多囊卵巢综合征的超声诊断特征

目的探讨多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)超声诊断特征,并对PCOS和多囊卵巢形态(PCOM)的区别和联系加以讨论。方法应用超声诊断卵巢多囊改变者73例(PCOS24例,PCOM49例)与正常女性对照组32例作对比分析。结果超声检查PCOS患者及PCOM者的卵巢体积、卵泡个数及卵泡直径与正常对照组比较有高度统计学意义(P<0.01);PCOS患者的卵巢体积、卵泡个数及卵泡直径与正常对照组比较有高度统计学意义(P<0.01);PCOS患者的卵巢体积与PCOM者比较有高度统计学意义(P<0.01),卵泡个数和卵泡直径与PCOM者比较有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论超声检查PCOS方法简便,图像直观清晰,并可对病程及疗效动态随访观察,结合临床和内分泌检查可对PCOS和PCOM做出准确的鉴别诊断,是一种良好的形态学检查方法。     

Fat-suppression contrast-enhanced MRI in the failed back surgery syndrome: a prospective study

We examined 25 patients with recurrent pain after lumbar disk surgery with MRI to evaluate the usefulness of gadolinium (Gd)-enhanced fat-suppression (FS) imaging in patients with failed back surgery. Pulse sequences included T1-weighted (T1W) images, Gd-enhanced T1W images, and Gd-enhanced T1W images with FS. The addition of FS to Gd-enhanced T1W images improved visualization of enhancing scar in all cases, helped distinguish scar from recurrent herniated disk, and showed more clearly the relationship of scar to the nerve roots and thecal sac. The images also demonstrated enhancement of the facet joints and theca in 23 and 11 cases, respectively. Intradural nerve roots were more conspicuous with FS in 21 cases. The combination of unenhanced and Gd-enhanced T1W images with FS is recommended for routine examination of the postoperative back.     

胃壁声像图分层的临床实验研究

通过胃离体标本实验及临床观察，对胃壁第１、２层声像图与解剖对应关系进行了研究。结果表明：胃壁第１层强回声系胃粘液层（包括表面上皮层）及其与胃内液体的界面反射，第２层弱回声系粘膜层；粘液层增厚为胃腺及表面上皮分泌亢进所致，变细或呈断线状改变为粘液分泌减少、腺体萎缩所致；消失或中断为腺体破坏所致。为临床胃壁声像图特征性表现提供了解剖学依据。     

Acute coronary syndrome on non-electrocardiogram-gated contrast-enhanced computed tomography

It is not rare for acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients to present with symptoms that are atypical, rather than chest pain. It is sometimes difficult to achieve a definitive diagnosis of ACS for such patients who present with atypical symptoms, normal initial biomarkers of myocardial necrosis, and normal or nondiagnostic electrocardiograms (ECGs). Although cardiac CT allows for assessments of coronary artery stenosis as well as myocardial perfusion defect in patients with suspected ACS, it requires ECG gating and is usually performed with high-performance multislice CT for highly probable ACS patients. However, several recent reports have stated that ACS is detectable by myocardial perfusion defects even on routine non-ECG-gated contrast-enhanced CT. A growing number of contrast-enhanced CT scans are now being performed in emergency departments in search of pathologies responsible for a patient’s presenting symptoms. In order to avoid inappropriate management for this life-threatening event, clinicians should be aware that myocardial perfusion defect is more commonly detectable even on routine non-ECG-gated contrast-enhanced CT performed in search of other pathologies.     

Ultrasonographic diagnosis of iliac vein compression (May-Thurner) syndrome

Iliac vein compression syndrome (IVCS), also known as May-Thurner syndrome, is the result of compression of the left common iliac vein between the right common iliac artery and overlying vertebrae. The most common clinical presentation is left lower extremity deep vein thrombosis. Rarely, a patient with IVCS can present with obstruction of venous outflow, without deep vein thrombosis. Iliac vein compression, with or without thrombosis, should be treated if symptomatic. We present a patient with IVCS that was initially diagnosed with transabdominal ultrasonography (US), and then confirmed with computed tomography and venography with pressure measurements. We believe this is the first report of an IVCS patient diagnosed with US.     

