全膝关节置换术后下肢深静脉血栓发生的危险因素

[目的]探讨全膝关节置换(TKA)术后下肢深静脉血栓(DVT)发生的危险因素及应对策略。[方法]对2010年1月~2016年12月146例全膝关节置换患者的血栓发生情况进行分析。所有患者术前、术后均行双下肢静脉彩超检查。根据患者术后是否发生DVT分为DVT组和非DVT组。记录两组的年龄、性别、手术时间、体重指数、术中出血量、D-二聚体浓度、凝血酶原时间国际标准化比值(PT-INR)及合并内科疾病情况,行统计学分析。[结果]双下肢静脉彩超确诊TKA患者术后发生DVT 12例,发生率为8.22%。统计分析表明,高龄、D二聚体升高、凝血酶原时间国际标准化比值(PT-INR)降低、体重指数偏高、合并内科疾病是TKA术后发生DVT的危险因素(P0.05),而性别、手术时间、术中出血量对于术后发生DVT的意义尚需进一步明确(P0.05)。[结论]高龄、术前D二聚体升高、体重指数偏高、凝血酶原时间国际标准化比值(PT-INR)降低、合并内科疾病是引起DVT的危险因素,应引起足够的重视。     

Progression and regression of deep vein thrombosis after total knee arthroplasty

In this study, patients indicated for primary total knee arthroplasty were prospectively evaluated with serial ascending venography in the index extremities to elucidate the incidence, timing, and evidence of propagation or diminution of any associated deep vein thrombosis. One of 30 limbs evaluated with preoperative venography was positive. Seventy-six knees in 59 patients were evaluated with early and late postoperative venograms. Overall, 47% of limbs were positive at early venography and 54% were positive at late venography. Comparison of early and late results revealed that, in the unilateral arthroplasty group, 86% of eventually positive limbs were already positive within one day after surgery. In the bilateral arthroplasty group, 85% of eventually positive limbs and 87% of eventually positive patients were already positive within one day after surgery. Five percent of unilateral arthroplasty patients and 12% of knees in bilateral arthroplasty patients demonstrated thrombosis proximal to the deep veins of the calf at the early venogram. Late venography demonstrated thrombus formation proximal to the deep veins of the calf in 12% of knees in the unilateral and bilateral groups. No limbs with thrombi less than 9 cm in length at early venography demonstrated thrombosis in or proximal to the popliteal vein at late venography. All thromboses demonstrating propagation into or above the popliteal vein between the early and late venograms did so despite warfarin therapy that had been initiated at the time of the initial positive venogram.     

Recent Korean perspective of deep vein thrombosis after total knee arthroplasty

This prospective study was performed on 311 consecutive knees in 227 patients for total knee arthroplasty. The aim was to assess the recent incidence of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) after total knee arthroplasty without chemoprophylaxis in Koreans, the efficacy of plasma d-dimer levels as a screening test, and the associated risk factors. Deep vein thrombosis was found in 79 knees (26.60%). There were 9 cases (3.03%) of proximal DVT, 70 cases (23.57%) of distal DVT, and no symptomatic pulmonary embolism. Although this cohort had limited number of patients by a single surgeon, there is still low incidence of proximal DVT in Koreans with rare pulmonary embolism occurrence compared with those of the Western. High postoperative d-dimer levels were correlative, but no appropriate cutoff value was found. Obesity was a significant associated risk factor.     

Preoperative risk factors for deep vein thrombosis in knee osteoarthritis patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty

BackgroundTo analyze the risk factors for preoperative deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in knee osteoarthritis (OA) patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty (TKA).MethodsIn this retrospective study, a total of 584 knee OA patients undergoing TKA were enrolled. General information, medical records and preoperative laboratory examination results of the patients were collected. According to the results of Doppler ultrasonography for the lower extremities, the patients were divided into DVT group and non-DVT group. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were used to identify independent risk factors for preoperative DVT in knee OA patients undergoing TKA.ResultsThe incidence of DVT before TKA was 6.85% (40 cases). The increase of ESR (Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate), platelet crit, IL-6 (Interleukin-6), and PCT (Procalcitonin) were associated with the development of DVT before TKA. Factors as coronary heart disease (CHD), diabetes mellitus (DM), Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD), NLR (ratio of neutrophils to lymphocytes), lower limb venous blood stasis, the time from onset to admission, RBC, PLT were identified by multivariate logistic regression to be the independent risk factors for preoperative DVT in knee OA patients undergoing TKA.ConclusionsDM, CKD, CHD, increased in ESR, IL-6 and PCT, blood stasis of the lower extremities, increased in PLT, platelet crit and the time from onset to admission, decreased in RBC, were high risk factors for preoperative DVT in knee OA patients undergoing TKA.     

