慢性心力衰竭患者心率震荡的检测及其临床意义

目的观察慢性心力衰竭患者窦性心率震荡（HRT）现象的特征并探讨其临床意义。方法48例慢性心力衰竭患者（心力衰竭组）和35例非器质性心脏病患者（对照组）均接受24h动态心电图检查，分别计算HRT的初始值（T0）、震荡斜率（TS）。结果心力衰竭组T0明显高于对照组[（0．76±3．42）％与（-1．61±2．05）％，P〈0．01）]；心力衰竭组TS明显低于对照组（2．53±1．21与9．56±4．03，P〈0．001）。结论慢性心力衰竭患者中HRT现象明显减弱。     

窦性心率震荡对急性脑梗死患者预后的影响

目的探讨窦性心率震荡对急性脑梗死患者死亡的预测价值。方法回顾性分析急性脑梗死患者98例与对照组30例、急性脑梗死存活组75例与死亡组23例的24h动态心电图，比较各组间HRT的TO和TS结果（1）与对照组TO、TS（-6．1±3．7％、13．1±5．6ms／R-R间期）比较，急性脑梗死组TO高（-3．2％±6．3％）、TS低（6．1±6．0ms／R-R间期），差异均有显著性意义（P〈0．05、〈0．01）。（2）与急性脑梗死存活组TO、TS（-5．2±5．7％、7．0±2．1ms／R-R间期）比较，死亡组TO值高（-2．2±4．3％）、TS低（5．4±4．0ms／R-R间期），差异均有显著性意义（P〈0．05）。结论HRT与急性脯樟死患者的死亡及预后有关．可作为急性脑梗死患者预后的预测因子。     

冠状动脉内移植自体骨髓单个核细胞和内皮祖细胞对小型猪心肌缺血再灌注损伤的疗效比较

目的比较自体骨髓单个核细胞（BM—MNC）和内皮祖细胞（EPC）移植对小型猪心肌缺血再灌注损伤后修复梗死心肌和改善心功能的疗效。方法23头小型猪心肌缺血再灌注损伤模型分为BM—MNC组[（3．54±0．90）×10^8个细膨头,n=9]、EPC组[（1．16±1．07）×10^7个细胞／头,n=7]以及对照组（n=7）,比较细胞移植前以及移植4周时超声心动图、血液动力学和心肌梗死范围的变化。结果与移植前比较,移植4周时BM-MNC组、EPC组左室射血分数（LVEF）分别降低2％[（68±10）％比（66±7）％,P〉0．05]和0[（69±7）％比（69±8）％,P〉0．05],对照组则降低10％[（70±9）％比（59±7）％,P〈0．05],三组间比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。LVEF、左室收缩末压（LVESP）、心输出量（CO）和左室等容收缩压力最大上升速率（＋dp／dtmax）的变化值在BM—MNC组和EPC组间的差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,而显著小于对照组的变化值（P〈0．05）。舒张末压（LVEDP）和等容舒张压力最大下降速率（-dp／dtmax）在细胞移植前后各组变化不明显（P〉0．05）。EPC和BM—MNC移植的心肌梗死面积均小于对照组[心肌梗死面积百分比分别为[（4．1±0．6）％、（8．4±3．8）％和（11．4±3．2）％,均P〈0．05],EPC组较BM-MNC组有减小的趋势,但差异无统计学意义（P=0．067）。结论心肌缺血再灌注损伤后,自体BM—MNC和EPC移植均可明显改善左室收缩功能,这种作用可能通过减小心肌梗死面积实现。移植EPC与BM-MNC改善心功能的疗效相当,但还需进一步评价。     