Ultrasonographic assessment of mild and moderate idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome

AIM: To investigate the diagnostic value of ultrasonography in mild and moderate idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cross-sectional areas (CSA), flattening ratios at three different levels, swelling ratio, and palmar displacement were analysed in 26 patients (14 with bilateral and 12 with unilateral disease, 40 wrists in total) for the presence and the severity of CTS. Twenty had normal nerve conduction studies (NCS) defined as "mild", and 20 of them had abnormal NCS defined as "moderate". The control group consisted of 20 healthy participants. RESULTS: All parameters were significantly different between patient and control groups. Palmar displacement, swelling ratio, CSA at all levels and distal flattening ratio had the highest significance (p < 0.0001). The criterion with the highest sensitivity was the swelling ratio > or = 1.3 (72.5%), followed by the middle CSA > 9 mm2 and the palmar displacement > 2.5 mm. All of these criteria had a higher sensitivity in diagnosing moderate cases (85-100%) than diagnosing mild cases (30-55%). There was a significant difference between normal and mild CTS groups regarding palmar displacement, distal flattening ratio, middle CSA and swelling ratio (p < 0.0001 for all) and between normal and moderate groups regarding all parameters (p < 0.01 - 0.0001) When combined middle CSA, palmar displacement and swelling ratio had an overall discriminatory accuracy of 83.8%. CONCLUSION: Additional diagnostic confirmation can be provided by ultrasonography and may be preferred as the initial step instead of electrophysiological studies. Detection of at least two of the three criteria (median nerve CSA > 9 mm2 at pisiform level, swelling ratio > or = 1.3, and palmar displacement > 2.5 mm) may be helpful for the verification of the diagnosis.     

Salivary and lacrimal gland dysfunction (sicca syndrome) after radioiodine therapy.

Salivary gland dysfunction has been described in patients undergoing radioiodine therapy but associated lacrimal gland dysfunction (sicca syndrome) has never been reported. We conducted a prospective cohort study with follow-up for up to 3 y in a tertiary care university center to determine the prevalence of sicca syndrome in patients after high-dose radioiodine treatment. METHODS: From January 1990 to December 1995, all patients undergoing radioiodine therapy (n = 79) with a standard dose of 925 MBq to 18.5 GBq (25-500 mCi) were interviewed using a standardized questionnaire to determine subjective ocular and oral dryness and were examined for objective lacrimal and salivary gland dysfunction. RESULTS: After radioiodine treatment, 32.9% of the patients reported subjective xerostomia and 25.3% reported subjective xerophthalmia in the first year of follow-up. Xerostomia persisted to the second year of follow-up in 20.3% of cases and was still present >3 y after the last dose of radioiodine in 15.2% of cases. Xerophthalmia persisted to the second year of follow-up in 17.7% of cases and was still present in the third year of follow-up in 13.9% of cases. Severe xerostomia occurred in 4 patients. Reduced salivary and lacrimal gland function was documented in 40 (50.6%) and 14 (17.7%) of the 79 cases, respectively, in the first year of follow-up. Objective xerostomia persisted in 13.9% of cases to the second year of follow-up and was still present in all patients >3 y after the last radioiodine application. Keratoconjunctivitis sicca persisted in 11 patients (13.9%) to the second year of follow-up but was only present in 6 patients (7.6%) >3 y after the last radioiodine application. Additionally, 28/79 patients (35.4%) who had a normal salivary gland scintigraphy previously showed reduced salivary gland function in the third year of follow-up. No significant dependence on cumulative treatment was found for objective xerostomia or xerophthalmia, but doses >11.1 GBq (300 mCi) were related to stage 3 dysfunction on salivary gland scintigraphy. CONCLUSION: Salivary and lacrimal gland dysfunction (sicca syndrome) is relatively frequent after radioiodine therapy. In most cases this is a transient side effect, but in some patients it may persist for a long period or appear late.     

