抗黄曲霉毒素B_1蛋黄抗体的制备及其性质的研究

将黄曲霉毒Ｂ１－牛血清白蛋白（ＡＦＢ１Ｏ—ＢＳＡ）连接物免疫注射４只（Ａ、Ｂ、Ｃ、Ｄ）产蛋鸡。研究了抗ＡＦＢ１蛋黄抗体的产生进程,除鸡Ｂ外,其它３只鸡从第一次注射抗原后的第９０天开始有较明显的抗体产生,第１３５天达到高峰,从第１６５天开始下降。在抗体产生高峰期,蛋黄抗体Ａ、Ｃ、Ｄ的间接ＥＬＩＳＡ效价分别为１∶８０００、１∶６０００、１∶６０００。以蛋黄抗体Ａ为材料,研究了抗体的特异性,结果表明：该抗体有较好的特异性。但是抗体与ＡＦＢ１的结构类似物（ＡＦＢ２、ＡＦＧ２、ＡＦＧ１、ＡＦＭ１）除ＡＦＭ１外都有不同程度的交叉反应,达到５０％的竞争抑制率时,ＡＦＢ１、ＡＦＢ２、ＡＦＧ１、ＡＦＧ２的灵敏度分别为６、２５、１２５和２４９５ｎｇ／ｍｌ。     

用计算机辅助精子分析系统测定TCDD对大鼠精子运动能力的影响

利用计算机辅助的精子分析系统（ＣＡＳＡ）研究了２,３,７,８—四氯二苯－Ｐ－二口恶口英（ＴＣＤＤ）对大鼠精子运动能力的影响。给２１天龄幼鼠腹腔注射ＴＣＤＤ０．１、１．０和５．０μｇ／ｋｇ,对照组注射等量体积的溶媒。在性成熟后（９０天）,用扩散法收集附睾尾精子,测定其运行速度（ＶＣＬ、ＶＳＬ、ＶＡＰ）、运动方式（ＳＴＲ、ＬＩＮ、ＢＣＦ、ＡＬＨ、ＭＡＤ等）及活动精子的比率（Ｍｏｔ％）。结果表明,ＴＣＤＤ１．０μｇ／ｋｇ组,精子的运动速度明显低于对照组（ＶＣＬＰ＜０．０５;ＶＡＰ、ＶＳＬ、ＢＣＦＰ＜０．０１）,０．５μｇ／ｋｇ时精子的运动速度、及前向性和直线性运动性能均明显降低（Ｐ＜０．０１）,活动精子的比率也明显低于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１）。本研究结果为ＴＣＤＤ的男性生殖毒理学研究,以及ＣＡＳＡ在男性生殖毒理学研究中的应用提供了进一步参考依据     

腹腔内注射伏马菌素B1对雄性SD大鼠的毒性作用

腹腔内注射伏马菌素Ｂ１对雄性ＳＤ大鼠的毒性作用［英］／ＢｏｎｄｙＧ…∥ＦｏｏｄＣｈｅｍＴｏｘｉｃｏｌ．－１９９５，３３（８）．－６５３～６６５雄性ＳＤ大鼠腹腔内注射纯制的伏马菌素Ｂ１（ＦＢ１），纯度不低于９８％，并以生理盐水作为对照，观察ＦＢ１对大鼠...     

福建发现首例HIV—2感染者

目的：我国目前尚未发现ＨＩＶ－２病毒感染者,首例ＨＩＶ－２病毒感染者的检出对于ＨＩＶ－２病原学的研究、血清学确认实践、及艾滋病的预防控制具有重要意义。方法：被检血清标本用ＦＡＧＴ（ＧＢＣ,ＨＩＶ－１＋２）、ＥＩＡ（Ｖｉｒｏｎｏｓｔｉｃａ,ＨＩＶ－１＋２）和ＰＡ（Ｓｅｒｏｄｉａ,ＨＩＶ－１）３种不同原理的检测方法进行ＨＩＶ抗体初筛检测,可疑阳性血清经免疫印迹试验（ＷＢ）确认,通过分析蛋白反应条带确定ＨＩＶ抗体的性质。进行艾滋病流行病学调查,分析被检人员感染ＨＩＶ的地点、途径及可能扩散传播的范围。结果：ＦＡＧＴ和ＥＬＩＳＡＨＩＶ抗体初筛检测试验发现１个回国人员ＨＩＶ抗体阳性,用ＨＩＶ－１＋２和ＨＩＶ－２特异性的抗体ＷＢ试验证实为ＨＩＶ－２病毒感染。这是福建也是我国首例确认报告的ＨＩＶ－２抗体阳性者。     