糖尿病增加全膝关节置换术后下肢深静脉血栓的风险

目的 观察糖尿病是否会增加人工全膝关节置换（TKA）术后患者下肢深静脉血栓（DVT）的发生率.方法 实验纳入2011年6月至2013年2月间,在本组行TKA手术的患者.根据患者是否合并有糖尿病,将其分别纳入糖尿病组与非糖尿病组.在术后第3、14天,通过彩色多普勒超声检查,诊断患者是否发生下肢DVT.比较两组间下肢DVT的发生率是否有差异,并通过逻辑回归分析糖尿病与下肢DVT的关系.结果 共358例患者被纳入实验.术后14 d内,糖尿病组有52例患者发生下肢DVT,非糖尿病组有146例患者发生了下肢DVT（P〈0.05）.糖尿病组有16例患者的血栓发生在手术对侧的肢体,非糖尿病组有50例（P〉0.05）.通过Logistic回归分析,糖尿病患者术后发生下肢DVT的风险是非糖尿病患者的2.71倍 [95%CI（1.183-6.212）,P〉0.05].两组间年龄、性别、高血压患病率、BMI、手术时间、术中出血量、止血带使用时间均无统计学差异.结论 虽然目前仍然存在争议,但在本实验中,糖尿病患者TKA术后下肢DVT的发生率高于非糖尿病患者.     

Effect of tourniquet application on deep vein thrombosis after total knee arthroplasty

Introduction There is a great deal of controversy about the effect of tourniquets on development of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Patients and methods We investigated the incidence of postoperative DVT after TKA with or without the use of a tourniquet. The patients were 48 consecutive patients undergoing primary ipsilateral cemented TKA for osteoarthritis. Group A (21 patients) underwent the operation without a tourniquet, and Group B (27 patients) underwent the operation with a tourniquet. Ultrasonography to assess DVT was performed before and after the operation. Results Group B had less intraoperative and total blood loss than Group A. Postoperative DVT was detected in 81.3% of all cases, and symptomatic pulmonary embolism occurred in 1.7%. Most of DVT was found in the calf vein. There was no significant difference in the incidence of postoperative DVT between the two groups. Conclusion We conclude that the use of a tourniquet is beneficial, because it decreases perioperative blood loss and does not increase the risk of DVT. The incidence of DVT after TKA is considerably high with or without use of a tourniquet. Therefore, prevention and early detection of DVT are important for prevention of fatal pulmonary thromboembolism.     

Perioperative risk factors for deep vein thrombosis after total hip arthroplasty or total knee arthroplasty

Study ObjectiveTo determine the perioperative frequency of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) after lower limb joint prosthesis surgery using Doppler ultrasonography (US).DesignProspective cohort study.SettingOperating room and hospital ward.Patients144 consecutive ASA physical status 1 and 2 patients who underwent elective total hip arthroplasty (THA; n=64) or total knee arthroplasty (TKA; n = 80).InterventionsPatients were allocated to two groups, those who developed DVT (DVT group) postoperatively and those who did not (no-DVT group). To examine the perioperative risk factors for DVT after THA or TKA, comparative analysis of the two groups was done.MeasurementsDoppler US was performed on all patients from the bilateral femoral to lower limb to detect the existence of DVT postoperatively.Main ResultsDVT was detected in 61 patients (42%), including three proximal DVT patients (2%). Preoperative elevated plasma D-dimer value [P = 0.0131, odds ratio (OR) 1.54, 95% CI 1.10-2.17] and history of hyperlipidemia (P = 0.0453, OR 6.92, 95% CI 1.04-46.00] were significant risk factors for the onset of DVT. A preoperative plasma D-dimer cutoff value as a diagnostic test was obtained as 0.85 μg/mL.ConclusionsA high preoperative plasma D-dimer value and/or history of hyperlipidemia were risk factors for DVT after THA or TKA.     

