Genotypic differences in arsenic,mercury, lead and cadmium in milled rice (Oryza sativa L.)

The contents of arsenic, mercury, lead and cadmium in milled rice were determined. Among 216 genotypes, the As, Hg, Pb and Cd contents were ranged from 5.06 to 296.45, 2.46 to 65.85, 4.16 to 744.95 and 5.91 to 553.40 ng/g, respectively. Six genotypes with lower contents of toxic metal elements were selected. The averages of As and Pb contents for indica rice were higher than those of japonica rice, while the averages of Hg and Cd contents were in contrast. Compared with white brown rice, the milled rice from black and red brown rice contained lower contents of four elements. Significant negative correlation was found between As content and alkaline spread value. Significant correlations were observed between As and aspartic acid (Asp) content, Hg and Asp or leucine contents, Pb and cysteine or methionine contents. Cd content was significantly negatively correlated with protein and 14 amino acid contents.     

A biomonitoring study of lead, cadmium, and mercury in the blood of New York city adults

OBJECTIVES: We assessed the extent of exposure to lead, cadmium, and mercury in the New York City (NYC) adult population. METHODS: We measured blood metal concentrations in a representative sample of 1,811 NYC residents as part of the NYC Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2004. RESULTS: The geometric mean blood mercury concentration was 2.73 microg/L [95% confidence interval (CI), 2.58-2.89]; blood lead concentration was 1.79 microg/dL (95% CI, 1.73-1.86); and blood cadmium concentration was 0.77 microg/L (95% CI, 0.75-0.80). Mercury levels were more than three times that of national levels. An estimated 24.8% (95% CI, 22.2-27.7%) of the NYC adult population had blood mercury concentration at or above the 5 microg/L New York State reportable level. Across racial/ethnic groups, the NYC Asian population, and the foreign-born Chinese in particular, had the highest concentrations of all three metals. Mercury levels were elevated 39% in the highest relative to the lowest income group (95% CI, 21-58%). Blood mercury concentrations in adults who reported consuming fish or shellfish 20 times or more in the last 30 days were 3.7 times the levels in those who reported no consumption (95% CI, 3.0-4.6); frequency of consumption explained some of the elevation in Asians and other subgroups. CONCLUSIONS: Higher than national blood mercury exposure in NYC adults indicates a need to educate New Yorkers about how to choose fish and seafood to maximize health benefits while minimizing potential risks from exposure to mercury. Local biomonitoring can provide valuable information about environmental exposures.     

微波消解等离子体质谱法测定各类食品中痕量汞、镉、铅、砷准确性探讨

目的 建立微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法（ICP-MS）准确测定各类食品中痕量汞、镉、铅、砷的分析方法。方法 采用微波消解法处理样品,ICP-MS测定以^72Ge、^103Rh、^185Re作为内标消除非质谱干扰,八极杆碰撞池（ORS^3）消除质谱干扰。结果 采用本方法测定汞、镉、铅、砷的定量限分别为0.05、0.05、0.40、0.40μg/L;在定量限附近测定的回收率和相对标准偏差分别为：100.0%、90.0%、96.0%、112.0%和7.6%、8.0%、11.8%、6.2%。结论 采用ICP-MS法准确测定食品中痕量有害元素的关键点及控制措施,适用于食品安全风险监测大批量样品的分析。     

Association of environmental exposure to heavy metals and eczema in US population: Analysis of blood cadmium,lead, and mercury

ABSTRACT

Objectives: We aim to explore the association between blood heavy metal concentrations of cadmium, lead, and mercury with ever-report of eczema in the US population.

Methods: We used NHANES cross-sectional data from 2005–2006. Eczema was measured among 4509 adults and 3898 non-adults. The association between eczema and tertiles of concentrations of cadmium, lead, mercury was estimated using multivariate logistic regression models adjusted for different confounding variables. The estimation was also stratified by gender.

Results: The prevalence of ever-report of eczema was 7.63% in adults and 13.42% in non-adults. None of the heavy metals was significantly associated with increased ORs of eczema after potential confounding variables were adjusted in the models. Our results remained null after stratifying for gender.

Conclusions: Blood cadmium, lead, and mercury were not associated with reports of eczema in general US population.     