库尔特MD10血球计数仪改MD18的方法

１软件库尔特ＭＤ１０（Ｅ版本）在一张高密小盘上载有：（１）ＤＯＳ５．０系统文件５个：ＩＯ．ＳＹＳ、ＭＳ－ＤＯＳ．ＳＹＳ、ＣＯＭＭＡＮＤ．ＣＯＭ、ＨＩＭＥＭ．ＳＹＳ、ＲＡＭ－ＤＲＩＶＥＲ·ＳＹＳ。其中前三个文件是ＤＯＳ的核心，完成操作系统的基本功能；ＨＩＭＥＭ．ＳＹＳ可以提供上位内存，ＲＡＭＤＲＩＶＥＲ．ＳＹＳ可用建立一个虚拟盘。（２）系统配置、自动批处理文件各１个：ＣＯＮ－ＦＩＧ．ＳＹＳ、ＡＵＴＯＥＸＥＣ．ＢＡＴ。前者为程序的运行提供运行环境，包括用ＨＩＭＥＭ．ＳＹＳ开辟上位内存和用ＲＡＭＤＲＩ…     

维生素A缺乏大鼠红系祖细胞表面N连接型糖链结构改变的机理研究

目的：阐明维生素Ａ缺乏（ＶＡＤ）引起大鼠红系祖细胞（ＥＰＣ）表面Ｎ连接型糖链结构改变从而导致ＥＰＣ增殖分化障碍的机理。方法：经３Ｈ－甘露糖掺入和结合外切糖苷酶的系列凝集素柱层析和凝胶过滤，研究ＶＡＤ大鼠骨髓基质细胞和脾细胞条件培养液（ＢＭＳＣＭ和ＳＣＭ）对正常大鼠ＥＰＣ表面Ｎ糖链结构的影响。结果：ＶＡＤ大鼠的ＢＭＳＣＭ和ＳＣＭ可致：３Ｈ－苷露糖掺入ＥＰＣ表面Ｎ糖肽的总量减少；高甘露糖型和杂合型糖链结构比例增大，复杂型的糖链结构比例下降；而在复杂型糖链中，二天线糖链的比例和不含分叉型Ｎ－乙酰基葡萄糖（Ｂ－Ｇｎ）和核心岩藻糖（Ｃ－Ｆｕｃ）的组分降低，含Ｂ－Ｇｎ或Ｃ－Ｆｕｃ或同时含Ｂ－Ｇｎ和Ｃ－Ｆｕｃ的组分增大。结论：ＶＡＤ可能影响造血生长因子（ＩＬ－３和ＧＭ－ＣＳＦ等）的表达／活性，因而导致ＥＰＣ表面糖链的异常以及ＥＰＣ增殖分化障碍。     

柯萨奇B组病毒感染与扩张型心肌病发病关系的研究

为探讨柯萨奇Ｂ组病毒（Ｃｏｘｓａｃｋｉｅｖｉｒｕｓ ｇｒｏｕｐ Ｂ，ＣＢＶ）与扩张型心肌病（ｄｉｌａｔｅｄ ｃａｒｄｉｏｍｙｏｐａｔｈｙ，ＤＣＭ）发病的关系，应用逆转录－聚合酶链反应（ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ）及酶联免疫吸附试验（ＥＬＩＳＡ）检查３９例扩张型心肌病患者（ＤＣＭ组）外周血中ＣＢＶ－ＲＮＡ、血清中ＣＢＶ－ＩｇＭ。结果表明，ＤＣＭ组中血ＣＢＶ－ＣＢＶ－ＲＮＡ、血清中ＣＢＶ－ＩｇＭ。结果表明，ＤＣＭ组     