Factors affecting deep vein thrombosis rate following total knee arthroplasty under epidural anesthesia

A retrospective review was performed of 448 consecutive patients undergoing primary, unilateral, bicondylar, and cemented total knee arthroplasty under epidural anesthesia by three surgeons to determine factors contributing to deep vein thrombosis rate. All had venography on the fourth or fifth postoperative day and received aspirin and elastic stockings as their only thromboprophylaxis. The overall deep vein thrombosis rate was 41% (2% had proximal clots). The rate of deep vein thrombosis was not related to obesity, history of heart disease, hypertension, prior malignancy, smoking, diagnosis of osteoarthritis, duration of surgery, type of local anesthetic used, or the use of postoperative epidural analgesia. The rate of deep vein thrombosis varied significantly between surgeons: one surgeon had an overall deep vein thrombosis rate of 58% (proximal thrombi, 4%) whereas the other two surgeons had a deep vein thrombosis rate of 35% (proximal clot thrombi, 1%). A number of possible mechanisms to explain the variation in deep vein thrombosis rates between surgeons are provided.     

Postthrombotic syndrome after asymptomatic deep vein thrombosis following total knee and hip arthroplasty

Lower extremity deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is relatively common after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and total hip arthroplasty (THA). In this study, we sought to identify whether post-thrombotic syndrome is a significant risk in patients with asymptomatic DVT after TKA and THA. Included in the study were 186 patients (203 lower extremities) who had undergone routine lower extremity venography after TKA or THA between 1989 and 1993. Patients were contacted a minimum of 7 years after surgery. Postoperative varicose veins occurred in 8% of limbs without DVT compared with 12% of limbs with DVT. Hyperpigmentation occurred in 13% of limbs without DVT and in 16% and 18% of limbs with proximal and distal DVT, respectively. Swelling occurred in 6% of limbs without DVT, in 8% of limbs with proximal DVT, and in 12% of limbs with distal DVT. None of these differences was statistically significant, and there were no differences for proximal versus distal DVT. There was no significant increase in risk for postthrombotic syndrome after asymptomatic proximal or distal DVT after TKA or THA.     

影响人工关节置换术后下肢深静脉血栓形成的临床风险因素分析

目的 分析影响人工关节置换术后下肢深静脉血栓形成（DVT）的临床风险因素。方法对2004年4月至8月95例128个人工髋、膝关节置换术术后DVT发生情况进行分析。其中男性27例,女性68例,平均年龄60岁（23～78岁）。人工髋关节置换术（THA）43例48髋,人工膝关节置换术（TKA）52例80膝。术前及术后7～10d均用彩色多普勒检查双下肢深静脉血流通畅情况及DVT的发生。对19项临床因素与人工关节置换术后DVT形成的相关性进行了分析。结果术后发生DVT的患者有45人,DVT发生率为47．4％（45／95）,其中无症状DVT患者占57．8％（26／45）。经logistic多因素回归分析,与DVT相关的因素有4个,其中女性、肥胖及骨水泥的使用使术后发生DVT的风险分别增加到10．008、3．094、8．887倍（P〈0．05）;类风湿关节炎的诊断使术后发生DVT的可能性减少到0．194倍（P〈0．05）。结论女性、肥胖及骨水泥的使用是人工关节术后发生DVT的危险因素,而类风湿关节炎（RA）则是减少术后发生DVT的保护因素;关节置换术后无症状DVT的大量存在,提示我们术后最好常规行双下肢彩色多普勒或造影检查,一旦有DVT发生,及时治疗,防止发生致命性肺栓塞。     

Diabetes mellitus increases the incidence of deep vein thrombosis after total knee arthroplasty

Introduction

Many patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty (TKA) have diabetes mellitus, which may increase the risk of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) after TKA. We therefore assessed whether diabetes mellitus increased the incidence of DVT within 14 days after TKA.

Materials and methods

The incidence of DVT within 14 days of surgery was compared in diabetic and non-diabetic patients undergoing TKA in our hospital between June 2011 and February 2013. The relationships between diabetes mellitus and DVT were analyzed.