江苏省正常人群血锰、血铅负荷水平调查

目的了解江苏省正常人群体内锰(Mn)、铅(Pb)负荷水平,评估其对正常人群健康的影响,为中毒原因的筛查及疾病的诊断、预防和控制重金属污染提供依据。方法采用多阶段分层随机整群抽样方法,抽取具有代表性的3个市/县,共调1 289人,采集全血样本,采用离子耦合质谱法(ICP-MS)检测。结果正常人群中血Mn负荷为0.58～32.93μg/L,均值为(9.02±0.69)μg/L;血Pb负荷为1.83～151.90μg/L,均值为(20.71±5.01)μg/L;异常率均较高。血Pb异常率苏北>苏中>苏南,血Mn异常率苏北>苏南>苏中;16～岁组异常率最高;男性异常率大于女性。结论江苏地区正常人群体内Mn、Pb的负荷水平均值较低,但异常率较高,存在地区、年龄和性别之间的差异。应重视江苏地区特别是经济欠发达地区重金属污染的现状,加强环境保护。     

Associations of early childhood manganese and lead coexposure with neurodevelopment

Background: Most toxicologic studies focus on a single agent, although this does not reflect real-world scenarios in which humans are exposed to multiple chemicals.Objectives: We prospectively studied manganese–lead interactions in early childhood to examine whether manganese–lead coexposure is associated with neurodevelopmental deficiencies that are more severe than expected based on effects of exposure to each metal alone.Methods: Four hundred fifty-five children were enrolled at birth in an longitudinal cohort study in Mexico City, provided blood samples, and were followed until 36 months of age. We measured lead and manganese at 12 and 24 months and assessed neurodevelopment at 6-month intervals from 12 to 36 months of age using Bayley Scales of Infant Development–II.Results: Mean (± SD) blood concentrations at 12 and 24 months were, respectively, 24.7 ± 5.9 μg/L and 21.5 ± 7.4 μg/L for manganese and 5.1 ± 2.6 μg/dL and 5.0 ± 2.9 μg/dL for lead. Mixed-effects models, including Bayley scores at five time points, showed a significant interaction over time: highest manganese quintile × continuous lead; mental development score, β = –1.27 [95% confidence interval (CI): –2.18, –0.37]; psychomotor development score, β = –0.92 (95% CI: –1.76, –0.09). Slopes for the estimated 12-month lead effect on 18-month mental development and 24- through 36-month psychomotor development scores were steeper for children with high manganese than for children with midrange manganese levels.Conclusions: We observed evidence of synergism between lead and manganese, whereby lead toxicity was increased among children with high manganese coexposure. Findings highlight the importance of understanding health effects of mixed exposures, particularly during potentially sensitive developmental stages such as early childhood.     

Occupational exposure to lead and blood pressure: a study in 105 workers

A group of workers, occupationally exposed to lead and cadmium compounds (n = 53), was compared to a group of workers not exposed to these metals (n = 52). The average values of systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressure were found to be higher in the exposed group (p less than 0.05). In contrast with the correlation between CdU and blood pressure, the correlation between PbB and systolic and mean blood pressure remained statistically significant after controlling for age and pulse rate (r = 0.22, p less than 0.05). The prevalence of potential hypertension (defined as systolic blood pressure greater than or equal to 160 mm Hg and/or diastolic blood pressure greater than or equal to 95 mm Hg and/or under treatment for hypertension) was higher in the exposed group, but the observed relative risk was not statistically significant: relative risk = 1.91 (95% confidence limits, 0.90-4.05). Furthermore, a significant correlation between PbB and Hgb (r = -0.28, p = 0.004) was observed. Differences in kidney function, as assessed in this study, were not detected.     

Mercury, cadmium, and lead levels in human placenta: a systematic review

Background: Placental tissue may furnish information on the exposure of both mother and fetus. Mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) are toxicants of interest in pregnancy because they are associated with alterations in child development.Objectives: The aim of this study was to summarize the available information regarding total Hg, Cd, and Pb levels in human placenta and possible related factors.Methods: We performed a systematic search of PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, Lilacs, OSH, and Web of Science for original papers on total Hg, Cd, or Pb levels in human placenta that were published in English or Spanish (1976-2011). Data on study design, population characteristics, collection and analysis of placenta specimens, and main results were extracted using a standardized form.Results: We found a total of 79 papers (73 different studies). Hg, Cd, and Pb levels were reported in 24, 46, and 46 studies, respectively. Most studies included small convenience samples of healthy pregnant women. Studies were heterogeneous regarding populations selected, processing of specimens, and presentation of results. Hg concentrations > 50 ng/g were found in China (Shanghai), Japan, and the Faroe Islands. Cd levels ranged from 1.2 ng/g to 53 ng/g and were highest in the United States, Japan, and Eastern Europe. Pb showed the greatest variability, with levels ranging from 1.18 ng/g in China (Shanghai) to 500 ng/g in a polluted area of Poland.Conclusion: The use of the placenta as a biomarker to assess heavy metals exposure is not properly developed because of heterogeneity among the studies. International standardized protocols are needed to enhance comparability and increase the usefulness of this promising tissue in biomonitoring studies.     