冠状动脉内应用山莨菪碱对急性心肌梗死介入治疗后无再流及心室功能和收缩同步性的影响

目的探讨冠状动脉内应用山莨菪碱对急性心肌梗死介入治疗（AMI-PCI）后无再流患者的逆转作用并评价其对患者局部、整体心室功能和收缩同步性的影响。方法自2003年1月至2006年2月首发急性前壁心肌梗死并于12h内行急诊PCI的患者136例,根据心肌灌注分级方法（myocardial blush grade,MBG）确认无再流患者（MBG0-1级）47例（男36例,女11例）,平均年龄（63．23±11．24）岁,随机分为两组：A组（山莨菪碱组,24例）和B组（对照组23例）,A组于PCI后即刻由指引导管冠状动脉内注射山莨菪碱1000斗g／次,余治疗同B组。于PCI后即行左心室造影,测定心室容积、压力参数和室壁运动积分（wall motion score,WMS）;AMI后1周时行平衡法核素心室造影,测定左室整体和局部收缩功能、舒张功能和收缩同步性参数;AMI后6个月随访时重复行心室造影和核素心室造影检查测定上述参数,同时随访并记录术后6个月内主要不良心脏事件（MACE）的发生率。结果（I）A组患者在冠状动脉内应用山莨菪碱1000μg／次,平均（2．53±0．34）次后MBG由（0．74±0．32）级增加到用药后的（2．33±0．28）级。（2）AMI-PCI后6个月随访时,A组左室收缩末容积指数、左心室舒张末期容积指数、WMS和左室舒张末期压均较B组明显降低[（40．53±8．12）mL／m^2比（50．32±8．26）mL／m^2,（80．13±9．74）ml／m^2比（87．17±10．25）mL／m^2,（8．24±1．31）比（10．23±1．82）,（13．36±4．21）mmHg（1mmHg=0．133kPa）比（16．38±3．21）mmHg,P均〈0．05];核素心室造影参数比较,A组左室射血分数、峰射血率和峰充盈率等参数均较B组明显增加I（44．02±5．86）％比（38．52±5．18）％,（1．86±0．09）EDV／s比（1.61±0．09）EDV／s,（2．19±0．32）EDV／s比（1.78±0．17）EDV／s,P均〈0．05]。（3）A组AMI-PCI后6个月左室局部射血分数（LrEF）2-LrEF8均分别较B组增加13．96％、25．02％、30．36％、22．86％、27．67％、22．07％和18．71％（P均〈0．05）.（4）相位分析示A组左室收缩同步性参数相角程、半高宽和峰相位标准差亦均低于B组[（46．04±8．93）°比（53．19±16．62）°,P〈0．05;（23．02±6．27）°比（25．02±5．31）°,P〉0．05;（7．92±4．12）°比（11．76±4．11）°,P〈0．05]。（5）在6个月随访期内,A组MACE发生率明显低于B组。结论冠状动脉内注射山莨菪碱可明显逆转AMI-PCI后无再流现象,改善无再流患者的心室功能和收缩同步性,降低MACE发生率。     

阿普唑仑可降低射频导管消融手术患者的住院费用

目的观察术前加用阿普唑仑对射频导管消融手术患者的心理状况及住院费用的影响。方法前瞻性、随机、双盲、安慰剂对照研究142例因阵发性室上性心动过速而择期行首次心内电生理检查或射频导管消融手术的患者,随机纳入安慰剂组（对照组,70例）或阿普唑仑组（治疗组,72例）。所有患者均于入组当晚开始每晚睡前服用阿普唑仑0．4mg或外形、性状类似于治疗药的安慰剂,至少3天后行射频导管消融治疗。所有患者均于术前24h内行中国版90项症状量表评价。结果二组之间年龄、性别、体重、烟酒嗜好、职业、文化程度、婚姻状况、家庭关系和医疗费用的支付方式（即是否有医疗保险）等方面以及二组间合并高血压和糖尿病的患者数差异均无统计学意义。与对照组相比,治疗组射频导管消融术前的患者躯体化（1．38±0．40比1．65±0．56,P〈0．01）、焦虑（1．50±0．39比1．69±0.50,P〈0．05）、恐怖（1．24±0.36比1．47±0.57,P〈0．01）、精神病性（1．24±0．34比1．35±0．30,P〈0．05）和总均分（1．36±0．35比1．49±0．37,P〈0．05）等项目评分均有明显下降,治疗组住院费用（32498±1170）元,明显低于对照组（32947±1096）元,P〈0．05。结论术前服用阿普唑仑可改善射频导管消融手术患者的心理状况并降低其住院费用。     

