合肥市9—11岁儿童饮食结构与健康关系

作对合肥市１１１名９～１１岁儿童饮食结构的调查结果表明：近半数儿童热量摄入不足供给量的８０％；蛋白质供应充足。脂肪和碳水化物偏少，以脂肪尤甚；铁供应充足，铜偏少，锌、钙明显不足，后二低于供给量８０％分别占７３．４％与９３．６％；维生素Ｂ２和ＰＰ供应明显不足；虽然体重均数在正常范围，但仍有１８％的儿童低于正常。其中６例可诊断为营养不良。缺缺乏率为２６．５％，其中缺铁性贫血占５．９％，其原因主要     

农村孕妇营养状况研究

农村孕妇膳食构成以谷类为主,而豆类、动物食品很少。孕期平均热量达到供给量的90%。蛋白质摄入量不足。钙、维生素A、核黄素的平均摄入量明显低于供给量。血清叶酸、维生素B_(12)的水平随孕期进展明显下降。晚期孕妇核黄素、叶酸、维生素B_(12)不足和缺乏的百分比明显高于孕中期。孕晚期贫血的发生率达19.3%。建议妇幼保健工作者加强对农村孕妇营养指导,提倡多食即经济又合理的豆类食品、绿叶蔬菜等。     

城市孕妇营养状况及孕妇热能、营养素适宜摄入量探讨

作者追踪观察349名健康初孕妇女妊期营养状况,于不同孕期取静脉血进行蛋白质、钙、铁、锌、维生素A、B_1、B_2等14项有关生化测定,并用登记加询问法调查孕妇各期膳食,以30名非孕妇女及42名重症妊毒症孕妇为对照。结果表明,血清总蛋白、白蛋白、血红蛋白、血钙、锌、铁在妊娠初、中期下降,后期下降或微有回升;在孕中,后期血维生素A未见升高或下降,检查全血谷胱甘肽还原酶系数,发现孕妇体内核黄素不足及缺乏者占47％。以转羟乙醛酶活性系数为指标,发现孕妇体内硫胺素不足与缺乏者共有16.7％。本文参考国内外调查结果提出妊娠期适宜摄入量:热能每日增加200kcal(中、后期);蛋白质:中期增加15g/d,后期增加25g/d;钙摄入量中期为1000mg,后期为1500mg;锌摄入量为20mg;铁摄入量为26mg或补充30mg铁剂;维生素A1000μg RE;维生素B_1与B_2皆以1.8mg为宜。     

孤独症儿童膳食及营养状况的对比研究

目的 比较孤独症儿童与正常发育儿童的营养状况,以便临床能有效地进行监测和干预。 方法 募集孤独症儿童及正常发育儿童各53例,由家长完成受试儿童3 d的膳食记录评价膳食摄入情况,检测血清生化指标评价血清营养素水平,并进行体格检查评价其生长发育状况。 结果 两组儿童维生素A、维生素B6、锌和钙的摄入水平与我国该年龄段儿童的膳食营养素推荐摄入量相比较均<80%,表明我国儿童上述营养素普遍摄入不足;而维生素B1、B2和叶酸的摄入水平两组儿童均属于边缘不足(为该年龄段儿童膳食营养素推荐摄入量的81%~100%);孤独症儿童维生素C和钙摄入不足的人数明显高于对照组。两组儿童血清锌水平均低于正常参考范围,但差异无统计学意义;孤独症儿童血清钙和叶酸的水平明显低于正常发育儿童,且血清钙水平还低于正常参考值范围。孤独症儿童的ZWA、ZBMIA及BMI指数,及6岁以下孤独症儿童ZWH均明显高于正常发育儿童,但两组儿童生长问题的分布差异无统计学意义。 结论 孤独症儿童和正常发育儿童均存在营养缺乏情况,但孤独症儿童更为严重,特别是钙、锌、维生素C和叶酸的缺乏较正常发育儿童更为明显。     

