胎儿和新生儿肾上腺的血管构筑

我们采用血管复型、扫描电镜,注射墨汁明胶切片光镜观察和注射铅丹乳胶X光照相三种方法研究了28例胎儿和新生儿肾上腺内、外部的血管构筑。胎儿和新生儿肾上腺动脉发自膈下动脉、腹主动脉和肾动脉。肾上腺动脉及其分支在腺囊表面和穿过囊的过程中逐级分支,最后形成毛细血管。动脉与毛细血管共同构成囊血管丛。从囊血管丛发出的皮质动脉和髓质动脉,分别入皮质和髓质分支并分布。另外有一些动脉从囊血管丛发出,在皮质中     

肾上腺髓质微血管构筑

本文以树脂铸型扫描电镜法,观察大鼠和小鼠肾上腺髓质的微血管构筑,并特别注意髓质血管和皮质血管的相互关系;此外切片观察测量了肾上腺髓质两种嗜铬细胞的分布。肾上腺皮质集合小静脉发出侧支,分布于髓质,构成了门静脉循环特点。小鼠的肾上腺髓质,主要由这种侧支供应;而大鼠的髓质,还有多支髓质动脉供应。从血管铸型上表现出的明显局部环形缩窄推测,肾上腺髓质血液循环有若干括约装置控制。大、小鼠两种嗜铬细胞在肾上腺髓质内的分布不同,大鼠的呈随机分布;小鼠的 NA 细胞多靠近皮质,而 A 细胞多远离皮质。     

用注射复型扫描电镜方法观察足月胎儿胆囊微血管的构筑

用甲基丙烯酸甲酯铸型方法,将胎儿胆囊壁微血管制成铸型扫描电镜样品,脱水、干燥后,用EIKO IB-3型离子镀膜仪镀膜,在扫描电镜下观察。胆囊壁微血管明显分为三层,即浆膜层血管、肌层血管和粘膜层血管。其中浆膜和肌层血管与肠管壁相应层次的血管结构类似。而粘膜层血管则被分为两部分,一部分紧贴上皮细胞下,有一层丰富的毛细血管网;另一部分在固有膜内有管径粗大的静脉丛。毛细血管网与静脉丛之间直接以毛细血管相连。微动脉的数量相对较少,穿行于静脉丛之间,并逐级分支延续于毛细血管网。本文未见有动、静脉吻合。但在微动脉与静脉丛之间,常见有构成功能性毛细血管短路的毛细血管性交通支。     

应用单宁酸-氯化铁法显示小脑不同部位的微血管构筑

目的　光镜下观察 6只大鼠小脑前叶、后叶及蚓部微血管构筑。方法　用单宁酸 -氯化铁法 (TAFM)媒染显示小脑内血管。结果　小脑各部位皮质、髓质动脉均来源于软脑膜动脉和小脑动脉中央支 ,软脑膜动脉分支多以直角进入小脑皮质 ,分别在分子层、蒲肯野细胞层、颗粒层形成毛细血管网 ;小脑后叶髓质中微动脉呈爪状分支 ,小叶两侧皮质深层微动脉或毛细血管可跨过髓质互相沟通。结论　 TAFM显示小脑微血管构筑清晰、立体感强 ,并发现小叶内皮质深层微血管之间有吻合支     

小脑皮质及髓质的微血管构筑

12例新鲜儿童尸脑,以甲醛碳素墨水灌注,光镜观察.小脑皮质及髓质的动脉来源于小脑动脉皮质支及中央支.血管多以直角及呈放射状穿小脑实质.小脑皮质及髓质的动脉分为皮质浅动脉、皮质中动脉、皮质深动脉、皮质髓质动脉及髓质动脉.动脉分支间相互吻合构成皮质浅、深层及髓质血管网.血管及血管网眼密度以皮质深层为最高.皮质的血供主要来自皮质浅、中、深动脉,髓质主要来自皮质髓质动脉及髓质动脉.髓质内的血管多呈直角分支.且血管走行与白质纤维方向一致.本文讨论了小脑皮质及髓质的血供及血管形态与小脑血管疾病的关系.     