南京市居民1983～1998年血铅、镉的动态监测

对南京市居民1983～1998年血铅、镉的动态监测结果表明:血铅含量,男性高于女性,吸烟者高于不吸烟者。不吸烟女性血铅浓度在此期间有逐年增高的趋势。1998年市区与郊区血铅浓度也有显著性差异。血镉含量男性吸烟者> 女性不吸烟者> 男性不吸烟者。不吸烟女性血镉在此期间基本处于稳定状态。1998年市区与郊区血镉结果基本一致     

Reference intervals of cadmium,lead, and mercury in blood,urine, hair,and nails among residents in Mansoura city,Nile delta,Egypt

A random sample of 68 males and 25 females who reside in Mansoura city, Egypt, was examined for concentrations of cadmium, lead, and mercury in blood, urine, hair, and nails. The effect of gender and smoking on such levels was studied. The influence of dental amalgam on the levels of mercury in these biological samples was also examined. The results obtained show that only blood lead, which increased among males, was affected by gender. Blood levels of cadmium and lead as well as hair lead appeared to increase with smoking habit. Mercury levels in blood and urine were related to the presence of dental amalgam fillings. International comparisons between our results and the corresponding levels in other localities in the world showed that there were environmentally related variations in terms of cadmium levels in hair, lead levels in blood, urine, hair, and nails, and mercury levels in blood, hair, and nails. In conclusion, reference intervals of cadmium, lead, and mercury in the biological samples are environmentally related parameters. Some factors, such as gender, smoking habit, and the presence of dental amalgam fillings, may affect such levels and therefore should be considered.     

A study on dietary habits, health related lifestyle, blood cadmium and lead levels of college students

This study was performed in order to investigate dietary habits, health related lifestyle and blood cadmium and lead levels in female college students. 80 college students (43 males and 37 females) participated in the survey questionnaires. Body weight and height, blood pressure, and body composition were measured. The systolic blood pressure of male and female students were 128.9 ± 13.9 and 109.8 ± 12.0, respectively. The diastolic blood pressure of male and female students were 77.1 ± 10.3 and 66.0 ± 6.9, respectively, showing that male students had significantly higher blood pressure than female students (P < 0.001). The BMI of male and female students were 23.4 ± 3.3 and 20.2 ± 2.3, respectively. Most male students were in the range of being overweight. The dietary habits score of female students was significantly higher than that of male students (P < 0.01).The blood cadmium level of male and female students were 0.54 ± 0.23 and 0.52 ± 0.36, respectively. There was no significant difference between male and female students. The blood lead level of male and female students were 1.09 ± 0.49 and 0.59 ± 0.45, respectively. The blood lead level of male students was significantly higher than that of female students (P < 0.001). The blood cadmium level of smokers and nonsmokers were 0.69 ± 0.29 and 0.49 ± 0.29 respectively (P < 0.05). The blood cadmium level of smokers was significantly higher than that of nonsmokers (P < 0.05). The blood lead level of smokers and nonsmokers were 1.09 ± 0.43 and 0.80 ± 0.54, respectively. The blood lead level of smokers was significantly higher than that of nonsmokers (P < 0.05). Therefore, proper nutritional education programs are required for college students in order to improve their dietary and health related living habits.     

