The value of pulmonary angiography for the differential diagnosis of pulmonary embolism

The aim this study was to evaluate potential additional information of pulmonary angiography in patients with suspected pulmonary embolism and non-diagnostic lung scan findings. In a series of 150 patients who underwent pulmonary angiography for suspected venous thromboembolism, the images for potential alternative diagnoses other than pulmonary embolism were evaluated. All patients had non-diagnostic lung scan findings. Angiography was performed both by conventional and by digital subtraction angiography techniques. Images were evaluated by at least two experienced readers. Angiograms were scored for both presence or absence of pulmonary embolism, as well as other diagnoses. Pulmonary embolism was proven in 40 patients (27 %) and excluded in 105 patients (70 %), whereas non-interpretable images were obtained in 5 patients (3 %). A range of alternative diagnoses were detected by angiography: atelectasis (n = 24), pleural effusion (n = 15), pneumonia (n = 11), emphysematous bullae (n = 8), neoplasm (n = 3), atrial septum defect (n = 2), chronic thromboembolism (n = 1), and other diagnoses (n = 3). Overall, only 54 patients (36 %) had completely normal angiograms. Although pulmonary angiography remains the reference method for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism, one has to be aware of other, often unexpected, but equally important findings which could influence the management of the patient. This aspect of pulmonary angiography has been insufficiently emphasized in the literature. Received: 2 April 1998; Revision received: 22 July 1998; Accepted: 4 November 1998     

肺灌注/通气显像与肺动脉造影诊断肺动脉栓塞的对比研究

目的评价核素肺通气/灌注(V/Q)显像在肺动脉栓塞(PE)诊断中的价值。方法临床疑有PE患者30例,男女各15例,平均年龄(38.2±13.9)岁。均行胸部X线片检查、核素V/Q显像和肺动脉造影。11例患者在行肺灌注显像时,选择双侧足背静脉注射肺灌注显像剂,同时完成双下肢静脉显像。结果30例患者中22例V/Q显像示不相匹配的肺叶、肺段或多发亚肺段的放射性分布稀疏或缺损,提示为PE;但肺动脉造影证实22例中20例为PE。8例患者的V/Q显像为相匹配的肺叶、肺段或多发亚肺段的稀疏或缺损,提示不是PE,与肺动脉造影结果一致。核素V/Q显像诊断PE的灵敏度为100%（20/20例）,特异性为80.0%（8/10例）,准确性为93.3%（28/30例）。X线胸片和核素下肢静脉显像有助于PE的正确诊断。结论多数PE患者通过核素肺V/Q显像结合X线胸片可以作出明确诊断,少数肺V/Q显像与临床表现不符的患者需行肺动脉造影。     

肺通气/灌注显像与HCTPA诊断肺动脉栓塞的价值

目的　评价核素肺通气 灌注(V Q)显像、螺旋CT肺动脉造影(HCTPA)及血浆D 二聚体在诊断肺动脉血栓中的作用。方法　临床疑为肺动脉栓塞(PE)患者4 2例,男2 6例,女16例,平均年龄( 4 9 18±16 5 6 )岁,均行核素肺V Q显像、HCTPA及血浆D 二聚体测定。其中32例患者在行肺灌注显像时,选择双足背静脉注射肺灌注显像剂,同时完成双下肢静脉显像。结果　4 2例患者中34例经临床诊断为PE ,肺V Q显像诊断PE的灵敏度、准确性和阳性预测值分别为94 12 %、90 4 8%和94 12 % ,HCTPA分别为85 2 9%、83 33%和93 5 5 % ,D 二聚体分别为5 2 94 %、5 7 14 %和90 0 0 %。32例行下肢深静脉显像的PE患者中2 0例有下肢静脉血栓。结论　肺V Q显像无创、安全、简便,诊断PE的灵敏度、准确性高。核素肺显像诊断亚肺段水平PE的能力明显高于HCTPA。     

肺灌注/通气显像与肺动脉造影诊断肺栓塞的对比分析

目的：评价肺灌注／通气显像诊断肿栓塞的价值。方法：回顾性分析45例疑肺栓塞患者的肺核素显像结果，并与肺动脉造影检查对照。结果：肺动脉造影诊断为肺栓塞的患者26例，有180个肺动脉支为充盈缺损，其肺灌注显像示167个节段呈完全肺段性或亚肺段缺损，符合率为92．7％。肺动脉造影显示为86个肺动脉支为部分充盈缺损，肺灌注显像有63个肺段或亚肺段缺损，符合率为73．2％（P＜0．01）。肺核素显像对肺栓塞诊断的灵敏度为92．3％，特异性为84．2％，阳性预测值和阴性预测值均为88．9％。26例肺动脉造影诊断为肺栓塞的患者，有23例行肺通气显像，通气／灌注均不匹配。结论：肺灌注／通气显像对肺栓塞诊断具有重要的临床价值。     