胎儿大脑中动脉皮质支和中央支微血管铸型的扫描电镜观察

应用脑血管铸型方法，在扫描电镜下观察了１０例胎大脑中动脉皮质支及中央的微血管构筑，结果表明两者存有差异。（１）皮质支分出的微动脉胺照其终止部分为皮质浅动脉、皮质中动脉和皮质深动脉。微动脉多以锐角发出分支。皮质中动脉和皮质深动脉可见喷泉样分支。皮质内血管网明显地分浅、中、深三层，以中层（Ⅲ．Ⅵ层）最密集。微静脉属支以直角汇入主干。（２）中央支及其分支的微动脉根据其从大脑中动脉的起始部位不同分为内侧群     

人阴茎海绵体微血管构筑的研究

目的：阐明人阴茎海绵体微血管构筑及其生理意义。方法：阴茎血管铸型扫描电子显微镜下观察。结果：阴茎海绵体内纵行的动脉发出无数树状分支,其中部分分支为毛细血管,此毛细血管汇合后注入白膜下静脉丛;部分形成螺旋动脉,与海绵窦相交通。在阴茎海绵体表面,环动脉的分支亦部分与海绵窦相通,部分分为毛细血管。引流海绵窦血液的窦后小静脉相互吻合形成白膜下静脉丛,白膜下静脉丛汇合后形成导静脉。结论：①在阴茎海绵体内有营养性的毛细血管系统和功能性的螺旋动脉系统;②在阴茎海绵体表面存在白膜下静脉丛。     

15 人脑海马内部微血管三维构筑的研究

<正>本文采用5例有机玻璃单体铸型标本,暗视野全景观察和日立S—450扫描电镜观察,较完整地显示人脑海马内部血管从动脉—微动脉—毛细血管前括约肌—毛细血管—微静脉—小静脉连续性立体构筑。海马内微动脉与微静脉有着特殊的分布形式,本文观察到一支动脉分细支或数条动脉的分支组成血管网,数支微动脉伴随一条微静脉为-血管单位,毛细血管互相交织成不规则的血管网.皮质动脉分支走向及毛细血管袢长轴与神经纤维走向平行。皮质长、短动脉各序支管随年龄增长而变粗;皮质动脉在深部发支返回浅层。本文观察到微血管间存在多种吻合:1.微动脉间吻合;2.毛细血管前动脉间吻合;3.微动脉与微静脉间吻合;4.微静脉间有搭桥式吻合。微血管形态特征;小动脉壁有卵圆形的内皮细胞核压迹,排列整齐,清晰可见。小静脉壁有圆形的内皮细胞核压迹。较大数量的毛细血管前括约肌和微动脉末端肌纤维包绕管壁形成纹理的微动脉括约肌,微动脉管径突然变细呈锥状与毛细血管相连接。毛细血管汇入静脉,静脉属支呈“树根状”。     

儿童小脑齿状核微血管构筑的研究

近年来对脑内动脉的研究越来越多，已积累了较多的资料。齿状核为小脑最大且重要的核团，小脑出血多发生在齿状核及其附近。因此，揭示齿状核内部微血管构筑的规律具有重要意义。本文应用甲醛碳素墨水灌注组织切片光镜法及手术显微镜下解剖观察法研究儿童（3—7岁）小脑齿状核动脉来源、分支、分布及吻合情况。结果如下：齿状核动脉起自小脑动脉的l－2级分支，血管自各个方向向核集中，穿过皮质而达齿状核。来自小脑上动脉分支的齿状核动脉每侧为3－5支，多从齿状核门、核的前端及上端入核；发自小脑下前和下后动脉分支者每侧为2－3支’多自核的外侧、下面及后端入核。按动脉进入核的方式将其分为齿状核内动脉和齿状校外动脉。齿状核动脉粗而在，经皮质时几天分支，而当其进入核门或达核附近髓质时分支突然增多，一般以3－4级分文分布于齿状核。齿状核动脉主干和各级分支共同构成齿状核“血管树”。有时见一齿状核动脉主干末端同时发出许多分支达齿状核。某些分支呈直角自其生于发出。齿状核动脉分支间彼此交织形成致密的血管丛，丛的形态与齿状核的锯齿状外观一致。核内存在丰富的血管吻合，吻合的血管多为毛细血管及毛细血管前动脉。齿状核血管丰富，血管密度为1355．03±221．．11mm／mm’。本文探讨     

