经食管超声心动图在室间隔缺损微创封堵术中的应用

目的 探讨经食管超声心动图（TEE）在室间隔缺损（VSD）微创封堵术中的应用价值.方法 TEE引导下为85例患者行VSD微创封堵术.术前行经胸超声检查,确定VSD的位置和形态,测量VSD基底部直径、膜部瘤开口直径及VSD上缘至主动脉右冠瓣的距离,选择合适型号的封堵器封堵,评价即刻封堵效果.结果 83例患者成功封堵,2例失败的患者后经TEE及时发现发生情况,并成功转体外循环行修补术.术后出现残余分流的患者13例,新发轻度三尖瓣关闭不全1例,无新发主动脉瓣关闭不全.随访3～29个月,无封堵器脱落、移位及溶血和Ⅲ度传导阻滞的发生.结论 TEE对选择适合行封堵术的VSD患者,选择封堵器大小,指导封堵器的释放,以及评价疗效方面具有重要的作用.     

超声心动图在室间隔缺损膜部瘤封堵术中的临床应用

目的探讨超声心动图在室间隔缺损（VSD）膜部瘤封堵术中监测的方法和价值。方法47例VSD膜部瘤患者经胸超声心动图监测下行经心导管封堵术。结果超声监测下,41例VSD膜部瘤封堵成功（4例术后有轻微残余分流）;6例封堵失败（3例主动脉瓣脱垂,2例右室面缺口小,1例三尖瓣隔瓣部分与瘤粘连）。结论超声心动图能够正确估测VSD膜部瘤的大小和位置,利于术前病例选择、术中监测封堵器放置和并发症发生。超声心动图在VSD膜部瘤封堵术中的监测有着不可替代的重要价值。     

彩色超声心动图在室间隔缺损封堵术中的应用10例分析

目的：探讨经胸彩色多普勒超声心动图（CDFI）在先心病室间隔缺损（VSD）封堵术中的应用。方法：选择膜部室间隔缺损患者10例,使用SSA－270A型彩色多普勒血流显像仪,术前检测VSD部位、大小、缺损上缘与主动脉瓣环的距离,距三尖瓣的距离,选择合适的封堵器。结果：10例患者,8例即刻封堵成功,2例封堵失败。结论：CDFI经胸指导介入治疗在膜周部VSD中起着极其重要的作用。     

彩色多普勒超声心动图在膜周部室间隔缺损介入治疗中的应用

目的评估彩色超声心动图在膜周部室间隔缺损(VSD)介入治疗中的应用价值.方法在经胸彩色多普勒超声心动图引导下,对158例膜周部VSD患者实施经导管封堵术,封堵器为国产镍钛合金双盘片封堵器,并行超声随访治疗效果.结果153例患者成功实施了VSD封堵术,成功率为96.8%.未成功的5例中,3例因导管未能通过缺损处,2例因封堵器放置后影响主动脉瓣关闭而放弃封堵术.153例封堵成功的VSD超声定位准确,包括膜部VSD 35例,嵴下型VSD 72例,隔瓣后型VSD 46例.其中嵴下型VSD的缺损上缘距主动脉瓣瓣环下缘最小距离为1.5 mm,隔瓣后型VSD缺损下缘距三尖瓣隔瓣最小距离为3 mm.121例患者封堵术后即刻观察,穿隔血流消失,术后1周超声复查,封堵器位置良好、稳定,无残余分流.32例封堵术后即刻观察存在少量分流,术后1个月超声复查,封堵器位置良好、稳定,28例残余分流消失,4例残余分流明显减少.4例术前存在三尖瓣口中量反流的患者,封堵术后2例反流消失,2例反流明显减少.结论彩色多普勒超声心动图在膜周部VSD介入治疗中对病例选择及术后随访具有重要辅助作用.     

超声心动图在室间隔膜周部缺损经导管封堵术中筛选病例的作用

目的　探讨超声心动图为经导管封堵术筛选室间隔膜周部缺损 (VSD)病例的作用。方法2 6例室间隔膜周部缺损患者实施经导管封堵术。封堵器为国产镍钛合金制成的双盘片结构封堵器。经胸壁超声心动图获取图像。结果　 2 4例成功放置封堵器。VSD的大小平均为 6.4mm ,最大为 10mm ,最小为 4mm。放置封堵器的型号较相应VSD大 2mm ,最大为 12mm。VSD具体分型包括单纯膜部 5例 ,嵴下型 6例 ,隔瓣后型 13例 ,其中嵴下型缺损上缘距主动脉瓣环下缘最小距离为 2mm ;隔瓣后型缺损下缘距三尖瓣隔瓣最小距离为 3mm。单纯膜部缺损易于封堵。 2 1例患者封堵术后即刻观察 ,穿隔血流消失 ,术后 1周超声复查 ,封堵器位置良好、稳定、无残余分流。 3例隔瓣后VSD在封堵术后即刻存在少量分流。术后 1月超声复查 ,封堵器位置良好、稳定 ,1例残余分流消失 ,2例残余分流减少。 2例VSD封堵术中因为引起主动脉反流而放弃封堵。结论　超声心动图选择合适的病例是保证VSD封堵术成功的前提     