64层螺旋CT肺动脉造影在肺动脉栓塞诊断中的应用

目的 探讨64层螺旋CT肺动脉造影(CT pulmonary angiography,CTPA)对肺动脉栓塞(pulmonary embolism,PE)的诊断价值.方法 回顾分析24例肺动脉栓塞患者的64层螺旋CT增强图像,将原始图像复制到EBW4.0工作站,对肺动脉主干及分支进行多平面重建(MPR),最大密度投影(MIP)及容积重建(VR)分析.结果 24例患者中,共检出了76处肺动脉及其分支的栓子.其中,左、右肺动脉主干14处(右主干10处、左主干4处),肺叶动脉24处,肺段动脉26处,亚肺段动脉12处.CT表现为肺动脉主干或分支内混合性、附壁性、中心性充盈缺损,可分为完全性或部分性.结论 64层CTPA具有准确、高效、无创等优点,可直观、立体地观察到肺动脉血栓的大小、分布、范围及类型,是临床诊断及观察疗效的首选方法,有望成为肺动脉栓塞检查的“金标准”.     

超声检查对肺栓塞的诊断价值探讨

目的:探讨超声对肺栓塞(pulmonary embolism,PE)患者的临床诊断价值。方法:回顾性分析9例经临床确诊的PE患者,其彩色多普勒超声心动图和静脉血管超声的改变。结果:血管超声检查9例患者中有7例发现下肢静脉血栓,l例发现盆底静脉血栓。超声心动图检查6例患者发现右心室扩大,7例患者存在不同程度的肺动脉高压。结论:超声心动图及静脉超声检查的联合应用,可以为PE的临床诊断提供依据。     

肺栓塞诊断:单层、多层螺旋CT的对比研究

目的:研究并对比分析多层、单层螺旋CT肺动脉造影(multi-slice and single-slice spiral CT pulmonary angiography,MSCTPA and SSCTPA)对肺栓塞(pulmonary embolism,PE)诊断的临床价值。方法:回顾性分析临床明确诊断的83例PE患者的螺旋CT肺动脉造影表现,其中行16层MSCTPA及SCTPA检查者各为23和60例。结果:分析83例PE患者的3548支肺动脉,MSCTPA、SCTPA共显示759支PE直接征象(包括中心型充盈缺损95支、部分型充盈缺损230支、完全性阻塞251支、附壁性充盈缺损183支),约占23.3%;其中1885支段以上肺动脉中,MSCTPA、SCTPA分别检出157支和371支PE直接征象,各占32.6%(157支/481支)和26.4%(371支/1404支),经过t检验,t=1.3220.1,两者检出率无明显差别;1663支亚段肺动脉中,MSCTPA、SCTPA分别检出123支和108支PE直接征象,各占25.0%(123支/492支)和9.2%(108/1171支),t=3.125>t0.01(81)=2.374,P<0.01,前者检出率明显高于后者。平扫示间接征象共160例次。结论:作为一种快速、无创的检查方法,MSCTPA、SCTPA对段以上PE的诊断均有效、准确、可靠,而MSCTPA对亚段PE的显示更为敏感,适用于临床对PE的全面评价。     

16层CT血管造影在肺动脉栓塞诊断中的应用价值

目的 探讨16层CT肺动脉造影对肺动脉栓塞(PE)的诊断价值.方法 对24例PE患者行16层CT血管造影检查,采用多平面重建(MPR)、最大密度投影(MIP)、容积再现(VR)多种图像后处理技术,并结合轴位图像进行综合分析.结果 24例均能显示肺动脉栓塞的部位、范围、局部管腔狭窄程度,19例急性肺动脉栓塞的直接征象为“截断征”、“双轨征”;5例慢性肺动脉栓塞主要表现为肺动脉管腔内偏心性、附壁性的充盈缺损.结论 16层CT血管造影是诊断肺动脉栓塞及其溶栓疗效评价和随访最有效的无创性检查方法之一.     