超声造影及增强CT诊断肾脏外伤的对比研究

目的评价超声造影(contrast-enhanced ultrasonography,CEUS)与增强CT在肾脏外伤诊断中的应用价值。方法 57例肾脏外伤患者分别进行超声造影与增强CT检查,根据美国创伤外科协会(AAST)肾外伤分级标准及肾外伤CT分级判断外伤程度,并对结果进行对照研究。结果超声造影发现1例I级肾外伤,而增强CT未发现;CEUS漏诊2例I级肾外伤;1例CEUS将Ⅲ级高估为Ⅳ级;2例将Ⅳ级低估为Ⅲ级。增强CT与CEUS各自的诊断符合率分别为98.2%、91.2%,两者诊断结果具有较好的一致性(P=0.000)。结论 :CEUS在评价实质器官外伤上具有优势,而增强CT在判断腹部合并伤方面更具优势,两种检查技术的有机组合必将大大提高诊断准确率。     

Ultrasonographic study of the hip joint in infants

We performed ultrasonography screening for the hip joint in 145 infants between January 2003 and January 2004 at Nakajo-machi in Niigata Prefecture. This ultrasonographic study was conducted by Graf's method. The method could discriminate normal hip joints and was able to visualize 11 abnormal hip joints as well. All abnormal hip joints were dysplastic. This method is more useful than x-ray examination for infants, since the cartilaginous femoral head and the soft tissues around the hip could be clearly visualized. As a result, ultrasonography appears to be a useful screening method for congenital dislocation of the hip joint, without the hazard of radiation caused by x-rays.     

Renal oncocytoma. Ultrasonographic study of 4 cases

The authors report four cases of renal oncocytoma investigated by echography and proved by histology after surgery. Describing the clinical cases, after a brief review of the literature, the radiologic findings are analysed with particular regard to the sonographic signs that can preoperatively differentiate oncocytomas from carcinomas. The authors conclude that the only sonographic distinguishing feature is a quite characteristic central hyperechoic streak corresponding to the fibrous scar, frequently found in this benign tumor.     

三维对比剂增强MR血管成像诊断布加综合征的价值

目的观察三维对比剂增强MR血管成像（3DCEMRA）上布加综合征（BCS）的各种表现,并初步评价该项新技术的价值。方法33例BCS患者行3DCEMRA检查。23例为继发性BCS,分别继发于肝细胞癌（21例）、右肾上腺癌（1例）或血栓性静脉炎（1例）。10例为原发性BCS。观察肝静脉、下腔静脉（IVC）和门静脉的开放性,观察有无肝内外侧支、肝实质病变和门静脉一体静脉间曲张静脉。10例患者行下腔静脉造影术,2例行肝右静脉穿刺造影术,把3DCEMRA所获的诊断结果与造影相对照。结果3DCEMRA可显示BCS的各种表现。肝静脉表现包括：癌栓形成（19例）、肿瘤压迫（2例）、肝静脉未显示（4例）和局限性狭窄（4例）。IVC表现为严重狭窄或闭塞（10例）、肿瘤直接侵犯（2例）、癌栓形成（3例）、血栓性静脉炎（1例）和隔膜形成（3例）。9例显示肝内侧支形成,其中2例显示“蜘蛛网”征象。所见的肝外侧支包括扩张的奇静脉和半奇静脉（13例）,以及左肾一膈下一心包膈静脉侧支（2例）形成。2例患者发现门静脉左支闭塞,10例患者发生门静脉．体静脉间静脉曲张。3DCEMRA发现的肝实质病变有：尾叶增大（7例）、不均匀强化（18例）和并发肿瘤（18例）。12例3DCEMRA诊断结果均与造影结果一致。结论3DCEMRA能显示BCS的各种征象,并能帮助提供正确诊断。     