132例老年冠心病患者C-反应蛋白检测在诊断中的意义

目的探讨老年冠心病患者C-反应蛋白检验在诊断中的意义。方法对132例老年CHD患者进行了CRP含量检测。结果老年CHD组中稳定型心绞痛（UA）、不稳定型心绞痛、AMI患者CRP含量分别为（258．3±22．8）mg／L、（314．1±29．6）mg／L、（227．1±23．5）mg／L,正常对照组为（3．56±1．28）mg／L。老年CHD组CRP浓度比对照组明显升高（P〈0．05）。其中不稳定型心绞痛患者CRP水平比UA患者显著增高（P〈0．05）,而UA患者与AMI患者比较亦显著增高（P〈0．05）。本研究结果表明,老年CHD患者CRP浓度较对照组显著增高（P〈0．05）;而不稳定型心绞痛患者CRP浓度较稳定型心绞痛患者显著增高（P〈0．05）。结论可见老年冠心病与炎症有密切的联系。因此,动态检查血中CRP的含量不但有利于协助诊断老年冠心病,并且有助于老年不稳定型心绞痛与急性心肌梗死的鉴别。     

急诊冠状动脉支架术联合国产替罗非班治疗急性ST段抬高性心肌梗死的临床疗效和安全性

目的前瞻性评价急性ST段抬高性心肌梗死（STEMI）患者急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗（PCI）联合应用国产替罗非班治疗的临床疗效及安全性。方法入选连续160例接受急诊PCI治疗的急性STEMI患者,随机分为替罗非班组（80例）和对照组（80例）。比较两组基础临床情况、介入治疗结果、术后即刻疗效、术后30天和180天主要心脏不良事件（MACE,包括死亡、再梗死、再次靶血管重建）发生率及左室射血分数（LVEF）。结果两组基础临床情况、介入治疗结果差异均无统计学意义。与对照组相比,替罗非班组术后即刻心肌梗死溶栓试验（TIMI）3级复流血流差异无统计学意义（95．0％比87．5％,P〉0．05）,但即刻心肌组织灌注（TMP）3级（75．0％比56．3％,P〈0．05）、校正TIMI帧数[（23．56±5．19）帧比（31．05±6．92）帧,P〈0．01）]、ST段抬高总和回落[（6．51±3．56）mm比（4．53±2．47）mm,P〈0．01]、肌酸激酶同工酶（CK—MB）峰值[（225．02±105．81）μg／L比（269．20±110．88）μg／L,P〈0．05）、肌钙蛋白Ⅰ（TnⅠ）峰值[（45．25±33．00）μg／L比（56．46±29．48）μg／L,P〈0．05]及平均住院天数[（11．38±4．63）天比（14．68±6．90）天,P〈0．01]均显著优于对照组。替罗非班组术后MACE发生率30天（5．0％比16．3％,P〈0．05）和180天（7．5％比18．8％,P〈0．05）明显降低,LVEF（术后30天：53％±7％比49％±9％,P〈0．01;术后180天：59％±8％比53％±9％,P〈0．01）显著提高。多因素logistic回归分析表明,年龄〉65岁[比值比（OR）=3．42,P〈0．01]、替罗非班治疗（OR=0．56,P〈0．05）、住院期LVEF〈0．5（OR=2．56,P〈0．01）是术后180天MACE发生率的主要决定因素。替罗非班组术后出血并发症发生率高于对照组（16．3％和7．5％）,但差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论急诊冠状动脉支架术联合应用国产替罗非班治疗STEMI能显著提高相关梗死区域再灌注水平,明显改善术后即刻、术后30天及180天临床预后和左心室收缩功能。     