免疫避孕研究：精子抗原作为候选避孕疫苗

精子抗原为基础的疫苗开发代表了一种大有希望的避孕途径。精子抗原在避孕疫苗开发上应用于其精子特异性,参与人类生育,并可在生殖道局部产生足以能够终止受精的抗体应答的免疫原性。几种涉及生育的精子表面抗原已被鉴定。例如：乳酸脱氢酶（ＬＤＨ）－Ｃ４,兔精子自身抗原（ＲＳＡｓ）,ＰＨ－２０,ＳＰ－１０,ＨＳＡ－６３,受精抗原－１（ＦＡ－１）,ＦＡ－２,贸裂信号蛋白－１（ＣＳ－１）。综述这些抗原对开发免疫辟孕疫     

急性铬化物暴露肺损伤的剂量效应与时间过程

经一次气管灌注不同剂量可溶性六价铬酸钠（Ｎａ２ＣｒＯ４）后第２天和一次灌注０．９８ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１Ｎａ２ＣｒＯ４后不同时间，观察了ＳＤ大鼠支气管肺泡灌洗液（ＢＡＬＦ）和血液生化改变的剂量效应与时间过程。结果表明，Ｎａ２ＣｒＯ４的无效应剂量与阈剂量分别为０．００８和０．０４ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１，染毒剂量≥０．２０ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１时，ＢＡＬＦ中绝大多数生化参数呈现显著的剂量依赖性增加；严重中毒剂量（≥０．９８ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１）可引起ＢＡＬＦ和血液中几乎所有测试参数的显著增加，这种现象约持续一周，至少需要４周才能恢复正常。分析本次研究结果，可得出以下结论：≥０．９８ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１的Ｎａ２ＣｒＯ４可导致包括肺内细胞损伤、弥漫性肺泡炎和肺水肿在内的急性肺损伤；Ｎ－乙酰－β－Ｄ－氨基葡糖苷酶（ＮＡＧ）、溶菌酶（ＬＹＳ）、碱性磷酸酶（ＡＬＰ）、白蛋白（ＡＬｂ）和血管紧张素转换酶（ＡＣＥ），可能是评价接触较低剂量Ｎａ２ＣｒＯ４（＜０．９８ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１）后所致急性肺损伤的最有价值的早期敏感指标     

膳食钙对高血压大鼠血压的影响及其机理研究

方法：雄性ＳＤ大鼠经外科摘除左肾，按血压并参考体重随机分为三组：Ａ、Ｂ组饲料含钙（Ｃａ）０．７８％，Ｃ组含Ｃａ２．０％，Ｂ、Ｃ组每周皮下注射去氧皮质酮（ＤＯＣ）２５ｍｇ／ｋｇｂｗ，实验共持续７周。结果：Ｂ组血压从第４周开始显著高于Ａ、Ｂ组：Ｂ、Ｃ组血清亚硝酸根离子（ＮＯ－２）的浓度均显著高于Ａ组（Ｐ＜０．０１），Ｃ组亦显著高于Ｂ组（Ｐ＜０．０１）。依赖还原性辅酶Ⅱ－黄递酶（ＮＡＤＰＨ－ｄ）组织化学染色显示；Ｂ、Ｃ组主动脉内膜一氧化氮合成酶（ＮＯＳ）阳性反应较Ａ组增强，且中膜亦呈阳性反应；Ｃ组较Ｂ组阳性反应增强，其中膜亦呈阳性反应。结论：高钙膳食可能通过促进ＤＯＣ－ＮａＣｌ型高血压大鼠一氧化氮（ＮＯ）的合成或释放而降低血压     