用注射复型SEM方法研究足月胎儿小肠粘膜的微循环

本文用注射甲基丙烯酸甲酯复型扫描电镜方法,研究了足月胎儿小肠粘膜血管的立体构筑形象。绒毛毛细血管网的特征为管腔大部分呈窦状,其间夹杂有直形毛细血管;在十二指肠乳头处,胆总管壶腹口周围及壶腹粘膜的毛细血管多呈丛状,未见窦状毛细血管。绒毛的毛细血管网接受来自三方面的动脉血,即通过来自粘膜下动脉的微动脉,从绒毛顶部、基底部和腺丛的交通支,向绒毛毛细血管网供血。后者构成小肠绒毛的“门脉系统”。微动脉在绒毛顶部与微静脉有交通支,构成动静脉吻合。微静脉从顶部到基底部贯穿整个绒毛,沿途自绒毛毛细血管网及腺丛接受属支,最终注入粘膜下静脉,与Mall的典型的“喷泉型”概念并不完全一致。     

Microcirculation of the rat adrenal gland: A scanning electron microscope study of vascular casts

Blood vascular beds of the rat adrenal gland were filled with methacrylate resin and observed with a scanning electron microscope. The classical findings on mammalian adrenal glands of Flint (1900), Bennett and Kilham (1940), and Gersh and Grollman (1941) were confirmed. The cortical capillaries arise from the cortical arteries and converge at the corticomedullary junction into the peripheral venous radicles which flow into the tributaries of the central vein. The medullary capillaries originate from the medullary arteries and drain through the deep venous radicles into the tributaries of the central vein. No direct connection between the cortical and medullary capillaries was noted except for rare communications via the peripheral venous radicles. These findings show that most of the cortical blood, rich in glucocorticoids, flows in the medulla, not through the medullary capillary plexus but exclusively through the radicles of the central vein. Evidence for adrenal portal vessels could not be found.     

Blood vascular beds of rat adrenal and accessory adrenal glands, with special reference to the corticomedullary portal system: a further scanning electron microscopic study of corrosion casts and tissue specimens

Blood vascular casts of the rat adrenal glands were observed with a scanning electron microscope. The cortical capillary plexus drains, through the corticomedullary venous radicles, into the subcortical veins continuous with the medullary collecting veins. The medullary capillary plexus drains into the corticomedullary venous radicles, subcortical veins and medullary collecting veins. No portal vessel was noted between the cortical and medullary capillaries. These findings indicate that the cortical blood rich in glucocorticoids preferentially and continuously flows into the corticomedullary venous radicles, subcortical veins and medullary collecting veins all three of which are fenestrated in type, and also suggest that the vascular route from the cortical capillaries to the medullary collecting veins functions as a substitute for the portal system, controlling the biosynthesis of catecholamines in the adrenal medulla. The vascular bed of the accessory adrenal gland (extra-adrenal cortical or chromaffin body) is sometimes annexed to that of the adrenal gland. On rare occasions, the vascular beds of the extra-adrenal cortical and chromaffin bodies fuse with each other. Additional scanning of tissue samples confirmed the direct drainage of cortical capillaries into the medullary veins and also the endothelial fenestrations of these capillaries and veins.     

A review of the anatomy and clinical significance of adrenal veins

The adrenal veins may present with a multitude of anatomical variants, which surgeons must be aware of when performing adrenalectomies. The adrenal veins originate during the formation of the prerenal inferior vena cava (IVC) and are remnants of the caudal portion of the subcardinal veins, cranial to the subcardinal sinus in the embryo. The many communications between the posterior cardinal, supracardinal, and subcardinal veins of the primordial venous system provide an explanation for the variable anatomy. Most commonly, one central vein drains each adrenal gland. The long left adrenal vein joins the inferior phrenic vein and drains into the left renal vein, while the short right adrenal vein drains immediately into the IVC. Multiple variations exist bilaterally and may pose the risk of surgical complications. Due to the potential for collaterals and accessory adrenal vessels, great caution must be taken during an adrenalectomy. Adrenal venous sampling, the gold standard in diagnosing primary hyperaldosteronism, also requires the clinician to have a thorough knowledge of the adrenal vein anatomy to avoid iatrogenic injury. The adrenal vein acts as an important conduit in portosystemic shunts, thus the nature of the anatomy and hypercoagulable states pose the risk of thrombosis. Clin. Anat. 27:1253–1263, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Angioarchitecture of the coeliac sympathetic ganglion complex in the common tree shrew (Tupaia glis)

