老郑为何憋、闷、堵、胀

老郑60岁按时退休了，但他总认为自己的身体还好，不想待在家里，便应聘临时到一家公司做些维修工作。对工作尽心尽力、任劳任怨是他的本色，现在对临时工作也是不遗余力。半年下来，他有时觉得力不从心，特别是干点重活时，总觉得胸闷、憋气。他跟老伴说，这临时工可比以前上班累多了。老伴劝他别干了，咱又不是缺钱花，起码应该到医院去检查检查，是不是有什么毛病？     

浅谈中医望、闻、问、切在仪器维修中的应用

医疗设备是医院建院的物质基础，是临床诊断和治疗疾病的必要工具。许多医院设备逐年增加，更新换代，而维修工程师人手少，已不能适应医院设备点多面广的情况。在这种情况下，对维修工程师的要求应该是多学科、多专业、多技能的人才。笔者在近十几年的维修工作中觉得传统中医的望、闻、问、切在我们维修工作中对诊断故障有极大的帮助。供同行参考。望：对维修人员来说，应理解为“观察”。可从以下几个方面理解：（１）对仪器运行状态，运行步骤，运行原理以及部分与部分之间的连接，控制，机械传动等仔细观察；（２）对比较直观的元器件损…     

优生莫忘天时、地利、人和

为了能孕育出健康的后代，人类一直在探求女性受孕的最佳时机，严格地讲这一个时机应占尽天时、地利、人和。天时：一年四季之中春季是受孕的最佳时机。以色列专家对六百五十位接受人工受精的妇女进行了四年跟踪调查表明，四季变化对妇女怀孕生育有明显影响，春天是最佳受孕季节，成功率最高，其次是夏天和冬天，秋天最低。原因是春天日照时间变长，多晒太阳有助受孕。他在阿拉斯加的调查表明，一些爱斯基摩妇女在冬季六个月经常没有月经，也不排卵，而在夏季六个月却怀双胞胎。从男性角度看，男子的精子质量以冬春季为佳。而且春季受孕，妊…     

你会用碘酒、酒精、紫药水吗

碘酒、酒精、红药水和紫药水几乎是家喻户晓的外科常用药，延用已久。但对这些药水的正确使用并非人人都懂。杀菌力强的碘洒：碘酒是碘酊的俗称。碘是最古老的杀菌剂之一，对多种致病菌如霉菌、真菌、病毒、原虫及芽孢均有杀灭作用。碘酒的含碘浓度不同，用途各有区别。低浓度的碘酒对皮肤组织有刺激性，高浓度则有腐蚀作用。家庭常用的碘酒一般含碘量为２％，使用时应注意以下几点：１由于碘酒的刺激性较大，应避免局部大剂量、大面积的使用，否则会造成难以忍受的剧烈疼痛。眼、鼻、口腔等部位粘膜娇嫩，构造特殊，故不可直接使用。只有复…     

8062名献血者HBsAg、ALT、抗-HCV、抗-HIV、抗-TP检测结果分析

对血液产品实行抗-HIV、抗．HCV、HBsAg、抗-11P、ALT等项目的强制性筛查，是降低输血传播疾病风险，保证用血安全的重要手段。我们于2004～2006年对宁夏固原地区无偿献血人群血液进行了检测，旨在了解血液的安全，分析其风险及可能的原因，为提高检测准确度，降低输血风险提供依据。     

母乳锌、铜、铁、钙、镁测定及意义

目的微量元素对儿童生长发育至关重要。母乳是婴儿摄取营养物质的最佳来源，监测母乳中微量元素含量，有利于婴儿的生长发育。本研究旨在探讨城乡因素对母乳中微量元素的影响及测定意义。方法采用原子吸收分光光谱仪对2003年12月至2005年3月山西省儿童医院皮肤科收治的99例城乡婴儿母亲母乳中锌（Zn）、铜（Cu）、铁（Fe）、钙（Ca）、镁（Mg）含量进行测定。结果城乡婴儿母亲的母乳中，锌、铜、铁、钙、镁含量比较，差异无显著意义（P〉0．05）。结论随着人们生活水平的日益提高，城乡婴儿母亲母乳中微量元素的含量相当。     