烟台市售食品黄曲霉毒素污染状况及膳食暴露评估

目的 了解烟台市售食品黄曲霉毒素污染状况及居民膳食来源暴露风险水平。方法 免疫亲和层析高效液相色谱法测定样品中黄曲霉毒素,点评估方法估算人群黄曲霉毒素暴露量。结果 检测的市售食品中AFB1检出率为4.19%（19/453）,超标率为0.22%（1/453）,均值为0.86 μg/kg。AFB2、AFG1、AFG2和AFM1检出率分别为2.13%（9/423）、1.65%（7/423）、0.95%（4/423）和41.90%（44/105）,均值分别为0.29、0.64、0.33和 0.03 μg/kg。食品中存在AFB1、AFB2、AFG1和AFG2多重污染情况。AFB1的检出均值占到黄曲霉毒素(AFB1、AFB2、AFG1和AFG2)均值总和的47.18%。AFB1、AFB2、AFG1、AFG2和AFM1的日膳食暴露量分别为4.326、1.733、3.143、2.423和0.168 ng/（kg·bw·d）。AFB1、AFB2、AFG1、AFG2和AFM1的膳食暴露贡献率分别占到总体的36.69%、14.70%、26.65%、20.55%和1.42%。谷类及其制品的膳食暴露贡献最大,食用植物油的贡献次之。结论 AFB1总体检出率和均值均高于AFB2、AFG1和AFG2,是主要的污染品种。谷类及其制品和食用植物油是主要的AFB1、AFB2、AFG1和AFG2膳食暴露来源。乳制品是主要的AFM1的膳食暴露来源。烟台市居民AFB1和AFM1膳食暴露导致肝癌发病率为0.101/10万人和0.004/10万人。     

Inhibition of aflatoxin production and growth of Aspergillus parasiticus by Cuminum cyminum, Ziziphora clinopodioides, and Nigella sativa essential oils

Aflatoxins are highly toxic and carcinogenic metabolites produced by Aspergillus parasiticus on food and agricultural commodities. Natural products may control the production of aflatoxins. The aims of this study were to evaluate the effects of the essential oils (EOs) of Cuminum cyminum, Ziziphora clinopodioides, and Nigella sativa on growth and aflatoxins production by A. parasiticus. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimal fungicidal concentrations (MFCs) of the EOs were determined and compared with each other. Determination of aflatoxins (AFB(1), AFB(2), AFG(1), and AFG(2)) was performed by immunoaffinity column extraction using reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography. The major oil components were α-pinene (30%) in C. cyminum, pulegone (37%) in Z. clinopodioides, and trans-anthol (38.9%) in N. sativa oils. In broth microdilution method, C. cyminum oil exhibited the strongest activity (MIC(90): 1.6; MFC: 3.5?mg/mL), followed by Z. clinopodioides (MIC(90): 2.1; MFC: 5.5?mg/mL) and N. sativa (MIC(90): 2.75; MFC: 6.25?mg/mL) oils against A. parasiticus (p<0.05). Aflatoxin production was inhibited at 0.25?mg/mL of C. cyminum and Z. clinopodioides oils, of which that of C. cyminum was a stronger inhibitor. C. cyminum EO caused significant reductions in values of 94.2% for AFB(1), 100% for AFB(2), 98.9% for AFG(1), 100% for AFG(2), and 97.5% for total aflatoxin. It is concluded that the EOs of C. cyminum, Z. clinopodioides, and N. sativa could be used as natural inhibitors in foods at low concentrations to protect from fungal and toxin contaminations by A. parasiticus.     

玉米中四种黄曲霉毒素的关系

目的了解我国玉米中黄曲霉毒素B1（AFB1）、黄曲霉毒素B2（AFB2）、黄曲霉毒素G1（AFG1）和黄曲霉毒素G1（AFG1）污染的关系。方法用统计方法分析玉米中任意两种毒素污染率、污染浓度的相关性;计算AFB1与总黄曲霉毒素（AFs）的数量关系,分析AFB1在AFs中的构成1结果AFB1检出率最高,AFB1没有单独污染,均伴随AFB1。任两种毒素浓度呈正相关（P=0．000）,AFB1、AFB1、AFG1与AFG1的相关系数均大于0．951任两种毒素检出率有相关性（P=0．000）,AFB1和AFBz相关性最强1随AFB1浓度区间增高,AFB1检出率增高,AFG1和AFG1检出率先升高后降低;AFB1与AFs浓度比升高,AFs高于4μg／kg时,浓度比超过0．51结论AFB1和AFBz污染密切相关,AFBz伴随AFB1,二者污染率和浓度呈正向变化。当AFB1浓度较高时,对AFG1和AFG1呈现抑制作用1按照AFs限量是AFB1的两倍,当玉米中AFs限量在4μg／kg以上时,同时制定AFB1和AFs限量,与仅制定AFB1限量相比,不增加管理效力。     