急性肺动脉栓塞CTA检查技术和图像后处理方法的探讨

目的 通过研究16层螺旋CT血管造影的检查技术和图像后处理方法,以期提高基层医院对急性肺动脉栓塞(PE)的诊断准确率.方法 收集临床高度怀疑急性PE患者30例,随机分为两组各15例,采用相同检查流程,在不同扫描条件下进行CT肺动脉血管成像,原始图像在ADW4.3图像工作站中采用MPR、MIP及VR方法进行后处理.观察不同扫描条件和不同后处理技术对PE诊断正确率的影响.结果 ①对比剂浓度300mgI/ml、350或370mgI/ml均可,剂量80～90ml为宜,注射速率3～3.5ml/s即可;②延迟扫描时间17～20s,肺动脉及分支对比剂充盈良好;③吸氧及呼吸训练有助于减少伪影;④扫描范围从肺底至肺尖,足先进,对减少膈肌运动引起的呼吸伪影有好处;⑤肺叶及以上动脉内栓子在MPR、MIP和VR显示率相仿,但MPR有助于显示肺段及以下动脉内栓子.结论 16层螺旋CT采用合适的扫描技术和图像后处理方法,能有效提高PE患者的诊断正确率,在基层医院具有推广价值.     

CT肺血管成像对急性大面积肺栓塞患者的动态分析价值

目的 探讨CT肺血管成像(CTPA)对大面积肺栓塞患者的动脉栓塞程度及右心功能的动态分析价值.方法 回顾性分析23例大面积肺栓塞患者的CTPA资料,分析治疗前、治疗后24 h及14 d时的CTPA肺动脉栓塞指数及右心功能参数,采用单因素方差分析、LSD检验和X2检验分析治疗前后的变化,并采用Pearson法分析肺动脉栓寨指数与右心功能参数之间的相关性.结果 CTPA肺动脉栓塞指数在溶栓治疗后逐渐减小,Qanadli和Mastora评分在治疗前(分别为50.0、46.5分)与治疗后24 h(分别为42.5、12.1分)比较差异有统计学意义(t值分别为2.830、6.493,P值均<0.01);治疗后24 h与治疗后14 d(分别为25.0、8.4分)比较差异有统计学意义(t值分别为4.640、4.299,P值均<0.01).治疗后24 h,右心室最大短轴直径(4.58 cm)及横截面积(23.10 cm2)明显减小,左心室最大短轴直径(4.41 cm)及横截面积(26.37 cm2)明显增大,双侧心室最大直径比(1.07)和面积比(0.94)明显减小,与上述各指标治疗前相比(分别为5.07 cm、25.42 cm2、3.57 cm、20.17 cm2、1.59,1.38)差异有统计学意义(t=2.081～4.959,P值均<0.05);治疗后24 h,肺动脉收缩压(40.92 mm Hg)明显变小,与治疗前(58.61 mm Hg)相比差异有统计学意义(t=2.824,P<0.01);治疗前与治疗后24 h,CTPA肺动脉栓塞指数与右心功能参数间均有不同程度的相关性(r=0.034～0.598,P值均<0.01).结论 CTPA可以动态观察急性肺栓塞的肺动脉阻塞程度及右心功能的变化,为临床治疗提供重要的信息.     

CT肺动脉成像诊断肺栓塞的一致性研究

目的评价CT肺动脉成像（CTPA）诊断肺栓塞（PE）时,不同经验的读片者间和同一读片者内的一致性。方法 55例临床可疑PE患者行CTPA检查,6位不同经验的放射科医生独立地分析CTPA图像来评价读片者间的一致性。3位放射科医生3个月后第二次分析CTPA图像来评价读片者内的一致性。PE的表现分为阳性、阴性和难以确定。读片者一致性用百分比及Kappa系数表示。结果 6位读片者判定29～31例（平均29.2例）患者CTPA为PE阳性,1～5例（平均3.0例）患者CTPA为难以确定。6位读片者在48例（87.3%）患者CTPA的诊断上取得一致意见,5位读片者在4例患者（7.3%）的诊断上取得一致意见,4位读片者在2例患者（3.6%）的诊断上取得一致意见,3位读片者在1例患者（1.8%）的诊断上取得一致意见。在诊断PE上,如果以每例患者为观察单位,读片者间的一致性＂非常好＂（Kappa值为0.91）。以每个肺动脉为观察单位,读片者间的一致性＂好＂（85%,Kappa值为0.74）;以肺叶动脉为观察单位,读片者间的一致性＂好＂（89%,Kappa值为0.78）;以肺段动脉为观察单位,读片者间的一致性＂中等＂（75%,Kappa值为0.59）。如果以每例患者为观察单位,同一读片者内的平均一致性＂非常好＂（96%,Kappa值为0.93）。结论在CTPA上诊断PE时,经验不同的读片者间和同一读片者内的一致性均较好。     