铅、镉、砷污染地区人群免疫功能检测分析

目的探讨铅锌矿矿区铅镉砷混合接触对不同暴露人群机体免疫状况的影响。方法选择铅锌矿矿区矿工、矿区居民和无污染地区居民3组人群共96人作为研究对象,对3组人群所处环境中的铅、镉、砷含量,人体血液和尿液的铅、镉、砷含量以及人体免疫学指标进行分析。结果矿工组血中铅、镉、砷含量几何均数分别为216.57,5.04,58.65μg/L,矿区居民组血中铅、镉、砷含量几何均数分别为143.62,2.42,33.24μg/L,均高于对照人群,几何均数分别为81.54,1.18,11.50μg/L(P<0.01)。3组人群尿液中的各种毒物差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。矿工和矿区居民的免疫功能相对于对照组均有不同程度的下降(P<0.01)。结论接触铅、镉和砷的矿区矿工和居民免疫功能受到了不同程度的损害。     

血中铅,镉水平与其尿排泄关系的研究

报道了肌酐代谢无明显异常的17名职业性铅、镉接触者在自由饮水情况下血中铅、镉水平与其尿排泄的关系。结果表明,血中铅、镉浓度以及铅、镉、肌酐的尿排泄存在明显的个体差异。血铅浓度与24h尿铅排泄量呈明显正相关,血镉浓度与24h尿镉排泄量无明显相关,而与每天吸烟量明显相关。17人的132份尿样的尿流速与肌酐、镉排泄率呈显著正相关,但与尿铅排泄率无显著相关。本研究还表明,尿中肌酐排泄率与尿铅、镉排泄率之间也有显著的正相关性。     

Variation of systolic blood pressure in rats exposed to cadmium and nickel

This research was intended to verify separate and combined effects of cadmium and nickel on blood pressure in rats. After cadmium chloride (CdCl(2)) and nickel chloride (NiCl(2)) were administered individually and combined by intraperitoneal injection to rats daily for a week, systolic blood pressure of the tails were measured at 1, 5, 10, 20, and 30 days after administration. Each substance was injected into rats with 0.1 mg/kg x bw and 1.0 mg/kg x bw concentrations. After 0.1 mg/kg x bw CdCl(2) was injected, statistically significant differences from the control group (only saline) were found at 1, 5, and 10 days. After 0.1 mg/kg x bw NiCl(2) was injected, no statistically significant differences from the control group were found. After 0.1 mg/kg x bw CdCl(2) and 0.1 mg/kg x bw NiCl(2) were injected combined simultaneously, statistically significant differences from the control group were found at 1, 5, and 10 days, compared with the 0.1 mg/kg x bw CdCl(2) group after 5 days and the 0.1 mg/kg x bw NiCl(2) group after 5 and 10 days. After 1.0 mg/kg x bw CdCl(2) was injected, statistically significant differences from the control group were found at 1, 5, 10, and 20 days. After 1.0 mg/kg x bw NiCl(2) was injected, statistically significant differences from the control group were found at 1 and 5 days. After 1.0 mg/kg x bw CdCl(2) and 1.0 mg/kg x bw NiCl(2) were injected combined, statistically significant differences were found at 1, 5, 10, 20, and 30 days, compared with 1.0 mg/kg x bw CdCl(2) at 10, 20, and 30 days and 1.0 mg/kg x bw NiCl(2) at 5, 10, 20, and 30 days. It was found that the effect of CdCl(2) on blood pressure was much more than that of NiCl(2) and the combination of CdCl(2) and NiCl(2) in high concentration delayed recovery of blood pressure.     

铅锰镉暴露对儿童生长发育及神经认知功能的影响

目的 分析本地区重金属铅、锰、镉暴露对儿童生长发育及神经认知功能的影响,探讨重金属铅、锰、镉对该地区儿童神经认知功能的影响。方法 收集2017年9月-2019年9月在东莞市石龙镇卫生院进行幼儿园入学前体检的243例儿童,进行血铅、锰、镉含量的检测,并将铅、锰、镉分别分为高铅组(31例)和低铅组(212例)、高锰组(46例)和低锰组(197例)、高镉组(50例)和低镉组(193例),比较三种重金属与儿童年龄、身高、体重、空间记忆能力、目标追踪注意力、空间旋转能力之间的相关性。结果 高铅组儿童身高、体重低于低铅组,血铅与儿童身高、空间记忆能力、目标追踪注意力、空间旋转能力呈负相关(r=-0.180、-0.367、-0.334、-0.217, P＜0.05),血镉与空间记忆能力呈负相关(r=-0.140,P＜0.05),血锰与年龄、身高、体重、空间记忆能力、目标追踪注意力、空间旋转能力均无明显相关性(P＞0.05)。结论 本地区铅升高可能影响儿童生长发育,此外,铅和镉升高可能影响神经认知功能,其中记忆能力下降尤为明显,应及早发现重金属污染问题,及时干预,保证儿童身心健康。     

