早期闭合复位空心螺钉固定治疗青壮年股骨颈骨折

目的 总结早期闭合复位空心螺钉内固定治疗股骨颈骨折的临床体会。方法 本组32例患者，全部采用闭合复位空心螺钉内固定技术。结果 术后随访1.5～5年，32例患者有6例出现股骨头坏死。5例出现股骨颈骨折不愈合，骨折不愈合率为15.6％。其他21例患者全部愈合。结论 采用闭合复位空心螺纹钉固定治疗青壮年股骨颈骨折，能减少股骨头坏死的发生率，是一种较好的治疗方法。     

顶压撬拨技术在Garden Ⅲ、Ⅳ型股骨颈骨折闭合复位内固定术中的应用

目的探讨应用顶压、撬拨技术在GardenⅢ、Ⅳ型股骨颈骨折闭合复位空心钉内固定术中的临床疗效。方法 62例GardenⅢ、Ⅳ型股骨颈骨折通过顶压、撬拨复位技术以达到满意复位后,行3枚空心钉内固定。结果 62例骨折复位质量按Garden＂对位指数＂评价：Ⅰ级复位41例,Ⅱ级复位21例。随访6~36个月,未发生骨折端移位、内固定失败、股骨头坏死,骨折均愈合。结论顶压、撬拨复位技术在股骨颈骨折闭合复位内固定术中可以达到骨折的良好复位,有利于骨折愈合,可避免后期发生股骨头坏死。     

股骨颈骨折闭合复位内固定疗效分析

目的评估闭合复位空心螺钉内固定治疗股骨颈骨折的临床疗效。方法对41例新鲜股骨颈骨折的患者行闭合复位经皮空心钉内固定术。骨折按Garden分型:Ⅰ型2例,Ⅱ型12例,Ⅲ型20例,Ⅳ型7例。观察术后骨折愈合、髋部功能状态以及术后并发症情况。结果随访12.0～40.0个月,平均26.0个月,38例(92.7%)骨折获骨性愈合,骨折不愈合2例,股骨头坏死1例。结论闭合复位加压空心钉内固定治疗股骨颈骨折操作简单、疗效可靠、不切开关节囊、不暴露骨折端、对股骨头血液循环干扰小。     

切开与闭合复位治疗股骨颈骨折的疗效比较

目的探讨股骨颈骨折采用闭合复位空心钉固定与切开复位空心钉固定的临床效果。方法对2002年7月至2006年1月收治的72例股骨颈骨折患者进行分析。其中随访资料完整的70例中,Garden Ⅱ型10例,Ⅲ型22例,Ⅳ型38例。平均随访时间28个月。结果70例患者中65例愈合,总愈合率为92.9%,其中闭合复位组39例骨折愈合,3例骨折不愈合,愈合率为92.9%;切开复位组26例骨折愈合,2例骨折不愈合,愈合率为92.9%。8例出现股骨头坏死,坏死率为11.4%。其中采用闭合复位加空心钉固定患者42例,5例出现股骨头坏死,坏死率为11.9%;采用切开复位空心钉固定28例,3例出现股骨头坏死,坏死率为10.7%。结论股骨颈骨折所致股骨头坏死和骨不连的发生与骨折的类型及治疗方法的选择有关。良好的复位加空心钉固定可达理想的治疗效果。股骨颈骨折切开复位内固定与闭合复位内固定术后的股骨头坏死或骨不连的发生率无明显差异,也可能与本研究病例少,随访时间短有关,但骨折的解剖复位和坚强的内固定仍是骨折愈合的关键因素。     

切开与闭合复位空心钉内固定治疗移位股骨颈骨折的疗效比较

目的比较切开复位与闭合复位3枚空心钉内固定术治疗移位股骨颈骨折的效果。方法回顾性分析自2006-01—2013-01诊治的移位股骨颈骨折51例,32例采用闭合复位3枚空心钉内固定(闭合复位组),19例采用切开复位3枚空心钉内固定(切开复位组)。比较2组手术时间、术中出血量、术中透视时间、末次随访时髋关节功能Harris评分、并发症情况(骨折不愈合、股骨头坏死)。结果 51例均获得随访12~90个月,平均39个月。闭合复位组手术时间、术中出血量均少于切开复位组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);而2组术中透视时间、骨折不愈合发生率差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。切开复位组股骨头坏死发生率低于闭合复位组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。切开复位组末次随访时髋关节功能Harris评分优良率高于闭合复位组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论对于移位股骨颈骨折,切开复位内固定术后股骨头缺血坏死的发生率低于闭合复位内固定术。     