成武县某镇村民营养状况调查

目的 了解村民膳食结构和营养状况。方法 称重和记帐相结合的方法,调查了成武县某镇某村221户农民家庭,并测定了他们的血红蛋白以及尿中维生素B_1、维生素B_2、维生素C等。结果 膳食热能摄入量达到平均供给量标准(RDA)的85.5％、膳食中的维生素A、维生素B_2和钙摄入量明显不足。贫血检出率为45.3％。负荷尿中维生素B_1、维生素B_2及维生素C缺乏率为42.4％、70.1％、58.0％。结论 膳食结构不合理,蛋白质摄入不足,主要是优质蛋白摄入不足。     

海南省城乡居民膳食营养状况分析

对１９９２年海南省城乡人群的膳食结构和营养状况调查结果进行了分析。结果表明，热能摄入量偏低，食物搭配不合理，三大主要营养素摄入量，城市高于农村，各类营养素的摄入量随着经济收入的增加而上升。城市钙、锌、视黄醇，硫胺素、核黄素摄入不足，农村钙、硫胺素、核黄素摄入仅占供给量（ＲＤＡ）５０％。来源于动物性食物的热能，城市为２１．１％，农村为１１．６％。学龄前儿童热量、钙、锌摄入不足，维生素缺乏。     

集体幼儿膳食结构及营养状况的调查与分析

本文在１９９７年４月通过对某幼儿园２００名集体幼儿膳食及营养状况的调查结果表明：①蛋白质和热能人均日摄入量占平均供给量的１１８％和１０２％；维生素中除维生素Ｂ２占平均供给量的７３％以外，其他均摄入较充足。矿物质中，钙占４２％，锌占７９％，铁占１９４％；蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物的热量构成比分别１５．４６％、２４．１６％、６０．３８％。②查体中体重达到及超过中位数的人数占体检总人数的４７％；身高达到及超过中位数的人数占４２．４％；身高、体重均达到及超过中位数的人数占体检总人数的３８．４％；调查中未发现严重的营养缺乏症，无一人患贫血     

儿童维生素A缺乏与锌

为了解维生素A(VA)缺乏与锌的关系,测定215例重庆市远郊区学龄儿童血清VA及95例儿童血清锌,结果发现学龄期儿童低血清VA(≤1.04μmol/L)占49％,低血清锌(<11.5μmol/L)占12％,VA和锌同时低占6％;VA缺乏组与对照组比较血清VA明显降低,血清锌无差别。结果提示本组学龄期儿童VA缺乏主要与摄入不足,体内VA贮存不足有关,与锌影响较少关系.     

天津福利院孤残儿童营养状况的研究

本文对福利院101名孤残儿童进行了营养状况的研究，结果表明膳食中的热能供给尚可．蛋白质摄入量及优质蛋白质供给偏低，钙、维生多A、B2镊入严重不足．维生素A、B2缺乏病与缺铁性贫血检出率分别为6．2％、13．8％和28．0％；尿负荷试验显示维生素B2不足和缺乏者占89．0％，血清锌低下者占40．8％．     

妊娠期妇女贫血状况调查分析

本文对259名正常初孕妇女的营养性贫血状况进行了调查分析。于不同孕期取血测定血清铁蛋白,红细胞原卟啉,血红蛋白,血清叶酸及血清维生素B_(12)含量。结果发现,孕妇体内铁缺乏、叶酸及维生素B_(12)不足随孕周增加日趋明显,至孕后期血清铁蛋白<12μg/L者达72.0％;红细胞原卟啉>500μg/L(全血)者占25.9％;血清叶酸<3μg/L者占32.1％;血清维生素B_(12)<150μg/L者为25.6％。259名孕妇中89名患有贫血,总患病率为34.4％。对89名贫血孕妇按缺铁性、叶酸缺乏,及铁和叶酸双缺进行分类,以缺铁性贫血为主,为61例(68.5％),叶酸缺乏贫血22例(28.1％),双缺者3例(3.4％)。不同孕期贫血的分类结果表明,缺铁性贫血随孕周增加所占比例逐渐下降;而叶酸缺乏贫血所占比例随孕周增加逐渐增高。     