工业X射线探伤人员T_3、T_4、CEA、AFP、SF、RIA的结果分析

我省有100多家工矿企业使用X射线探伤，专职从业人员有300多人。工业X射线探伤机使用的管电压均在150KV以上，电流在5～15mA，射线的特点是硬质X射线，穿透力比较强，辐射比较远，对探伤工作人员是一种伤害的因素。我们用放射免疫分析方法（RIA），对我省部分（64名）工探人员进行了T3、T4及癌胚抗原（CEA）、甲脸蛋白（AFP）、铁蛋白（SF）联合测定，现将结果分析如下。一、检测对象1．探伤组：从事工业X射线探伤人员64名，其中男性55名，女性9名，年龄为21至52岁。2．对照组：从事非放射性工作人员35名，其中男性31名，女性4名，…     

睡个好觉四要素：睡姿、睡时、睡境、睡方

失眠、睡眠质量低下对个人而言是一件痛苦的事，然而树立正确的理念和掌握正确的睡姿、睡时和睡境，对提升睡眠质量是非常有帮助的。     

武汉市市民"SARS"认知、行为、意识调查分析

严重急性呼吸综合征(Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome，SARS)是一种冠状病毒亚型变种引起，具有较强的传染性，可通过近距离空气飞沫、接触病人分泌物传播。人类对这一新出现的病毒了解甚少，目前主要是以行政干预预防为主。武汉地处广东和北京的中间地带，而广东和北京是SARS的高发城市，对武汉市市民进行SARS相关知识的问卷调查，了解市民对SARS的基本知识、态度和行为改变、信念等方面的状况，具有很重要意义。我们于2003年5月初对武汉市市民进行了随机问卷调查，现将统计分析结果报告如下。     

血脂、血糖对脑出血、脑梗死的影响

近年来，有众多的流行病学研究探讨某些因素对脑血管病的影响，并证实许多因素是脑血管病的危险因素。本次研究血糖、血脂对脑出血、脑梗死的影响。     

Heat-related illnesses, deaths, and risk factors--Cincinnati and Dayton, Ohio, 1999, and United States, 1979-1997

During the summer of 1999, a heat wave occurred in the midwestern and eastern United States. This period of hot and humid weather persisted from July 12 through August 1, 1999, and caused or contributed to 22 deaths among persons residing in Cincinnati (18 deaths) and Dayton (four deaths). A CDC survey of 24 U.S. metropolitan areas indicated that Ohio recorded some of the highest rates for heat-related deaths during the 1999 heat wave, with Cincinnati reporting 21 per million and Dayton reporting seven per million (CDC, unpublished data, 1999). This report describes four heat-related deaths representative of those that occurred in Cincinnati or Dayton during the 1999 heat wave, summarizes heat-related deaths in the United States during 1979-1997, describes risk factors associated with heat-related illness and death, and recommends preventive measures.     

International standards and international reference preparations: amphotericin B, vancomycin, capreomycin, cefalotin, demethylchlortetracycline, gentamycin, gramicidin S, kanamycin and kanamycin B, lincomycin, lymecycline, methacycline, paromomycin, rifamycin SV, ristocetin and ristocetin B, spiramycin, and triacetyloleandomycin

Each of the preparations described here was obtained and evaluated at the request of a WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization. Unless otherwise stated, a standard procedure was used to distribute the material into individual ampoules. The procedure was as follows. Upon receipt by the National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), London, materials were stored temporarily in the dark at a temperature of -10°C or lower, and protected from moisture. At a convenient time they were brought back to room temperature, mixed, and distributed into individual neutral glass ampoules so that each ampoule contained 50-100 mg of powder. If it was known that the material was light-sensitive non-actinic glass ampoules were used. After exhaustive drying in vacuum over phosphorus(V) oxide, the ampoules were either constricted (up to 1963) or fitted with capillary leak plugs, dried for a further period under the same conditions, filled with dry nitrogen, and sealed by fusion of the glass. The total drying period varied from 8 to 38 days according to the nature of the material. After they had been tested for leaks, the ampoules were stored in the dark at -20°C.     