房间隔起搏在心脏再同步治疗中的应用

目的通过简单的超声多普勒方法评价房间隔起搏在心脏再同步治疗（CRT）中的效果。方法在23例行CRT治疗的患者中进行了超声多普勒测量，9例患者存在房间阻滞，心房起搏导线固定在房间隔，其余14例常规固定在右心耳。结果右心耳起搏组中心房间传导延迟时间（IAD）延长[（46±20）ms vs（53±23）ms，P〈0．05]，IAD和心室间传导延迟时间（IVD）的差异增大[（53±23）ms VS（40±17）ms，P〈0．05]，左机械房室延迟时间（LMAVD）和右机械房室延迟时间（RMAVD）的差异明显增加[（172±25）ms vs（210±32）ms，P〈0．001]。房间隔起搏后IAD明显减小[（34±12）ms VS（12±11）ms，P〈0．001]，IAD和IVD的差别减少[（12±11）ms VS（18±16）ms，P〉0．05]，LMAVD和RMAVD差异无统计学意义[（187±43）ms vs（182±50）ms，P〉0．05]。二尖瓣A峰速度时间积分在房间隔起搏后明显增加[（8．9±4．9）cm vs（13．0±4．0）cm，P〈0．001]。结论房间阻滞可以导致左心和右心房室收缩顺序的差异，房间隔起搏能纠正这种差异，增加二尖瓣舒张期充盈进一步改善心脏再同步治疗。     

胸膜腔内注入低分子肝素治疗结核性胸膜炎

目的观察胸腔内注入低分子肝素对减少结核性渗出性胸膜炎胸膜增厚、粘连的效果。方法渗出性胸膜炎患者59例,随机分成治疗组（30例）与对照组（29例）。治疗组充分引流后注射低分子肝素钙0．1ml（速碧林）＋生理盐水20ml,对照组注射生理盐水20ml。结果形成纤维分隔、多房积液的,治疗组1例,对照组5例（P〈0．05）。2月后B超查,治疗组胸膜厚度（1．21±0．23）mm,对照组（1．94±0．41）mm（P〈0．05）;治疗组胸膜粘连6．67％,对照组24．14％（P〈0．05）;治疗组肺功能FVC％为（87．8±2．2）％,对照组（79．2±2．1）％（P〈0．05）;治疗组FEV1／FVC％为（86．9±2．7）％,对照组为（78．6±2．3）％,两者差异亦有显著性（P〈0．05）。结论胸腔内注射低分子肝素能减少胸腔分隔、多房的形成,减少胸膜粘连、肥厚,改善肺功能。     

2型糖尿病一级亲属脂联素等与胰岛素抵抗的相关研究

测定糖耐量正常T2DM患者一级亲属35例，及对照组42例的脂联素、抵抗素、TNF-α。结果1．一级亲属组脂联素水平低于正常对照组（12．29±3．64mg／L vs 14．66±3．43mg／L，P〈0．05），而抵抗素、TNF-α水平显著高于正常组（分别是19．02±6．85Pg／ml vs 15．68±6．24pg／ml，P〈0．05；14．12±2．87pg／ml vs 10．43±2．58pg／ml，P〈0．05）；2．一级亲属组IR指数与脂联素呈负相关（r=-0．53，P〈0．05），与抵抗素、TNF-α呈正相关（分别为r=0．62，P〈0．05；r=0．48，P〈0．05）。结论脂联素、抵抗素、TNF-α可能与T2DM患者一级亲属的IR相关。     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

治疗高血压药物的经济学评价

重视高血压治疗中的经济学评价,对利用我国有限的卫生资源来遏制高血压对人民群众的危害有着重要的现实意义。药物经济学对于药物治疗的成本和治疗的结果给予同样的关注。因为治疗高血压的费用,不仅涉及药物价格,还包括患者的危险水平,降压疗效和对临床终点事件的影响,以及治疗的依从性和安全性。因此药物经济学更强调整体成本和价-效比。低危病人,若非药价低廉,治疗的价-效比不够理想。而在高危的患者,价-效比越小越经济而不是药费越便宜越好。