Impact of Giardia intestinalis on vitamin a status in schoolchildren from northwest Mexico

We conducted a cross-sectional study in northwest Mexico in order to investigate the association between giardiasis and serum vitamin A in 40 Giardia-infected and 70 Giardia-free schoolchildren who were covered by a regional school breakfast program. There were no significant differences in age, Z-scores for nutritional indices of height for age, weight for age, or weight for height, socioeconomic conditions (employment and education of the parents, household conditions, sanitation facilities, type of drinking water, and family income), and mean daily intakes of vitamin A in the Giardia-free (899 +/- 887 microg) and the Giardia-infected (711 +/- 433 microg) groups. A higher concentration of serum retinol was found in the Giardia-free group than in the Giardia-infected group (0.75 micromol/L versus 0.61 micromol/L, respectively; p < 0.0001). Giardia-infected children were more likely to be vitamin A-deficient than the Giardia-free children (OR = 3.2; 95% CI = 1.2-8.5). Although 95% of the children met the daily-recommended intakes of vitamin A, half of them showed subclinical vitamin A deficiency. It is recognized that vitamin A deficiency is multifactorial and giardiasis was a factor significantly associated with this deficiency in this study. Mexican program developers and policymakers should be aware about the distinction between dietary deficiencies and deficiency diseases when current national program strategies for parasitic control and vitamin A supplementation are redesigned.     

Race-, gender- and age-specific differences in dietary micronutrient intakes of US children

Race-, gender- and age-specific differences in dietary micronutrient intakes of 1- to 10-year-old US children were evaluated. Three-day, dietary intakes from the US Department of Agriculture's Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals were evaluated. Data from 1895 children (967 males, 928 females; 1,540 Whites, 355 Blacks) who resided in the 48 conterminous states were analyzed. Micronutrient intakes, intakes as percent of the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) and percent of children who consumed < or =67% of the RDA were computed. Black males compared with White males, Black females compared with White females and White females compared with White males had significantly lower dietary intakes for several micronutrients. More Black males than White males had intakes < or =67% of the RDA for vitamin E, calcium and zinc. Blacks and female children were at a greater risk for vitamin A, vitamin E, calcium, iron and zinc deficiency.     

陕西农村0~18月龄婴幼儿血清维生素A、铁、锌含量及其与贫血关系的研究

目的 了解陕西部分农村地区0~18月龄婴幼儿血清维生素A、铁、锌状况, 探讨其与血红蛋白含量的关系。方法 采取随机整群抽样的方法对陕西澄城县和富平县农村336名出生至18个月婴幼儿, 检测其血清维生素A、铁、锌状况和血红蛋白含量, 并对贫血与非贫血儿童血清中三种微量元素进行比较。结果 336名0~18个月婴幼儿贫血118例, 贫血检出率为35.12%, 血清维生素A、铁、锌缺乏率分别为67.27%、29.1%和90.9%;贫血组血清VitA、铁、锌的平均含量(0.54 μmol/L、881.21 μg/L, 610.01 μg/L)明显低于非贫血组(0.81 μmol/L、1 227.93 μg/L, 679.40 μg/L), 且差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 陕西农村地区0~18月龄婴幼儿血清维生素A、Fe、Zn缺乏现象较为普遍, 贫血儿童血清维生素A、铁、锌含量显著低于非贫血儿童, 有显著相关性。     