心脏超声在偏心性Amplatzer封堵器经导管治疗室间隔缺损中的应用价值

目的　旨在评价超声心动图在行偏心性 Amplatzer室间隔封堵器经导管修补室间隔膜部缺损术中的应用价值。方法　选择我院行经导管偏心性 Amplatzer室间隔封堵术的患者 47例 ,年龄 3～ 3 7岁。超声心动图用于封堵治疗前患者的筛选 ,封堵术中封堵器放置的引导和监测以及术后的随访。结果　 47例 VSD患者均在超声心动图引导和监测下成功地完成缺损封堵。术前超声检查测量室间隔膜部缺损直径 3～ 10mm,平均 (5.2 3± 0 .67) mm,左心室造影测量室间隔膜部缺损直径 3～ 11mm,平均 (5.45± 1.0 2 ) mm,超声测值与造影测值间无显著性差异 (P>0 .0 5) ;VSD距主动脉瓣环的残缘长度 ,超声测值小于造影测值约 3 mm。结论　超声心动图是一种安全、可靠、有效的检查手段 ,在膜部室间隔缺损介入封堵治疗的术前病人筛选、术中的引导、监测以及术后随访中有着其他影像检查无法替代的作用     

超声心动图在膜周部室缺封堵术中应用价值

目的探讨超声心动图(Echo)在膜周部室间隔缺损(VSD)封堵中的应用价值.方法 23例VSD.术前Echo明确VSD大小及距主动脉瓣距离(VSD-AV),术中Echo引导监护,术后Echo随访.结果 X线造影与Echo测量VSD大小相符(P＞0.05);VSD-AV在无膜部膨出瘤者两种方法检测相符(P＞0.05),在有膜部膨出瘤者有差异(P≤0.05).总计19例即刻封堵成功,其中1例术后出现主动脉瓣和三尖瓣轻-中度返流外科手术取出封堵器并修补VSD,余18例短中期随访未见并发症.23例VSD中5例未完成封堵者具体原因与Echo应用无直接关系.结论 Echo在VSD封堵术前病例选择、术中引导和监护、术后随访等方面均具有重要作用.     

经食道超声心动图监测经胸小切口室间隔缺损封堵术的应用价值

目的：探讨经食道超声心动图（TEE）监测经胸小切口非体外循环室间隔缺损（VSD）封堵术的应用价值。方法：对65例VSD患者术前均行经胸超声心动图（TTE）粗筛符合封堵条件,气管插管全麻后,插入食道超声探头,开胸前行TEE检查进一步明确VSD类型、形态、大小、残缘距主动脉瓣及三尖瓣瓣根距离及周边组织情况、过隔彩带方向,有无瓣膜反流,指导选择类型和大小合适的封堵器。术中监测VSD封堵全过程,引导封堵器放置,术后即刻及半年随访封堵器是否稳固,是否有移位、分离、 断裂,有无残余分流及并发症。结果：65例VSD患者中, 58例封堵顺利, 其中1例肌部VSD封堵术后少量残余分流,3例嵴下型VSD封堵术前主动脉瓣无反流,术后出现主动脉瓣轻度反流,1例封堵术前主动脉瓣轻度反流,术后主动脉瓣反流消失;5例封堵失败,转体外循环室间隔修补术,其中4例因缺口小或与周边组织粘连严重,多次尝试导丝难进左室,1例在封堵过程中造成二尖瓣穿孔;2例放弃封堵,直接行体外循环VSD修补术,其中1例TTE粗筛发现1个VSD缺口,封堵前TEE发现2个VSD缺口,两者相距3 mm,1例封堵前TEE发现存在主动脉瓣脱垂。结论：TEE对行经胸小切口VSD封堵术病例的选择、术中监测、术后疗效的评价有重要意义。     

经胸超声心动图在室问隔缺损经导管封堵术中的应用价值

目的探讨经胸超声心动图(TTE)在室间隔缺损(VSD)经导管封堵术中的应用价值。方法12例VSD患者，膜周部缺损11例，肌部缺损1例。TTE明确VSD最大伸展径，VSD边缘距周围瓣膜(主动脉瓣、三尖瓣)根部的距离，选择合适型号的封堵器(国产双盘状封堵器)，封堵器型号比VSD伸展径大1～2mm。结果在TIE和X线引导下，12例VSD成功封堵。术后即刻穿隔血流消失，术后24h、1周及3月复查TIE显示封堵器呈“H”状夹闭VSD，封堵器位置稳定，未见残余分流。结论TIE在VSD封堵术中对病例选择、术中引导监测和手术后随访有重要的实用价值。     

国产封堵器介入治疗室间隔缺损伴膜部瘤44例疗效分析

目的:探讨国产封堵器经导管介入治疗室间隔缺损伴膜部瘤的临床疗效.方法:对44例室间隔缺损伴膜部瘤惠者行国产封堵器介入治疗,术中左心室造影,测量室间隔缺损直径在2.5～12mm,选择腰部直径为4～14 mm国产封堵器进行封堵,10分钟后进行左心室造影,观察即刻效果.并且于术前、术后3日、1个月、6个月行经胸超声心动描记术检查,观察左心房内径、左心室舒张末期内径、射血分数、每搏量、短轴缩短率、肺动脉压的变化.结果:44例中42例成功置入封堵器,其中35例采用国产室间隔缺损封堵器,7例采用国产动脉导管未闭封堵器,介入治疗成功率95%(42/44).另外2例因膜部瘤太大、多出口、距离主动脉瓣近不能完全封堵,转行外科手术治疗.术后10分钟左心室造影,41例完全封堵无分流;1例有残留少量分流,1个月后复查经胸超声心动描记术示残留分流消失.获随访患者所有封堵器位置及形态良好,未影响主动脉瓣及三尖瓣功能.术后3日、1个月及6个月左心房内径、左心室舒张末期内径、每搏量、肺动脉压较术前明显下降(P＜0.05).结论:应用国产封堵器治疗室间隔缺损伴膜部瘤是一种安全、有效的介入治疗方法,动脉导管未闲封堵器在一定条件下可用于封堵室间隔缺损伴膜部瘤.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.