Microbial contamination of seven major weaning foods in Nigeria

Five million children aged less than five years die annually due to diarrhoea. The aim of the study was to identify some possible contributing factors for persistent diarrhoea. Seven weaning foods, including a locally-made food, were evaluated by estimating the microbial load using the most probable number method and aflatoxin levels (AFM1, AFG1, AFG2, and AFB2) by immunoaffinity column extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with detection of fluorescence. The results showed that the locally-made weaning food had the highest microbial count (2,000 cfu/g) and faecal streptococcal count (25 cfu/g). Moulds isolated were mainly Aspergillus niger, A. flavus, A. glaucus, Cladosporium sp., and Penicillium sp. The home-made weaning food recorded the highest fungal count (6,500 cfu/g). AFM1 of the weaning foods was 4.6-530 ng/mL. One weaning food had AFB1 level of 4,806 ng/g. Aflatoxin metabolites, apart from AFM1 and AFB1 present in the weaning foods, were AFG1 and AFG2. There were low microbial counts in commercial weaning foods but had high levels of aflatoxins (AFM1, AFG1, AFG2, AFB1, and AFB2). Growth and development of the infant is rapid, and it is, thus, possible that exposure to aflatoxins in weaning foods might have significant health effects.     

The effect of bread making steps on the degradation of aflatoxins produced as a result of single inoculation with Aspergillus flavus and combined inoculation with Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus ochraceus

This study aimed to determine the effect of bread making steps on the stability of aflatoxin. Sakha 8 wheat and Gemaiza 5 wheat cultivars, were used in the present study. They were inoculated with a dense spore suspension of toxigenic fungal species of Aspergillus flavus and a non toxigenic species of Aspergillus ochraceus singly and combined. Aflatoxin concentration was determined in the whole wheat grain, after milling, after fermentation, and after bread-baking process. Results showed that the highest reduction percentage for the total aflatoxins (81, G1 and G2), was in Sakha 8 (32.96%) (single treatment), Gemaiza 5 (19.54%) (single treatment ), Gemaiza 5 (18.65%) (combined treatment), and finally in Sakha 8 (16.49%) (combined treatment). There was no significant difference (p < 0.05) in aflatoxins content between Sakha 8 and Gemaiza 5 treated singly and in a combined way before and after milling process. In the mean time, the percentage of AFB1, AFG1 and AFG2 were reduced by 31.98%, 44.53% and 35.35%, respectively, while the total aflatoxins concentration were reduced by 41.17% after baking. Results also showed the presence of a significant difference at p < 0.05 among the whole grain, after milling and after baking concerning AFG1, AFG2 and the total aflatoxins content. No significant difference was found in case of AFB1.     

Ionic liquid functionalized zinc oxide nanorods for solid-phase microextraction of aflatoxins in food products

Aflatoxins (AFs) in food and agricultural products pose serious health hazards to consumers. As a result, exports are restricted and farmers lose much needed income. One major challenge faced in controlling AFs in developing countries in particular is lack of simple and cost-effective methods of analysis. To address this problem, a solid-phase microextraction (SPME) technique was developed based on 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate functionalized zinc oxide nanorods for the extraction of AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2 in food products prior to HPLC analysis. The SPME was performed using 10 mg of the adsorbent at pH 7 and vortexing for 1 min at 500 rpm, and desorbed by sonication for 2 min in 1 mL acetonitrile. The technique showed excellent linearity (correlation coefficients, ≥0.997). LOD and LOQ were determined respectively to be 0.07 and 0.73 μg/kg for AFB1, 0.01 and 0.12 μg/kg for AFB2, 0.04 and 0.44 μg/kg for AFG1 and 0.02 and 0.18 μg/kg for AFG2. The intra- and inter-day relative standard deviations were in the ranges of 3.9–4.7% and 6.9–8.4%, respectively. The acquired recovery of blank samples of the pepper and groundnut samples spiked with mixed analytes at 5 and 10 μg/kg spiking levels were in the range of 88.6–99.8%. The SPME was employed for the analysis of the considered analytes from real chili pepper and processed groundnut samples. Overall, the technique is easy, fast, cost-effective and environmentally friendly and can be used for the analysis of AFs in various food and agricultural products.     