学龄儿童维生素A、C、E摄入量与免疫水平关系

目的 了解学龄儿童维生素A、C、E摄入水平、免疫指标水平及其相关关系.方法 选取1～6年级学生293人进行食物摄取频率和膳食调查,对家长知情同意的262人采静脉血测定血浆维生素、全血T淋巴细胞亚群和血清白细胞介素-2(IL-2)、免疫球蛋白.结果 学龄儿童维生素A、C、E摄人量与其血浆含量均呈正相关;维生素A、C、的平均摄入量低于推荐摄入量(RNI),摄入不足RNI的分别占52.62%和35.59%,血浆缺乏率分别为11.1%和15.3%,亚临床缺乏率分别为29.O%和21.4%;维生素E的摄入量高于适宜摄入量(AI),血浆水平低于参考值的占9.92%.儿童各免疫指标中,CD+3细胞百分比、CD+4/CD+8、IL-2和leA水平低于参考值,IL-2、CO+3、CD+4、CO+4/CD+8和IgG、leA、C3低于参考值范围分别占54.96%,22.14%,37.79%,29.41%和17.18%,22.52%,5.73%;CD+8和IgM高于参考值者分别占23.66%和12.60%.维生素A摄人量与IL-2、CO+4、CO+4/CD+8和IgG呈正相关,与IgM呈负相关;维生素C摄人量与CO+3、CO+4/CO+8和leaA正相关,与IgM呈负相关;维生素E摄入量与IL-2、CD+4和IgG呈正相关.结论 学龄儿童维生素A、C营养水平较低,维生素A、C、E摄入量与免疫指标水平有相关性.     

2002年和2008年福建省7岁以下儿童营养状况分析

目的:了解2002年和2008年福建省儿童营养不良、肥胖症、维生素A缺乏和贫血的发病率。方法:采取整群分层抽样法抽取福建省7岁以下儿童,对儿童进行常规体检,测其身高、体重,并检测血清维生素A和血红蛋白的含量。结果:2008年福建省儿童营养状况比2002年有明显提高,低体重患病率从3.7%下降到2.2%,下降幅度为40.5%;维生素A缺乏患病率从6.3%下降到3.2%,下降幅度达49.2%;贫血患病率从24%下降到13.5%,下降幅度达43.8%。肥胖症患病率从4.9%上升到6.4%,上升幅度达30.6%。结论:福建省儿童营养状况有明显改善。低体重、维生素A缺乏、贫血的患病率下降40%～50%,下降幅度大。城市肥胖症儿童明显增多,儿童维生素A缺乏属轻度。营养不良、贫血的发生仍以边、远、穷地区的儿童为主。     

Effect of zinc supplementation on growth and body composition in children with sickle cell disease

BACKGROUND: Poor growth and delayed maturation in children with sickle cell disease (SCD) may be due, in part, to mild zinc deficiency. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to determine the effects of zinc supplementation on growth and body composition in children with SCD. DESIGN: Forty-two prepubertal children (20 girls and 22 boys) aged 4-10 y with SCD-SS were randomly assigned to receive 10 mg elemental Zn/d in cherry syrup (zinc group) or cherry syrup alone (control group). The 2 groups were stratified by sex and initial height status. Dietary intakes were evaluated and anthropometric, high-precision knee-height, and plasma zinc measurements were made at baseline and at 3, 6, and 12 mo. Body composition was determined every 6 mo with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and z scores for anthropometric variables were computed from national reference data. Longitudinal-mixed-effects analysis was used to test for differences between the groups over the 12-mo observation period. RESULTS: Thirty-eight children completed the study. No significant differences were observed at baseline. After 12 mo, the zinc group had significantly greater mean (+/- SE) increases in height (0.66 +/- 0.29 cm/y), sitting height (0.97 +/- 0.40 cm/y), knee height (3.8 +/- 1.2 mm/y), and arm circumference z scores (0.27 +/- 0.12 cm/y). Height-for-age and weight-for-age z scores decreased significantly by 0.11 +/- 0.04 and 0.13 +/- 0.05, respectively, in the control group but did not change significantly in the zinc group. CONCLUSIONS: Prepubertal children with SCD-SS may have zinc deficiency and may benefit from zinc supplementation to improve linear growth and weight gain.     