64层螺旋CT血管造影对肺动脉栓塞的临床诊断价值

目的探讨64层螺旋CT血管造影对肺动脉栓塞的临床诊断价值。方法 30例患者行肺动脉CTA检查,并采用多平面重建（MPR）对原始数据进行后处理。结果 30例均能显示肺栓塞的部位、范围及局部管腔狭窄程度,CT表现为肺动脉内不规则斑块状、附壁样缺损,周围有或无高密度对比剂包绕。结论 64层螺旋CT血管造影是临床诊断肺动脉栓塞最有效的无创性方法之一。     

16层螺旋CT肺动脉造影对肺栓塞诊断的临床价值

目的:探讨16层螺旋CT肺血管造影术(MSCTPA)诊断肺动脉栓塞的临床价值。方法:对临床拟诊肺栓塞的46例患者行MSCTPA检查及后重建技术,后重建方法包括容积再现(VR)、多平面重建(MPR)、最大密度投影(MIP)。结果:46例共发现栓子698个,其中肺动脉主干4个,左右肺动脉41个,叶动脉114个,段及亚段动脉539个。直接征象:①)血管截断征,表现为肺动脉管腔完全闭塞;②轨道征,表现为腔内充盈缺损位于血管中央,周围有对比剂环绕;③偏心性充盈缺损,表现为管腔内不规则充盈缺损偏向管壁一侧,边缘欠光整;④附壁性充盈缺损。间接征象:①肺窗观察见局限性的血管纹理稀疏,呈"马赛克征";②肺梗死,表现为肺外围以胸膜为基底的楔形或条状实变影;③胸腔积液、肺动脉高压、右心室肥大以及心包积液等。结论:MSCTPA能对肺动脉栓塞作出准确诊断,是无创、快速、安全、敏感的检查方法,并可追踪复查,评估治疗效果。     

D-二聚体在肺栓塞疾病诊断中的应用研究

目的：探讨肺栓塞患者中血浆D-二聚体（DD）含量的变化,为肺栓塞疾病（PE）的早期诊断提供依据。方法：采用免疫比浊法检测肺栓塞住院患者和非肺栓塞患者D-二聚体的含量。结果：肺栓塞患者血浆D-二聚体（DD）含量均值为（3.01±2.81）μg/ml,非肺栓塞患者为（1.11±0.90）μg/ml,前者显著高于后者（P〈0.01）。结论：血浆D-二聚体测定可作为诊断肺栓塞疾病的重要指标之一,特别对于临床低概率肺栓塞疾病的排查具有非常重要的临床价值。     

Unresolved major pulmonary embolism: Importance of follow-up lung scan in diagnosis

Unresolved major pulmonary embolism (UMPE) is an uncommon condition which causes pulmonary hypertension, cor pulmonale and death. An accurate and prompt diagnosis of UMPE is very important in the management of such patients with pulmonary embolectomy. Follow-up lung scans can lead to earlier diagnosis of UMPE, especially in patients who have a history of acute pulmonary embolism and present with pulmonary hypertension, respiratory insufficiency and cor pulmonale. We report a case of UMPE strongly suggested by follow-up lung scans and subsequently confirmed by pulmonary angiography and postmortem examination.     

双源CT肺动脉成像在肺动脉栓塞诊断中的应用价值

目的:探讨双源CT肺动脉成像对肺动脉栓塞(PE)的诊断价值.方法:对58例临床拟诊为PE的患者行双源CT肺动脉成像,总结PE的直接、间接征象及分型,并比较MPR、MIP、VR和CTVE对肺动脉栓子的显示效果.结果:直接征象:58例中45例诊断为PE,共发现栓子 658支(中心型170支,偏心型208支,附壁型74支,完...     

MR灌注成像在肺栓塞诊断中的应用

目的探讨MR二维快速扰相梯度回波序列（2DFSPGR）显示肺实质灌注的可能性,以及在实验性肺栓塞中的应用价值。方法11只在体犬肺栓塞模型在平静呼吸下行肺MR灌注扫描,定性及定量评价图像质量,与病理解剖对照分析肺灌注扫描诊断肺栓塞的敏感性。结果10只犬的MR图像质量为优良,可显示肺实质灌注情况,平均信号/噪声比（SNR）为67.4±18.0,对比度/噪声比（CNR）为40.9±14.2。正常灌注区的信号强度平均值为39.7±5.1,灌注不良区域信号强度平均值为15.6±2.1,灌注不良区域时间-强度曲线表现为峰值下降或曲线平直。结论MR肺灌注成像是诊断肺栓塞的可行方法。     