Zinc, copper, and magnesium and risks for all-cause, cancer, and cardiovascular mortality

BACKGROUND: Experimental data suggest that zinc, copper, and magnesium are involved in carcinogenesis and atherogenesis. Few longitudinal studies have related these minerals to cancer or cardiovascular disease mortality in a population. METHODS: Data from the Paris Prospective Study 2, a cohort of 4035 men age 30-60 years at baseline, were used to assess the association between serum zinc, copper, and magnesium and all-cause, cancer, and cardiovascular disease mortality. Serum mineral values measured at baseline were divided into quartiles and classified into low (1st quartile, referent group), medium (2nd-3rd quartiles), and high (4th quartile) values. During 18-year follow up, 339 deaths occurred, 176 as a result of cancer and 56 of cardiovascular origin. Relative risks (RRs) for each element were inferred using Cox's proportional hazard model after controlling for various potential confounders. RESULTS: High copper values (4th quartile) were associated with a 50% increase in RRs for all-cause deaths (RR = 1.5; 95% confidence interval = 1.1-2.1), a 40% increase for cancer mortality (1.4; 0.9-2.2), and a 30% increase for cardiovascular mortality (1.3; 0.6-2.8) compared with low values (1st quartile). High magnesium values were negatively related to mortality with a 40% decrease in RR for all-cause (0.6; 0.4-0.8) and cardiovascular deaths (0.6; 0.2-1.2) and by 50% for cancer deaths (0.5; 0.3-0.8). Additionally, subjects with a combination of low zinc and high copper values had synergistically increased all-cause (2.6; 1.4-5.0) and cancer (2.7; 1.0-7.3) mortality risks. Similarly, combined low zinc and high magnesium values were associated with decreased all-cause (0.2; 0.1-0.5) and cancer (0.2; 0.1-0.8) mortality risks. CONCLUSIONS: High serum copper, low serum magnesium, and concomitance of low serum zinc with high serum copper or low serum magnesium contribute to an increased mortality risk in middle-aged men.     

Psychological distress, gender, and health lifestyles in Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Ukraine

This paper examines the relationship between psychological distress, gender, and health lifestyles in Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Ukraine. These countries have been subjected to highly stressful and extensive social change associated with the transition out of communism. Data were collected by face-to-face interviews (n = 10,406) in November 2001. Distress was measured by 12 psychological distress symptoms. Health lifestyles focused on measures of alcohol consumption, smoking and diet. We found that females carried a much heavier burden of psychological distress than males, but this distress did not translate into greater alcohol consumption and smoking for these women or for men. The greatest influence of distress on health lifestyle practices was on daily diets in that both less distressed females and males consumed a more balanced diet than more distressed persons. Our findings suggest that it is the normative demands of a particular lifestyle, rather than distress, that principally shapes the pattern of heavy male drinking. This is an important finding as some sources indicate heavy drinking is largely responsible for the health crisis in the former socialist states.     

Dietary sodium, calcium, and potassium, and blood pressure

The cross-sectional association of systolic blood pressure with dietary sodium, calcium, and potassium, as estimated from dietary histories, was investigated by multiple regression analysis of data gathered in the Netherlands in the early 1950s in a general health examination of 2,291 middle-aged civil servants and spouses of civil servants. A statistically significant negative trend with systolic blood pressure was seen for calcium intake in both males and females, even after adjustments for covariates. For sodium and potassium intake, the observed negative trends were not significant after multivariate analyses. In addition, no consistent associations were found between diastolic blood pressure and the micronutrients after multivariate analyses, except for a significant negative association with calcium intake in females. In this study population, blood pressure was a strong independent risk factor of total mortality: 15- and 25-year mortality was about twice as high for hypertensives (greater than or equal to 160 mmHg) as for normotensives (less than 160 mmHg). These findings support the conclusion in recent epidemiologic studies that higher intakes of calcium are associated with lower systolic blood pressure, and they extend the evidence to an earlier time period.     

Professional and Consumer Publications, Programs, Audiovisuals, and Software

Books, curricula, audiovisuals, and other resources that nutrition professionals may use for reference, continuing education, or in a formal or informal education setting are designated “professional.” Books, handouts, diet plans, and other resources specified by authors as being written for general audiences are categorized as “consumer.” Inclusion of any material in this section does not imply endorsement by the Society for Nutrition Education. Evaluative comments contained in the reviews reflect the views of the authors. Prices quoted are those provided by the publishers at the time materials were submitted. They may no longer be current when the review is published.