非胰岛素依赖性糖尿病肾病患者肾小管间质病变的观察

观察了２６例非胰岛素依赖性糖尿病（ＮＩＤＤＭ）肾病患者肾小管间质病变的特点，包括肾小管功能的改变，肾组织形态学改变及部分患者的尿表皮生长因子（ＥＧＦ），结果发现，１．ＮＩＤＤＭ肾病小管间质功能受损较为弥漫，既有近端肾小管细胞损伤，也有远端小管的损伤，在形态这上表现为肾小管萎缩，基底膜增厚，间质扩张，弥漫炎细胞浸润及不同程度的纤维，２．在肾小球滤过功能明显受损之前，小管间质病变即已出现，并随着肾功能     

68例狼疮肾炎的肾小管间质病变探讨

目的探讨肾小管间质病变（ＴＩＬ）在狼疮肾炎（ＬＮ）的意义。方法分析了６８例ＬＮ资料，并对其中４２例作了较长期的随访。结果ＬＮ的ＴＩＬ发生率为７５％，ＴＩＬ明显者，肾小管功能显著下降，血肌酐、尿蛋白水平明显增加（Ｐ＜００１），肾小管间质与肾小球急、慢性病理改变之间均显著相关（Ｐ＜００１），同时，存在明显ＴＩＬ者，其生存率及肾存活率有下降趋势。结论ＴＩＬ与肾小球病变呈平行的正相关关系，且对ＬＮ预后有一定的影响。     

肾小球炎症中单核细胞趋化蛋白-1的表达和单核巨噬细胞的浸润

目的 观察在急进性肾小球肾炎（ＲＰＧＮ）和Ⅳ型狼疮肾炎（ＬＮ）中，单核细胞趋化蛋白－１（ＭＣＰ－１）的表达和单核巨噬细胞（ＭΦ）的浸润情况。方法 采用免疫组织化学和原位杂交技术检测１０例ＲＰＧＮ和１８例Ⅳ型ＬＮ患者肾活检组织。结果 （１）ＲＰＧＮ中，ＭΦ广泛存在于新月体和肾间质小管中，ＭΦ在肾小囊内、肾间质的数量分别与肾小管内的数量相关（ｒ＝０．８５１，Ｐ〈０．０１，ｒ＝０．６９３，Ｐ〈０．０５）     

263例成人原发性局灶节段肾小球硬化性肾小球肾炎临床病理分析

目的 了解我国南方地区原发性局灶节段肾小球硬化性（FSGS）肾小球肾炎的发病情况及探讨FSGS临床与病理特征的关系。方法 收集1988年7月至2005年7月经我院肾活检确诊为原发性FSGS的263例成人患者的临床及肾脏病理资料并进行分析。 结果 （1）原发性FSGS占同期成人原发性肾小球疾病 7.02%,占成人原发性肾病综合征（NS）6.33%，其构成比近年有逐渐升高的趋势。青壮年为成人FSGS的主要患病人群，临床以不同程度的蛋白尿为特征，以NS为主要临床表现的有133例，占50.6%。（2）主要病理特征： 48.4%患者肾小球硬化比率≥25%，肾小球硬化并伴有肾小管间质病变者占88.6%，其中伴严重肾小管间质病变占25.2%。（3）肾小球硬化程度及小管间质病变程度与Ccr呈负相关 (P ＜ 0.01），并与Scr水平呈正相关(P ＜ 0.05）。肾小球硬化程度与小管间质病变程度呈正相关(P ＜ 0.01），与血浆白蛋白水平呈正相关(P ＜ 0.05）。肾小管间质病变是FSGS患者出现肾功能不全的重要影响因素。结论 原发性FSGS是成人肾病综合征的主要病理类型之一，就诊时肾小球硬化及肾小管间质纤维化已损害明显，并与肾功能损害密切相关。早期诊断和及时治疗，从而延缓FSGS的进展仍是广大肾脏病工作者探索的重要课题。     

63例大量蛋白尿表现的儿童紫癜性肾炎肾脏病理与临床分析

目的：探讨临床以大量蛋白尿表现的儿童紫癜性肾炎肾脏病理及临床之间的关系。方法：回顾性分析1997年～2009年我科临床以大量蛋白尿表现及肾活检病理诊断为紫癜性肾炎的63例患儿,根据ISKDC分类标准进行肾小球病理分级,并对肾小管间质改变进行计量评分。结果：（1）肾脏病理分级：Ⅲ级最常见37例（58.73%）,其次为Ⅱ级13例（20.63%）,肾病综合征组Ⅳ级和Ⅴ级比例高于肾病水平蛋白尿组（χ2=4.103,P〈0.05）;（2）肾小管间质病理评分：0级最常见49例（77.78%）,其次1级12例（19.05%）,3级仅2例（3.17%）,肾小管间质评分与肾小球病理分级存在正相关（r=0.507,P〈0.01）,但并不完全平行。（3）肾小管间质病变程度与病程呈正相关（r=0.8,P〈0.05）。结论：大量蛋白尿表现的紫癜性肾炎肾小球病理损害较重,肾小管间质损害轻,肾小管间质病变程度与病程呈正相关,临床需结合病理（包括肾小球及肾小管）全面评估肾组织损害程度,拟定治疗方案。     

血尿α1-m放免法测定对狼疮性肾炎的临床评价

血尿α１－ｍ放免法测定对狼疮性肾炎的临床评价汤行健傅秀兰史爱兰储谦董德长为探讨血、尿α１－ｍ含量与狼疮性肾炎（ＬＮ）肾功能损害的关系，我们用放免法检测了４３例ＬＮ患者的血、尿α１－ｍ含量，结合病理分型，小管间质病变的病理学参数，及其与Ｃｃｒ、Ｓｃｒ之...     