Results

Of the 358 enrolled patients, 70 (19.6 %) had diabetes and 288 (80.4 %) did not. DVT occurred within 14 days in 198 patients, 52 of 70 (74.3 %) in the diabetes group and 146 of 288 (50.7 %) in the non-diabetes group (p = 0.012). DVT of the contralateral leg was observed in 16 and 50 patients, respectively (p = 0.452). Logistic regression analysis showed that the risk of DVT was 2.71-fold higher in patients with than without diabetes mellitus (95 % CI 1.183–6.212, p = 0.018). There were no significant differences in age, gender, hypertension, BMI, duration of surgery, intra-operative blood loss, and duration of tourniquet between the two groups.

Conclusions

The incidence of DVT 14 days after TKA was significantly higher in patients with than without diabetes.     

The risk factor of preoperative deep vein thrombosis in patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty

Objectives

The objective of this retrospective study was to investigate the prevalence of asymptomatic deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and the risk of DVT in patients admitted to hospital for total knee arthroplasty (TKA).

Prevention of deep vein thrombosis after total knee arthroplasty. Coumadin versus pneumatic calf compression

The rate of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) without prophylaxis has been reported as high as 84%. Coumadin anticoagulation and pneumatic calf compression (PCC) boots are two current therapies that have been thought to be effective in reducing this high rate of DVT. To investigate these two methods, a nonrandomized prospective study was designed. The first group involved treating 48 consecutive knee arthroplasties with a regimen of coumadin anticoagulation. The second group involved 81 consecutive knee arthroplasties treated with sequential PCC boots. Bilateral lower extremity venography was performed between the eighth and tenth hospital postoperative days. The overall incidence of DVT in the coumadin group was 33%, with 29% having calf thrombi and 6% having thigh thrombi. The overall incidence of DVT in the boot group was 31%, with 27% having calf thrombi and 6% having thigh thrombi. In both groups, there were no treatment-related complications. Cost analysis of the administration of each type of therapy showed coumadin to be approximately 50% more expensive than PCC boots. Although coumadin and PCC boot therapy are safe and effective in reducing the incidence of DVT after TKA, there are economic factors that make the latter a more favorable option.     

关节置换术后下肢深静脉血栓形成的解剖分布

目的 探讨初次全膝关节置换术和全髋关节置换术后下肢深静脉血栓形成的解剖分布特点.方法 回顾性分析2007年6月至2012年5月接受初次全膝关节置换术或全髋关节置换术后经下肢静脉造影诊断为下肢深静脉血栓形成的272例患者的病例资料,全膝关节置换组110例,全髋关节置换组162例.观察静脉造影中两种术式术后下肢深静脉血栓形成的部位及其差异.结果 全膝关节置换组中,中心型血栓10例、周围型血栓94例、混合型血栓6例;全髋关节置换术组中,中心型血栓3例、周围型血栓140例、混合型血栓19例.两组血栓类型的差异有统计学意义(x2=9.996,P=0.007).全膝关节置换术和全髋关节置换术后血栓最易累及部位依次为肌间静脉193例(71.0％,193/272)、胫后静脉98例(36.0％,98/272)、腓静脉85例(31.3％,85/272)、胫前静脉24例(8.8％,24/272)、腘静脉24例(8.8％,24/272)、髂股静脉20例(7.4％,20/272).周围型血栓中,全膝关节置换组比全髋关节置换组更容易累及多支静脉,两组差异有统计学意义(x2=14.712,P=0.000).在孤立性血栓中,无胫前静脉血栓形成.在多支静脉血栓中,两组均以累及胫后静脉、腓静脉、肌间静脉血栓中的两支或三支常见.结论 全膝关节置换术和全髋关节置换术后下肢深静脉血栓形成的解剖分布不同.     

髋膝关节置换术前预测深静脉血栓形成的多因素分析

[目的]通过对髋、膝关节置换术前患者的相关危险因素的分析,个体化预测其术后下肢深静脉血栓形成(deepveinthrombosis,DVT)的可能性.[方法]2006年4月～2011年11月共309例(髋关节病变113人、膝关节病变196人)接受髋、膝关节置换术的无DVT的患者被纳入研究.所有患者在围术期均接受正规的物理及药物预防血栓治疗.术后第3～10d根据患者病情复查双下肢深静脉彩超了解是否形成血栓.最后,通过术后DVT组与非DVT组的各种术前危险因素的对比分析,提出术前预测术后DVT的公式.[结果]309名患者中术后发生DVT者82例,其中髋关节12例,膝关节70例;单关节置换术后38例,双关节同时置换术后44例.通过判别分析,发现年龄、谷草转氨酶、肌酐、一次手术关节数量、凝血酶原时间和D-二聚体定量与髋、膝关节置换术后DVT的相关性较强,并得出函数预测公式.所有患者平均随访3.5年(4～71个月),均未发生症状性肺栓塞,也未发生明确的肝素类药物副作用.[结论]即使在围术期正规抗凝治疗的前提下,髋、膝关节置换术后DVT的发生率仍然较高.术前如开展个体化预测,能提示对高危人群给予更积极、合理的干预,从而减少术后DVT相关的并发症.     