福建省市售花生及花生制品中4种黄曲霉毒素污染调查

目的:了解福建省花生中黄曲霉毒素B1(AFB1)、黄曲霉毒素B2(AFB2)、黄曲霉毒素G1(AFG1)和黄曲霉毒素G2(AFG2)的污染状况。方法:从福建省九个地区采集花生和花生制品,用高效液相色谱测定黄曲霉毒素含量。结果:共测定62份花生,40份花生酱,20份花生油。以国家标准规定的黄曲霉毒素B1限值20μg/kg计,超标率分别为17.7%、37.5%和0。4种毒素中AFB1阳性率和平均浓度最高,AFB2、AFG1和AFG2的阳性率和平均浓度依次降低。结论:福建省花生和花生制品的黄曲霉毒素污染比较普遍,4种毒素中以AFB1污染为主。     

Aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in food and risks to human health

OBJECTIVES: The presence of mycotoxins in food has been associated with several human diseases, and health authorities have taken actions to decrease the ingestion of these compounds in the diet. A study was carried out to assess aflatoxins and ochratoxin A concentrations found in food, and to evaluate the potential risk to human health resulting from mycotoxin exposure. METHODS: Between July 1998 to December 2001, 366 food samples were analyzed, including peanuts and its products, nuts, maize, oat and/or wheat products, rice and beans. Samples were processed and the extracted mycotoxins were detected and separated using thin layer chromatography, and then quantified with fluorescence. RESULTS: Aflatoxins were detected in 19.6% of the samples: raw peanuts and its products, pop corn, maize and Brazilian nuts (>2mg/kg). Peanuts and its products showed the highest levels of aflatoxin contamination (34.7%) with up to 1280 mg/kg of AFB1+AFG1 and 1706 mg/kg of total aflatoxins. Of the positive samples, AFB1 was detected in 98.5%, AFB2 in 93%, AFG1 in 66.7%, and AFG2 in 65.4%. Ochratoxin A was not detected (<25 mg/kg) in any sample analyzed. CONCLUSION: It was found that contamination levels mainly seen in peanuts and its products exceed Brazilian regulated standards, and they can be a potential risk to regular consumers of these products. Food producers' awareness allied to monitoring programs is essential to reduce human exposure to these compounds and prevent ensuing chronic diseases.     

中国部分地区玉米中4种黄曲霉毒素污染调查

目的了解中国玉米中黄曲霉毒素B1(AFB1)、黄曲霉毒素B2(AFB2)、黄曲霉毒素G1(AFG1)和黄曲霉毒素G2(AFG2)的污染状况。方法从吉林、河南、湖北、四川、广东、广西采集玉米样品,用HPLC测定黄曲霉毒素含量。结果共测定279份玉米,黄曲霉毒素阳性率为75.63%,阳性样品平均浓度为44.04μg/kg,浓度范围0.20～888.30μg/kg。四川、湖北、广西、河南、广东和吉林样品的阳性率依次为90.48%、93.75%、87.50%、36.96%、91.84%和52.17%,平均浓度依次为107.93、70.98、39.65、8.06、3.70和1.15μg/kg。4种毒素中AFB1阳性率和平均浓度最高,分别为74.55%和39.64μg/kg;AFB2、AFG1和AFG2的阳性率和平均浓度依次降低,阳性率分别为58.42%、41.22%和19.71%,平均浓度分别为3.81、3.47和0.51μg/kg。结论玉米的黄曲霉毒素污染比较普遍;调查的各地样品均有不同程度污染,总体上南方地区高于北方;4种毒素中以AFB1污染为主。