铅锰镉暴露对儿童生长发育及神经认知功能的影响

目的 分析本地区重金属铅、锰、镉暴露对儿童生长发育及神经认知功能的影响,探讨重金属铅、锰、镉对该地区儿童神经认知功能的影响。方法 收集2017年9月-2019年9月在东莞市石龙镇卫生院进行幼儿园入学前体检的243例儿童,进行血铅、锰、镉含量的检测,并将铅、锰、镉分别分为高铅组(31例)和低铅组(212例)、高锰组(46例)和低锰组(197例)、高镉组(50例)和低镉组(193例),比较三种重金属与儿童年龄、身高、体重、空间记忆能力、目标追踪注意力、空间旋转能力之间的相关性。结果 高铅组儿童身高、体重低于低铅组,血铅与儿童身高、空间记忆能力、目标追踪注意力、空间旋转能力呈负相关(r=-0.180、-0.367、-0.334、-0.217, P＜0.05),血镉与空间记忆能力呈负相关(r=-0.140,P＜0.05),血锰与年龄、身高、体重、空间记忆能力、目标追踪注意力、空间旋转能力均无明显相关性(P＞0.05)。结论 本地区铅升高可能影响儿童生长发育,此外,铅和镉升高可能影响神经认知功能,其中记忆能力下降尤为明显,应及早发现重金属污染问题,及时干预,保证儿童身心健康。     

Effect of lead on blood pressure in occupationally nonexposed men

To determine if low-level exposure to lead has an effect on arterial blood pressure, demographic and clinical data of a group of 507 males without any occupational exposure to lead were analyzed in a retrospective study. The following variables were included in the analysis: age, height, weight, nicotine consumption, alcohol intake, blood lead, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and erythrocyte count. The effects of the variables age, weight, height, alcohol intake, nicotine consumption, and blood lead on blood pressure were investigated by stepwise linear regression analysis. The diastolic as well as the systolic blood pressure was significantly influenced by Body Mass Index, age, and alcohol. A significant effect of lead could be found only for diastolic blood pressure. None of the possible interactions were significant enough to merit inclusion in the statistical model. Regarding the strength of the effects on diastolic blood pressure we find that lead ranks after age, weight. In conclusion, this study shows that lead has an effect on diastolic arterial blood pressure in a survey of a group of middle-aged, occupationally nonexposed men.     

2013 - 2017年烟台市食品中镉、汞和砷的含量检测分析

目的 了解烟台市2 807份食品中镉、总汞和总砷的污染状况。方法 采用随机采样的方法于2013 - 2017年间采集烟台市售17类2 807份食品,依据国标规定的操作程序进行检测。结果 镉总体合格率为99.75%（2 770/2 777）。超标样品为6份梭子蟹和1份扇贝。藻类、水产品和食用菌镉含量较高,均值分别为0.756 mg/kg、0.0901 mg/kg和0.0487 mg/kg;乳及乳制品、水果及其制品和饮料镉含量较低,均值分别为0.000625 mg/kg、0.000142 mg/kg和未检出。总汞总体合格率为99.96%（2 666/2 667）。超标样品为1份姬松茸（干制品）。水产品、藻类和食用菌总汞含量较高,均值分别为0.0761 mg/kg、0.0310 mg/kg和0.0106 mg/kg。蔬菜及其制品、水果及其制品和饮料总汞含量较低,均值分别为0.000272 mg/kg、0.000195 mg/kg和未检出。总砷总体合格率为100%（2 677/2 677）。藻类、水产品和食用菌总砷含量较高,均值分别为35.410 mg/kg、1.0087 mg/kg和0.0575 mg/kg。豆类、蛋类和饮料总砷含量较低,均值分别为0.00467 mg/kg、未检出和未检出。2013 - 2017年镉检出率分别为77.84%、61.90%、62.06%、31.52%和28.33%。2013 - 2017年总汞检出率分别为13.77%、15.00%、29.76%、9.69%和14.44%。2013 - 2017年总砷检出率分别为14.77%、7.38%、45.57%、11.50%和12.68%。结论 烟台市2 807份食品中镉、总汞、总砷的污染水平较低。