血管内低频高能超声对冠状动脉粥样斑块消融的临床应用

目的　观察血管内低频高能量超声对冠状动脉粥样斑块的消融作用及安全性。方法　应用Rayfiled公司ACOLYSISSYSTEMTM 超声溶栓仪 (4 6kHz,18W/cm2 ) ,通过导管技术对 18例冠状动脉有一支血管狭窄≥ 75 %的冠心病患者进行消融 ,测量消融前后血管的狭窄程度变化 ,观察消融中有无冠状动脉痉挛、撕裂等影像学改变 ,检测手术前后CK MB、心电图ST段及运动试验的改变。结果　18例患者消融前病变血管狭窄程度为 (84 6 9± 4 6 9) % ,术后残余狭窄为 (4 0 11± 15 33) % ,较术前降低 4 4 5 8% (P <0 0 5 )。 7例术后残余狭窄 <30 % ,术前压低的ST段消融术后均明显上移 ,其中 4例压低的ST段消融术后完全恢复正常 ;术后运动诱发心绞痛所需时间、运动诱发ST段下降 0 1mV所需时间、运动诱发ST段下降最大幅度与手术前比较差异均有显著性 ,而消融与超声消融 +PTCA运动试验差异无显著性 ,7例消融后残余狭窄 <30 %的患者 6个月后冠状动脉造影显示血管狭窄与术后即刻比较差异无显著性。消融术中无血管夹层、破裂、急性血管闭塞、血栓形成及血管痉挛并发症。结论　低频高能超声消融术明显有效地裂解粥样硬化斑块 ,降低斑块所致冠状动脉的狭窄程度 ,是恢复冠状动脉血流的有效手段。     

低频高能量超声消融冠状动脉内粥样斑块的疗效观察

评价血管内低频高能量超声对冠状动脉粥样硬化斑块的消融作用。将 3 0例冠状动脉血管狭窄≥ 75 %的冠心病患者分为超声消融组及经皮腔内冠状动脉成形术组 ,测量消融及冠状动脉球囊成形术前后靶血管的狭窄程度变化 ,检测手术前后心肌型肌酸激酶、心电图ST段及运动试验的改变。结果发现 ,术前二组病变血管狭窄程度无明显差异 ( 85 .8%± 5 .4%比 84.6%± 5 .5 % ,P <0 .0 5 )。超声组消融后狭窄为 43 .0 %± 15 .5 % ,较术前狭窄降低 43 .5 %± 17.8% (P <0 .0 5 ) ,5例消融后残余狭窄 <3 0 %。消融术后患者ST段均明显上移 ,运动试验指标与术前比较均有显著性差异 (P <0 .0 1) ,术后各时相点心肌型肌酸激酶与术前比较无明显变化。经皮腔内冠状动脉成形术组术后狭窄较术前明显降低 ( 2 0 .9%± 2 .9%比 84.6%± 5 .5 % ,P <0 .0 1) ,与超声组比较差异显著 (P <0 .0 5 )。超声组与经皮腔内冠状动脉成形术组术后运动试验结果无显著差异。结果提示 ,低频高能量超声能有效地裂解粥样硬化斑块 ,降低斑块所致冠状动脉的狭窄程度 ,是恢复冠状动脉血流的又一有效手段     

超声评价辛伐他汀的抗兔动脉粥样硬化作用及其机制的探讨

目的应用彩色多普勒超声及声学密度定量技术评价辛伐他汀对兔腹主动脉粥样硬化(AS)的作用,并分析辛伐他汀对AS斑块增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)和碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(bFGF)表达的影响。方法 30只日本大耳白兔平均随机分为3组:健康对照组(A组),AS模型组(B组),辛伐他汀治疗组(C组)。在食物中加入高脂饲料建立兔动脉粥样硬化模型。16周末测定血清总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)。超声检测腹主动脉壁结构及血流,测量动脉内膜-中层厚度(IMT)、收缩期血流峰值速度(Vp),同时定量测定动脉壁声学密度值,与病理形态学检查结果相对照,并以免疫组织化学方法分析PCNA和bFGF在斑块中的表达。结果 16周末B、C组血清TC、TG、LDL-C较A组显著增高,C组较B组减低(P<0.05)。超声检查可见B组、C组腹主动脉AS改变,与病理形态学结果一致,IMT较A组显著增高,C组IMT为(0.51±0.11)mm较B组(0.68±0.13)mm减低(P<0.05),C组动脉内中膜声学密度值、内中膜校正回声强度值较B组减低[(32.73±2.46)dB比(42.33±1.84)dB]、(1.25±0.11)比(1.67±0.08)(P<0.05)。C组bFGF、PCNA表达较B组减低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论辛伐他汀不仅可以降低血脂水平,还能够减少斑块中bFGF、PCNA表达。超声显像及声学密度定量检测能够准确评价动脉壁形态学及声学密度特征,为临床评估AS进展及消退提供依据。     

