopening were due to the gap between the stent and the esophagus (n = 3) or stent migration (n = 1). For fistula persistence or reopening, additional interventional management, such as gastrostomy, stent removal, or stent reinsertion, was performed. Stent migration occurred as a complication in one patient with EPF from a benign cause secondary to postoperative empyema. In the eight patients who died during the follow-up period, the mean and median survival times were 78.8 days and 46 days, respectively.ConclusionsPlacement of a covered expandable metallic esophageal stent for the palliative treatment of EPF is technically feasible, although the rate of clinical success was poor secondary to fistula persistence or reopening. Fistula reopening was caused by the gap between the stent and the esophagus or by stent migration, and additional interventional treatment was useful to ensure enteral nutritional support.     

被覆内支架治疗各种食管瘘—附11例分析

目的：评价金属被覆内支架治疗不同原因的食管瘘的效果。材料和方法：11例患者，均经口操作，先用球囊导管对狭窄段进行扩张，后置入国产金属Z型被覆内支架（共12枚）。结果：内支架全部置入成功，术后患者狭窄得到改善，各种食管瘘完全封闭。结论：被覆内支架是治疗各种食管瘘的安全有效的非手术方法，可明显改善患者的生存质量。     

被覆金属内支架治疗食管气管瘘的随访研究

目的;探讨被覆内支架治疗食管癌病人食管气管瘘的远期疗效及并发症。方法：１５例在Ｘ线电视导上置入被覆内支架１５个,１０例门诊随访,５例电话或信访。结果：１５例均一次封闭成功,平均生存期６．４５月,其中６例联合放化疗生存期平均为９．２月,９例死于肿瘤转移,３例死于肺部感染,３例死于其它原因,１例支架滑脱入胃内,１例支架上端再狭窄,１例食物堵塞支架上端,３例有明显胃食管返流,余无明显并发症。结论：被覆     

食管恶性狭窄内支架治疗和良性狭窄球囊扩张后的随访评价

目的　评价食管恶性狭窄内支架治疗和良性狭窄球囊扩张后的长期随访疗效。方法92例食管狭窄做了内支架或球囊扩张 ,有较完整的随访资料。 5 9例恶性食管狭窄均置入了内支架 ,其中置入支架前后行放射治疗 (简称放疗 )和 (或 )化学药物治疗 (简称化疗 ) 3 7例 ,占 63 % ;3 3例良性食管狭窄做了单纯球囊扩张治疗。内支架置入类型 :国产镍钛记忆合金网孔支架 2 4例 ,带膜支架2 2例 ;国产GianturcoZ形支架 7例 ,带膜支架 4例 ;Ultreflex支架 2例。门诊行食管造影和内窥镜检查随访 78例 ,14例通过电话或信件随访。结果　本组病例经过 1～ 4 1个月的随访观察 ,仅 1例支架发生轻度移位 ,但仍能覆盖病变全长。食管恶性狭窄 17例死亡 ,术后生存时间 2～ 3 0个月 ,平均 8 2个月。死亡原因 :肿瘤多脏器转移 15例 ,心肌梗死 1例 ,其他原因引起死亡 1例。恶性食管狭窄内支架置入后再狭窄 11例 ,因食物在支架内阻塞 1例 ,发生食管 气管瘘 1例 ,因肿瘤组织生长发生狭窄 8例 ,因支架上端组织增生发生狭窄 1例。发生再狭窄的 11例均再次做了内支架置入或球囊扩张治疗。结论　中晚期食管癌内支架置入是解除吞咽困难有效的姑息治疗方法 ,应用带膜支架和同时行放疗、化疗可防止因肿瘤生长而发生再狭窄 ,延缓患者生命。球囊扩