Polycystic ovary syndrome: dynamic contrast-enhanced ovary MR imaging

OBJECTIVE: to determine the enhancement behaviour of the ovaries in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) by dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance (DCE-MR) imaging and to compare these data with those of normal ovulating controls. METHOD: 24 women with PCOS and 12 controls underwent DCE-MR imaging. Dynamic images were acquired before and after injection of a contrast bolus at 30 s and the min of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. On postprocessing examination: (i) the ovarian volumes; (ii) the signal intensity value of each ovary per dynamic study; (iii) early-phase enhancement rate; (iv) time to peak enhancement (T(p)); and (v) percentage of washout of 5th min were determined. Data of the ovaries of the women with PCOS and controls were compared with Mann-Whitney U-test. RESULTS: the mean values of T(p) were found to be significantly lower in women with PCOS than in controls (p < 0.05). On the other hand, the mean values of ovarian volume, the early-phase enhancement rate, and percentage of washout of 5th min of ovaries were significantly higher in PCOS patients (p < 0.05). Examination of the mean signal intensity-time curve revealed the ovaries in women with PCOS showed a faster and greater enhancement and wash-out. CONCLUSION: the enhancement behaviour of ovaries of women with PCOS may be significantly different from those of control subjects on DCE-MR imaging examination. In our experience, it is a valuable modality to highlight the vascularization changes in ovarian stroma with PCOS. We believe that improved DCE-MR imaging techniques may also provide us additional parameters in the diagnosis and treatment strategies of PCOS.     

Regenerative nodules in patients with chronic Budd-Chiari syndrome: A longitudinal study using multiphase contrast-enhanced multidetector CT

Objective

Our aim was to evaluate the serial evolution of regenerative nodules in patients with Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS) treated with portal-systemic shunts, using multiphasic multidetector computed tomography (MDCT).

Materials and methods

Five patients each underwent three MDCT exams over an extended period ranging from 36 to 42 months. Two radiologists in consensus retrospectively reviewed each exam for each patient. Individual nodules were grouped according to size (size I: nodules with diameter ≤15 mm; size II: >15 mm but <30 mm; size III: ≥30 mm), pattern of enhancement (A: homogeneously hypervascular or B: with central scar), and segmental location. Four nodules classified as size II, which increased in size over time, were needle-biopsied.

Results

We detected 61 nodules at the first exam, 66 nodules at the second exam (7 nodules disappeared and 12 new nodules), and 85 nodules at the third exam (8 disappeared and 27 new) for a total of 212 findings. Nodules were mostly found in the right hepatic lobe. Fourteen of the 15 nodules that disappeared over time were size I and enhancement pattern A. At unenhanced MDCT, 204 (96%) of the 212 findings were isodense. Overall, 100 nodules, including the 61 initially detected, were considered newly diagnosed; of these 84 (84%) were size I and pattern A. Of 57 nodules considered size I and pattern A at the first or second exam, 24 (42%) changed to pattern B at the third exam and either size II (n = 18) or III (n = 6). The four biopsied nodules were each confirmed as benign regenerative nodule. No patient developed HCC at 5-year follow-up period.

Conclusion

Hepatic nodules in BCS patients not only increase in number over time but may also increase in size and develop a central scar.     

胶质母细胞瘤的磁共振动态增强诊断

目的：探讨胶质母细胞瘤的MRI动态增强表现。方法：搜集67例胶质母细胞瘤患者的临床及影像资料,回顾性分析其磁共振动态增强表现特点。结果：67例胶质母细胞瘤中,单发者63例,多发者4例。MRI动态增强均呈明显不均质强化,其中28例呈花环样强化,15例呈环形强化,11例呈结节状强化,13例呈囊实性强化。时间-信号强度曲线20例（29.9%）呈缓升型,28例（42.0%）呈平台型,19例（28.4%）呈速升型。结论：胶质母细胞瘤的MRI动态增强具有一定的特征性,平台型时间-信号强度曲线有助于明确诊断。     

Ultrasonographic and clinical study of post-stroke painful hemiplegic shoulder

Aim of the work

To describe the structural abnormalities of the painful hemiplegic shoulder (PHS) by ultrasound (U/S) and their relationship with some clinical variables.