叶绿素、激光光敏化消融动脉粥样硬化斑块的实验研究

本文用荧光显微镜及光谱技术在动脉粥样硬化兔及人尸体血管实验证明,叶绿素在离体及在体情况下均能选择性地聚积于动脉粥样硬化斑块;用波长530nm的Nd:YAG二倍频激光(0.8W×10s)消融经叶绿素处理及未处理的人尸粥样斑块,前者消融深度(1.38±0.28mm)大于后者(1.05±0.36mm)(P<0.01);消融经叶绿素处理及未处理的正常血管,前者消融深度与后者类似(分别为1.33±0.37mm及1.62±0.17mm,P>0.05)。提示叶绿素是Nd:YAG二倍频激光血管成形术的理想光敏化剂。     

经皮冠状动脉腔内成形术后再狭窄的易患因素

63.6±7.7岁的71(男48、女23)例患者单支冠状动脉经PTCA治疗获得成功(残余内径狭窄<50％)。6.0±2.2个月后造影复查。A组24例(36％)再狭窄(内径残余狭窄≥50％),B组47例(64％)则否。葡萄糖负     

酮替芬对Wistar大鼠动脉粥样硬化的干预研究

目的观察酮替芬(Ket)对动脉粥样硬化形成的干预作用。方法将40只雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为4组,即A组[高脂+维生素D_3(VitD_3)]、B组[高脂+VitD_3+Ket]、C组[高脂+VitD_3+卵蛋白(OVA)]和D组(高脂+VitD_3+OVA+Ket)。A组常规建立动脉粥样硬化模型,C组在常规高脂的基础上加用OVA激活肥大细胞建立动脉粥样硬化模型,B、D两组分别在A、C组建立动脉粥样硬化的过程中给予Ket干预。实验完毕后,分别对A、B组以及C、D组斑块病理形态及斑块中肥大细胞的分布情况进行比较。结果 (1)A、C组动脉粥样硬化病理改变分别较B、D组为重,可见典型AS及不稳定AS改变;B、D组Ket药物干预达到预期效果;(2)动脉粥样硬化斑块中的肥大细胞分布密度A组比B组:5.00±1.41比2.88±1.25,P<0.05;C组比D组:8.00±1.29比5.86±2.03,P<0.05,差异均有统计学意义;(3)实验结束时测定大鼠血清白介素(IL)-6水平,A组比B组:(60.18±8.15)ng/L比(41.52±6.71)ng/L,P<0.05;C组比D组:(90.66±8.18)ng/L比(68.32±5.92)ng/L,P<0.05,差异均有统计学意义。结论高脂+VitD_3+OVA能够建立较为成熟、更符合人类动脉粥样硬化病理形态的大鼠模型;肥大细胞在动脉粥样硬化的形成中有着重要作用,是动脉粥样硬化形成的重要炎症细胞;全身性的肥大细胞活化对斑块形成有促进作用;Ket有抑制炎症因子活化的作用,对斑块形成及失稳定有预防作用。     

斑块内血管生成在兔动脉粥样硬化斑块发生发展中的作用

目的观察斑块内血管生成对兔动脉粥样硬化斑块形成与发展的影响。方法用高胆固醇饲料复制动脉粥样硬化兔模型。15只日本大耳白兔随机分为3组:A组,阴性对照组,仅给普通饲料喂养,B、C组给高胆固醇饲料喂养3周,A组及B组肌注白蛋白(2μg/kg)(0d),C组肌注血管内皮生长因子(VEGF1652μg/kg),继续以前饲养方式3周处死动物,截取胸主动脉进行计量组织学及免疫组织化学分析,测定不同组别不同时间点兔血清白细胞介素8(IL8)浓度和血脂浓度。结果(1)斑块面积(A组0,B组1.81%±0.61%,C组24.12%±3.58%)、斑块周径(A组0,B组6.05%±1.62%,C组25.71%±1.97%)及斑块的最大厚度(A组0,B组0.06mm±0.002,C组0.16mm±0.007mm),各组间比较有显著差异(P<0.05)。(2)新生血管的密度(CD34阳性细胞数细胞数/mm2(cells/mm2)A组0,B组12.35±2.02,C组61.15±7.55)各组之间比较有显著差异(P<0.05)。(3)电镜显示:新生血管与动脉粥样斑块相邻,新生血管腔内可见淋巴细胞。(4)血清IL8浓度(+21d时A组[0.05±0.006]pg/ml,B组[0.808±0.308]pg/ml,C组[15.72±4.31]pg/ml)各组间相比有显著差异。(5)此时血清胆固醇浓度B,C两组相比无显著差异。结论斑块内血管生成是动脉粥样斑块的重要病理特征,这个过程可能与炎性反应有关。     