肾小管上皮细胞表型转化与肾间质纤维化

肾间质纤维化(renal interstitial fibrosis,RIF)几乎是所有各种肾脏疾病进展到终末期肾衰竭(end-stage renal distase,ESRD)的共同途径.近年来已经认识到无论是原发性肾小球疾病或是肾血管及小管间质性疾病,肾功能的损害程度均与小管间质病变的程度密切相关,而与肾小球病理严重程度并不相关.肾小管间质病变程度是反映肾功能下降严重程度和判断预后最重要的指标.肾间质纤维化在人类肾脏疾病转归中起主导作用.     

粘附分子P选择素在人类肾小球疾病中表达及其意义

目的探讨粘附分子Ｐ选择素与人类肾小球肾炎的关系。方法采用免疫组化（ＬＳＡＢ）和原位杂交方法观察１３３例肾小球疾病患者肾组织中Ｐ选择素表达情况。根据肾小球内炎细胞浸润、细胞增生及硬化程度分为三组。Ⅰ组：肾小球内无明显炎细胞浸润；Ⅱ组：肾小球有较明显炎症病变和细胞增生；Ⅲ组：肾小球炎症过程趋向静止及（或）出现较多肾小球硬化。结果正常肾组织中Ｐ选择素基本不表达。在肾小球疾病肾组织中，Ｐ选择素在肾小管上皮细胞表达显著高于肾小球和肾间质；在肾小球表达以血小板表面为主，其中Ⅱ组肾小球Ｐ选择素表达水平与Ⅰ组（Ｐ＜０．０５）、Ⅲ组（Ｐ＜０．０１）比较有显著性差异。肾小管间质病变程度与肾小管上皮细胞、间质表达Ｐ选择素显著相关（ｒｓ＝０．３９５和ｒｓ＝０．３３７，Ｐ＜０．０１）。原位杂交发现肾小球、小管上皮细胞、间质、血管内皮部位均有Ｐ选择素ｍＲＮＡ表达，与蛋白质表达部位一致。结论在人类增生性肾小球肾炎发病早期，Ｐ选择素介导了肾内血小板聚集活化、炎细胞浸润，并与肾小管间质病变程度密切相关     

转化生长因子β1和结缔组织生长因子在狼疮肾炎肾小管间质中的表达

目的 研究狼疮性肾炎肾小管间质转化生长因子β1（TGF－β1）和结缔组织生长因子（CTGF）的表达特点及其意义。方法 应用免疫组织化学方法比较原发性肾小球肾炎微小病变型（MCD）和狼疮肾炎（LN）肾小管间质中TGF－β1和CTGF的表达及分布以及浸润细胞，α－平滑肌肌动蛋白（SMA）的表达特点。结果 TGF－β1及CTGF可不同程度地表达于LN的肾小球和肾小管间质，且较MCD的表达普遍增高，肾间质TGF－β1表达量与CTGF的表达量之间的相关系数r=0.5316,P=0.023。LN患者肾间质内CD3阳性细胞，CD68阳性细胞，PCNA阳性细胞以及α－SMA的表达明显高于MCD患者。α－SMA的表达程度与肾小管间质纤维化程度存在正相关关系，r=0.436,P=0.032。结论 LN肾间质内TGF－β1和CTGF表达增高，可能与LN肾间质病变及炎性细胞的浸润有关。     

细胞周期调控蛋白在人类肾小球肾炎中肾小管及间质细胞的表达及其意义

目的 观察人类肾小球肾炎时肾小管－间质细胞的细胞周期调控蛋白的表达情况。方法 采用免疫组织化学技术，检测19例肾小球肾炎患者肾穿刺标本中细胞周期正性调控蛋白周期素D1（cyclin D1)，周期素A（cyclin A0，细胞周期负性调控蛋白p21^CIP1（p21)和增殖细胞核抗原（PCNA）的表达。结果 在人类肾小球肾炎中肾小管上皮细胞及间质细胞均见cyclin D1,cyclin A及p21的表达，并与PCNA呈正相关。小管的阳性表达以间质病变I级和Ⅱ级组显著，间质阳性细胞数与小管间质病变程度及患者尿NAG活性呈显著正相关。结论 人类肾小球肾炎时，细胞周期调控蛋白参与肾小管上皮细胞及间质细胞的增殖，参与肾间质纤维化的发展。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.