Materials and methods

Eighty consecutive patients with post-stroke PHS were subjected to both clinical assessment and ultrasonographic examination of both shoulders. Ultrasonographic imaging data were classified into five grades.

Results

The biceps tendon sheath effusion (51.25%) and the SA–SD bursitis (43.75%) were the most frequent abnormalities in the affected painful shoulder. No significant relationship (P = 0.114) was found between the U/S grades of the painful hemiplegic shoulder and the Brunnstrom motor recovery stages. Ultrasonographic grades of the unaffected shoulder were significantly correlated with the stroke duration (P < 0.001), the Brief Pain Inventory score (P < 0.05), shoulder pain duration (P < 0.001), and degree of spasticity (P < 0.001).

Conclusion

Ultrasonography is an essential method in evaluation of post-stroke PHS. However, the U/S grades were not correlated with the stages of motor recovery. Avoiding overuse of the unaffected shoulder will be helpful for prevention of shoulder injuries following hemiplegic stroke.     

Diagnosis of the hypothenar hammer syndrome by high-resolution contrast-enhanced MR angiography

Our objective was to describe the imaging features of hypothenar hammer syndrome using minimally invasive contrast-enhanced MR angiography in comparison with oscillography study. In five patients with hypothenar hammer syndrome Gd-BOPTA-enhanced elliptically reordered 3D pulse sequence MR was compared with oscillography findings and clinical symptoms focusing on angiographic appearance of vessel injury, distribution pattern of hand vasculature and joining branches between the radial and ulnar artery supply. All patients showed segmental occlusion at the site of trauma impact with varying involvement of the superficial palmar arch, common volar digital arteries. Embolic disease was present in 50% of patients and could be clearly identified with MRA. Good correspondence was found between angiographic appearance including the presence of collaterals, clinical symptoms and oscillography. Bilateral comparison was helpful in distinguishing between vessel variants and pathology. Bilateral Gd-BOPTA-enhanced MR angiography is a minimally invasive method to depict clearly the localization and extent of vessel injury in hypothenar hammer syndrome providing valuable information about distribution pattern of hand vasculature and presence of collaterals; however, no flow data can be obtained.     

超声造影与MRI增强扫描对肝脏局灶性病变诊断的对比研究

目的 :比较超声造影(contrast-enhanced ultrasound,CEUS)与MRI增强扫描(contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imagmg,CEMRI)对肝脏局灶性病变(focal liver lesion,FLL)的诊断价值。方法 :回顾性分析189例FLL患者共220个病灶的CEUS及CEMRI图像,比较2种方法诊断FLL的准确性。结果 :CEUS诊断FLL的准确率为89.55%(197/220),MRI为93.18%(205/220),两者比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 :CEUS对诊断常见FLL有重要价值,与CEMRI价值相当。     

超声造影评价肝结核瘤血流灌注特征的临床研究

目的：采用实时超声造影观察肝结核瘤血流灌注特征,以探讨超声及超声造影对肝结核瘤的诊断价值。方法：对9例肝结核瘤（14个病灶）行常规超声检查后,再行超声造影检查,分析每一病灶造影动态增强特点,进行时间一强度曲线定量分析,获得开始强化时间及峰值时间。结果：14个肝结核瘤病灶常规超声均表现为低回声,超声造影动脉相增强均呈高强化,其中10个病灶呈环状强化,4个病灶呈弥漫性强化,强化的起始时间为12．30-16．80S,平均（14．06±1．81）S,峰值时间为23．45-32．33S,平均（27．62±2．38）S。所有病灶动脉相迅速强化至高峰后,逐渐消退持续至门脉相及延迟相,病灶呈低强化或无强化。结论：超声造影可动态显示肝结核瘤血流灌注特征,密切结合临床及病理,可提高肝结核瘤的诊断准确率。