专科护理质量指标在预防髋、膝关节置换术后深静脉血栓形成中的应用

目的 探究专科护理质量指标在预防髋、膝关节置换术后深静脉血栓形成（deep venous thrombosis, DVT）中的应用效果。方法 选择2015年9月至2017年9月在我院骨科行人工髋、膝关节置换术的268例病人作为研究对象,2015年9月至2016年8月住院的病人纳入对照组（132例）,2016年9月至2017年9月住院的病人纳入观察组（136例）。对照组采用常规质量控制,观察组在对照组基础上增加专科护理质量评价指标质量控制,比较两组病人DVT预防措施的落实率及DVT发生率。结果 观察组DVT预防措施的落实率为96.32%（131/136）,明显高于对照组的73.48%（97/132）,差异有统计学意义（χ²=9.421,P=0.005）;观察组下肢DVT的发生率为1.47%（2/136）,显著低于对照组的6.06%（8/132）,差异有统计学意义（χ²=3.724,P=0.028）。结论 基于专科护理质量指标的质量控制相对于常规质量控制,提高了病人DVT预防措施的落实率,显著降低了下肢DVT的发生率,有效促进了病人的快速康复。     

类风湿关节炎膝关节置换后深静脉血栓发生情况及溶栓效果研究

[目的]探讨类风湿关节炎患者行全膝关节置换术后深静脉血栓的发病率及溶栓效果研究。[方法]2009年2月～2011年5月手术治疗类风湿关节炎24例,其中男性4例,女性20例;年龄29～74岁,平均58.2岁。双膝关节置换术6例(分两次手术),6例行左膝关节置换术,12例行右膝关节置换术。全膝关节置换术后行下肢深静脉造影诊断是否有深静脉血栓形成,术后深静脉血栓形成患者使用系统性溶栓治疗。[结果]深静脉造影术后,类风湿关节炎行全膝置换术后深静脉发生率为26.7%;系统性溶栓后,临床有效率为100%。分别在术后3、6个月随访两次。[结论]类风湿关节炎行全膝关节置换术后深静脉血栓发生率不低,值得在今后的临床工作中注意;下肢深静脉造影是关节置换术后诊断深静脉血栓形成的必要手段。     

全膝关节置换术后下肢肌间静脉血栓的转归及影响因素

目的 探讨全膝关节置换术(total knee arthroplasty,TKA)后下肢肌间静脉血栓的转归及影响因素.方法 回顾性分析2019年6月至10月行单侧TKA术后由下肢深静脉彩超确诊的新鲜肌间静脉血栓病人64例,男29例,女35例;年龄为(56.3±7.7)岁(46～82岁).彩色超声多普勒观察肌间静脉血栓在...     

Factors leading to low incidence of deep vein thrombosis after cementless and cemented total knee arthroplasty

Factors contributing to deep vein thrombosis (DVT) were studied in 51 patients (62 knees) who had a cementless total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and in 51 patients (69 knees) who had a cemented TKA. All patients were treated with a primary TKA using a porous-coated anatomic prosthesis with a porous-coated central tibial stem. Deep vein thrombosis was diagnosed by roentgenographic venography, and pulmonary embolism was diagnosed by perfusion lung scanning. Incidence of DVT was 32%, and there was no pulmonary embolism. The factors that do not seem to have much relevancy to DVT were advanced age, orthopedic disease, one- or two-staged bilateral TKA, venous anatomic variations, number of venous valves, coagulation assay data, hypertension, tourniquet time, choice of cementless or cemented TKA, severity or duration of operation, amount of blood loss, and amount of blood transfused. Conversely, more immediate relevant factors were obesity, postoperative prolonged immobilization, earlier venous disease, and hyperlipidemia.