阿托伐他汀对兔动脉粥样硬化斑块稳定性及斑块内血管新生的影响

目的探讨阿托伐他汀对兔动脉粥样硬化(AS)斑块稳定性及斑块内血管新生的影响。方法将80只新西兰大白兔按随机数字表法随机分为无药物干预常规超声造影组(A组),无药物干预超声微泡造影组(B组),阿托伐他汀干预超声常规造影组(C组),阿托伐他汀干预超声微泡造影组(D组),每组20只;建立AS模型后,利用免疫组化法检测斑块组织血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)、白细胞分化抗原40配体(CD40L),第8因子相关抗原(FVⅢRAg)及基质金属蛋白酶(MMP)-3的蛋白表达;利用超声造影技术对斑块进行常规超声及微泡造影检查,并采用ACQ分析软件得到斑块的始增时间(AT)、到达时间(TTP)、峰值时间(PI)以及基础强度(BI),计算增强强度(EI);利用病理组织学检查以及抗CD34免疫组化染色法,算出微血管密度(MVD),并与造影参数进行相关性分析。结果所有模型高脂喂养后,相对于A组+B组,C组+D组的内皮细胞肿胀、变性减轻,且脂质沉积和泡沫细胞也减少;同时C组+D组AS斑块内VEGF,FVⅢRAg,MMP-3和CD40L的阳性染色面积以及MVB值也均明显低于A组+B组(均P<0.01);另外D组AS斑块EI值与MVD值呈正相关(r=0.665,P<0.01),高于C组AS的EI值与MVD值相关性(r=0.401,P<0.01)。结论阿托伐他汀具有稳定AS斑块的作用,抑制斑块内血管新生可能为其机制之一,而超声微泡造影剂有助于评价AS斑块新生血管情况。     

兔斑块内血管生成与动脉粥样硬化形成和发展关系的探讨

目的:观察兔斑块内血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)与动脉粥样硬化(AS)斑块形成和发展的关系。方法:15只日本大耳白兔随机分为3组:对照组用普通饲料喂养,高脂组及VFGF组给高胆固醇饲料喂养3周(21 d)后,对照组及高脂组肌内注射清蛋白2μg/kg,VEGF组肌内注射VEGF165 2μg/kg,继续以前方式饲养3周(共42 d)处死动物,截取胸主动脉进行计量组织学及免疫组织化学分析,测定不同组别不同时间点兔血清白细胞介素-8(IL-8)浓度和血脂浓度。结果:①斑块面积(PA)[对照组0,高脂组(1.81±0.61)%,VEGF组(24.12±3.58)%]、斑块周径[对照组0,高脂组(6.05±1.62)%,VEGF组(25.71±2.97)%]及斑块的最大厚度[对照组0,高脂组(0.06±0.002)mm,VEGF组(0.16±0.007)mm],各组间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);②42 d 时,新生血管的密度对照组、高脂组、VEGF组之间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);③电镜显示:新生血管与AS斑块相邻,新生血管腔内可见淋巴细胞。④VEGF组CD34阳性细胞数与PA之间呈正相关(r=0.989,P< 0.01)。⑤血清IL-8浓度各组间比较差异有统计学意义,但血清TC浓度高脂组与VEGF组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:斑块内血管生成是AS斑块的重要病理特征,该过程可能与炎性反应有关。     

血管内超声显像在肾动脉介入治疗中的应用价值

评价血管内超声显像在肾动脉介入治疗中的应用价值。 15例显著肾动脉狭窄 (内径减少 >5 0 % )患者在肾动脉介入术前、术后接受肾动脉内血管超声检查。所有患者均接受肾动脉支架术治疗 (共植入 15枚支架 ) ,所选支架直径均根据术前血管内超声图像定量计算所得肾动脉参考直径选择。结果发现 ,15例患者中 13例肾动脉病变由硬性斑块构成 ,其中 2例伴严重钙化 ,剩余 2例为软斑块。血管重构方式 12例表现为负性重构 ,3例为正性重构。病变血管外弹力膜横截面积为 119.7± 2 3.1mm2 ,管腔横截面积为 34.5± 9.3mm2 ,斑块面积为 85 .2± 2 6 .0mm2 。肾动脉支架术治疗手术成功率为 10 0 %。结果提示 ,肾动脉血管内超声检查在判定肾动脉斑块性质、明确狭窄程度、测量管腔直径及指导支架植入有重要临床价值。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.