Longitudinal study of diet and iron deficiency anaemia in infants during the first two years of life

The objectives of this study were: (i) to investigate the energy, iron, zinc, calcium and vitamin C intakes of a group of healthy term Caucasian infants resident in Dunedin, New Zealand, prospectively from age 9 months to 2 years; and (ii) to determine the prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia among these infants. A self-selected sample of 74 Caucasian mothers and their infants born in Dunedin, New Zealand, between October 1995 and May 1996 were recruited. Dietary intake was determined using estimated diet records at 9, 12, 18 and 24 months of age. Haemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular volume andzinc protoporphyrin concentration were determined at the same ages. The infants' zinc, calcium and vitamin C intakes appeared adequate. Their median iron intakes ranged from 4.3 mg (at 12 months) to 7.0 mg (at 9 months) per day and were below estimated requirements at all ages. At 9, 12 and 18 months of age, 7% (n = 4) of the infants had iron deficiency anaemia. None of the infants had iron deficiency anaemia at 24 months. The iron intakes of this group of Caucasian infants and young children appeared inadequate. However, their rate of iron deficiency anaemia was lower than has been reported in previous New Zealand studies.     

An Assessment of the Impact of Fortification of Staples and Condiments on Micronutrient Intake in Young Vietnamese Children

Targeted fortification programs for infants and young children are an effective strategy to prevent micronutrient deficiencies in developing countries, but the role of large-scale fortification of staple foods and condiments is less clear. Dietary modeling in children aged 6–60 months was undertaken, based on food consumption patterns described in the 2009 national food consumption survey, using a 24-h recall method. Consumption data showed that the median intake of a child for iron, vitamin A and zinc, as a proportion of the Vietnamese Recommended Dietary Allowance (VRDA), is respectively 16%–48%, 14%–49% and 36%–46%, (depending on the age group). Potential fortification vehicles, such as rice, fish/soy sauces and vegetable oil are consumed daily in significant amounts (median: 170 g/capita/day, 4 g/capita/day and 6 g/capita/day, respectively) by over 40% of the children. Vegetable oil fortification could contribute to an additional vitamin A intake of 21%–24% of VRDA recommended nutrient intake, while fortified rice could support the intakes of all the other micronutrients (14%–61% for iron, 4%–11% for zinc and 33%–49% of folate requirements). Other food vehicles, such as wheat flour, which is consumed by 16% of children, could also contribute to efforts to increase micronutrient intakes, although little impact on the prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies can be expected if used alone. The modeling suggests that fortification of vegetable oil, rice and sauces would be an effective strategy to address micronutrient gaps and deficiencies in young children.     

中国六城市日托幼儿园儿童的膳食营养状况

为了解学龄前儿童中潜在缺乏的营养素 ,于 1 998～ 1 999年在北京、上海、广州、成都、长沙和大连分别选择 1～ 2所中等水平的日托幼儿园 ,调查了儿童的膳食营养状况。选择 1 1 70名 3～ 6岁健康儿童 ,其中男 583名 ,女 587名 ,使用称重法连续记录三天在幼儿园内的食物消耗量 ,同时由其看护人提供园外膳食记录 ,使用我国食物成分表计算每个儿童的营养素摄入量。每个年龄组的平均能量、蛋白质、铁、视黄醇、维生素E、硫胺素、核黄素和烟酸的摄入量是适宜的。但是脂肪提供的能量占总能量的百分比超过了建议的高限值。儿童一日能量摄入量在每餐中的分配比例趋势是早餐低 ,晚餐和园外零食高。钙磷比值严重倒置 ,平均值为 0 63 ,钙的摄入量仅达到推荐摄入量的 61 6 % ,而儿童的食盐摄入量较高 ,与适宜摄入量相差较大。锌的平均摄入量达到推荐摄入量的 62 9%。各年龄组维生素C摄入量均低于其推荐摄入量。结果提示 ,在我国城市儿童的膳食中 ,长期某些微量营养素的供给不足或偏食可能与城市日托儿童的生长发育状况与国际标准或发达国家仍有较大差距有关