Computed tomography pulmonary embolism index for the assessment of survival in patients with pulmonary embolism

This study was an analysis of the correlation between pulmonary embolism (PE) and patient survival. Among 694 consecutive patients referred to our institution with clinical suspicion of acute PE who underwent CT pulmonary angiography, 188 patients comprised the study group: 87 women (46.3%, median age: 60.7; age range: 19–88 years) and 101 men (53.7%, median age: 66.9; age range: 21–97 years). PE was assessed by two radiologist who were blinded to the results from the follow-up. A PE index was derived for each set of images on the basis of the embolus size and location. Results were analyzed using logistic regression, and correlation with risk factors and patient outcome (survival or death) was calculated. We observed no significant correlation between the CTPE index and patient outcome (p = 0.703). The test of logistic regression with the sum of heart and liver disease or presence of cancer was significantly (p< 0.05) correlated with PE and overall patient outcome. Interobserver agreement showed a significant correlation rate for the assessment of the PE index (0.993; p< 0.001). In our study the CT PE index did not translate into patient outcome. Prospective larger scale studies are needed to confirm the predictive value of the index and refine the index criteria. This work was supported by the European Commission Leonardo da Vinci grant.     

CT肺动脉造影预测急性骑跨型肺动脉栓塞的早期病死率

目的:探讨多层螺旋计算机体层成像肺动脉造影(CTPA)能否预测急性骑跨型肺动脉栓塞1个月的早期病死率.方法:搜集经CTPA确诊为急性骑跨型肺栓塞的患者115例,根据1个月内的预后情况,分为死亡组和非死亡组,测量并计算CTPA中右房横径/左房横径比值(RAd/LAd)、右室面积/左室面积比值(RVa/LVa)、脊柱室间隔夹角(Cobb角)及Mastora肺栓塞指数,上述参数值采用Mann-Whitney U检验和受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线进行统计学分析.结果:死亡组中RAd/LAd比值(P=0.001)、RVa/LVa比值(P=0.006)、Cobb角(P=0.001)及Mastora栓塞指数(P=0.001)均明显高于非死亡组.ROC曲线显示RAd/LAd比值(Z=4.241,P＜0.0001)、RVa/LVa比值(Z=6.670,P＜0.0001)、Cobb角(Z=4.711,P＜0.0001)及Mastora肺栓塞指数(Z=3.948,P=0.0001)等4个参数预测骑跨型肺动脉栓塞早期病死率的截断点数值分别为2.2、2.0、58.和69％.结论:RAd/LAd比值、RVa/LVa比值、Cobb角及Mastora肺栓塞指数,尤其是RVa/LVa和Cobb角,可能有助于预测急性骑跨型肺动脉栓塞的早期病死率.     

Prospective comparison of helical CT with angiography in pulmonary embolism: global and selective vascular territory analysis. Interobserver agreement

The objective of this prospective study was to evaluate the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and interobserver agreement in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism with helical CT, compared with pulmonary angiography, for both global results and for selective vascular territories. Helical CT and pulmonary angiography were performed on 66 consecutive patients with clinical suspicion of pulmonary embolism. The exams were blindly interpreted by a vascular radiologist and by two independent thoracic radiologists. Results were analyzed for the final diagnosis as well as separately for 20 different arterial territories in each patient. Pulmonary angiography revealed embolism in 25 patients (38%); 48% were main, 28% lobar, 16% segmental, and 8% subsegmental. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of helical CT for observer 1 were, respectively, 91, 81.5, 75, and 94%; in 7.5% of the patients the exam was considered indeterminate. For observer 2 the values were, respectively, 88, 86, 81.5, and 91%; in 9% of the patients the exam was considered indeterminate. Main arteries were considered as non-valuable in 0–0.8%, the lobar in 1.5%, the segmental in 7.5–8.5%, and the subsegmental in 55–60%. Interobserver agreement for the final diagnosis was 80% (kappa 0.65). For each vascular territory, this was 98% (kappa 0.91) for main arteries, 92% (kappa 0.78) for lobar arteries, 79% (kappa 0.56) for segmental arteries, and 59% (kappa 0.21) for subsegmental arteries. Helical CT is a reliable method for pulmonary embolism diagnosis, with good interobserver agreement for main, lobar, and segmental territories. Worse results are found for subsegmental arteries, with high incidence of non-valuable branches and poor interobserver agreement. Electronic Publication