联合入路微创治疗GardenⅢ/Ⅳ型股骨颈骨折

目的探讨联合入路微创内固定治疗Garden/型股骨颈骨折的效果。方法 2005—2009年间,我院骨科共收治了65岁以下股骨颈骨折患者210例,笔者对其中因闭合复位不理想行前侧小切口切开复位联合外侧小切口置入内固定空心钉的52例股骨颈骨折患者进行回顾性分析,男22例,女30例,年龄22~58岁,平均45岁。受伤到手术时间2~17d,平均3、5 d。骨折分型:Garden型35例,Garden型17例,其中经颈型43例,头下型9例。结果 52例均获随访,随访时间1~3年,平均2年6个月。52例患者中复位优良者42例,复位良好者10例。52例股骨颈骨折患者中,股骨头坏死6例(11.5%),未发现骨不连患者,骨折愈合且未出现股骨头坏死者46例(88.4%)。复位优良的42例中,发生股骨头坏死的2例(4%);复位良好的10例中,股骨头坏死4例(40%)。结论采用创伤较小的髋关节前侧小切口直视下复位,联合外侧切口3枚空心钉内固定微创治疗闭合复位困难的Garden、型股骨颈骨折,与传统的切口相比具有手术创伤小,手术时间短、术中出血少、术后康复快以及减少股骨头坏死的发生率等优点。     

前方小切口复位经皮空心钉内固定治疗GardenⅢ、Ⅳ型股骨颈骨折的疗效观察

目的 探讨前方微创小切口复位经皮空心钉内固定治疗GardenⅢ、Ⅳ型股骨颈骨折的治疗效果.方法 应用空心钉内固定治疗GardenⅢ、Ⅳ型股骨颈骨折28例,采用微创切口,直视下复位骨折,经皮空心钉内固定.结果 术后随访18～36个月,骨折均愈合,4例出现股骨头坏死.功能评定按Harris评分标准:优18例,良5例,可1例,差4例.结论 对于移位的GardenⅢ、Ⅳ型股骨颈骨折,经前方微创小切口将股骨颈解剖复位,可在直视下保证复位的确切性;并最大限度减少损伤髋关节周围的血管网,为骨折愈合创造有利条件.     

经皮空心螺纹钉内固定治疗股骨颈骨折

目的探讨经皮空心螺纹钉内固定治疗股骨颈骨折的临床疗效。方法2001年6月-2004年6月对48例股骨颈骨折[无移位骨折（GardenⅠ、Ⅱ型）22例，移位骨折（GardenⅢ、Ⅳ型）26例]采用闭合复位，经皮3枚空心螺纹钉呈倒三角进行内固定。结果术中出血量〈10ml；手术时间18—54min，平均32．5min。48例随访24—61个月，平均38．2月，97．9％（47／48）骨折愈合，愈合时间4—12个月，平均6．2月；髋关节功能Harris评分，优32例，良11例，可3例，差2例，优良率89．6％（43／48）。22例无移位骨折中，无骨折不愈合及股骨头缺血坏死；26例移位骨折中，骨折不愈合及股骨头缺血坏死分别为3．8％（1／26）和11．5％（3／26）。结论经皮空心螺纹钉内固定治疗股骨颈骨折疗效理想，具有操作简单、固定牢靠、并发症少等优点。     

闭合复位空心螺钉内固定治疗股骨颈骨折的疗效

目的 探讨闭合复位空心螺钉内固定治疗股骨颈骨折的临床疗效。方法 在C型臂X线透视下牵引床牵引复位，经皮穿入2～3枚导针，顺导针拧入空心螺钉治疗股骨颈骨折110例，术后随访2～6年。平均3年8个月。结果 除1例手术后第6天因突发心肌梗死死亡，2例骨折不愈合外，其余107例均获得愈合，骨折愈合率为98．2％。远期出现股骨头缺血坏死及塌陷29例，坏死发生率为26．36％。结论闭合复位空心螺钉内固定治疗股骨颈骨折，其方法简单，固定牢固，治疗效果好。     

闭合复位空心钉治疗中老年股骨颈骨折后股骨头坏死的多元相关研究

目的探讨影响闭合复位空心钉治疗中老年股骨颈骨折后股骨头坏死的相关因素及其多元关系。方法对1999年5月～2004年5月间收治的300例中老年股骨颈骨折患者进行回顾性分析,所有患者均行闭合复位空心钉固定。对随访资料完整的99例患者资料运用SPSS10．0软件进行统计学分析,即对其年龄、性别、骨折类型、复位时间、复位质量、完全负重时间、内固定是否取出及术前是否行牵引等因素进行多因素分析。结果99例患者获平均24．5个月(8～60个月)随访。15例出现股骨头坏死,坏死率为15．2%,发生坏死的时间为术后8～50个月。由复位质量、术前牵引、年龄及年龄×取出内固定构成的多因素组对股骨颈骨折后股骨头坏死的影响最显著。结论闭合复位质量对股骨颈骨折预后的影响程度极大；不良位置的术前牵引可能加重股骨头坏死；年龄在多因素共同影响中的相对危险度不大；Garden分型是判断股骨颈骨折后股骨头坏死的一项重要指标,与骨折复位质量具有相关性,但其并非是多因素共同影响下造成股骨头坏死的危险因素。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.