The angioarchitecture of the coeliac sympathetic ganglion complex (CGC) of the common tree shrew ( Tupaia glis ) was studied by the vascular corrosion cast technique in conjunction with scanning electron microscopy. The CGC of the tree shrew was found to be a highly vascularised organ. It normally received arterial blood supply from branches of the inferior phrenic, superior suprarenal and inferior suprarenal arteries and of the abdominal aorta. In some animals, its blood supply was also derived from branches of the middle suprarenal arteries, coeliac artery, superior mesenteric artery and lumbar arteries. These arteries penetrated the ganglion at variable points and in slightly different patterns. They gave off peripheral branches to form a subcapsular capillary plexus while their main trunks traversed deeply into the inner part before branching into the densely packed intraganglionic capillary networks. The capillaries merged to form venules before draining into collecting veins at the peripheral region of the ganglion complex. Finally, the veins coursed to the dorsal aspect of the ganglion to drain into the renal and inferior phrenic veins and the inferior vena cava. The capillaries on the coeliac ganglion complex do not possess fenestrations.     

Blood vascular architecture of the rat extra-adrenal cortical body: a scanning electron microscopic study of corrosion casts

A well developed extra-adrenal cortical body with an axis of 200-700 micron was found in eighteen of thirty adult male Wistar rats under a stereomicroscope. All eighteen bodies were located between the kidneys. Blood vascular beds of sixteen of the eighteen bodies were reproduced with a methacrylate casting medium and observed with a scanning electron microscope. The extra-adrenal cortical body was found to contain remarkably numerous capillaries which anastomosed with each other to form a conglomerated network; it received one afferent vessel and issued one to three (usually, one) efferent vessels. The blood capillaries were of sinusoidal and uniform calibers, and resembled those of the adrenal cortex. The network with an axis of 300-700 micron possessed a typical, deep efferent rootlet which corresponds to the central vein of the adrenal gland. Histological examination of the two bodies treated with Orth's or Helley's fixative confirmed that they consisted of non-chromaffin cells similar to those of the adrenal cortex. These findings suggest that in the rat, the extra-adrenal cortical bodies persist throughout life, actively producing cortical hormones.     

The blood vessel supply of the testis in Pekin drakes (Anas platyrhynchos L.). Macroscopic, light microscopic and scanning electron microscopic studies

Testes of Pekin ducks were macerated following injection with plastic at the period of maximal spermatogenesis which occurs during spring. The right and left A. testicularis arise from the A. renalis cranialis. The right testis is additionally supplied by an irregularly occurring A. testicularis accessoria. After penetrating the testicular capsule the arteries run to the centre of the testis and terminate as branching Aa. radiatae centrifugales. The seminiferous tubules are surrounded by intertubular and peritubular capillaries forming a rope-ladder-like system. Venules and veins run peripherally to enter the vein converge into the testicular hilus, and unite to form 2 Vv. testiculares which empty into the V. cava caudalis. Regulation of testicular blood supply is achieved by throttle devices depending on the avian seasonal cycle. The coiled and step-like course of the vessels results in a sufficient contact between blood and seminiferous tubules. Testicular veins surrounding the arteries might be an equivalent of the steroid transfer mechanism in the mammalian spermatic cord.     

Relationship between chromaffin cells and blood vessels in the rat adrenal medulla: A transmission electron microscopic study combined with blood vessel reconstructions

The rat adrenal medulla architecture was examined using a combination of medullary blood vessel reconstructions and transmission electron microscopy. The peripheral radicles of the central vein and the medullary capillaries of the medullary arteries were thus precisely identified in the electron microscopic observations. The observations confirmed that the peripheral segments of the central vein were sinusoidal vessels with an attenuated and fenestrated endothelial wall. No ultrastructural differences were observed between segments lined by epinephrine-storing cells and those lined by norepinephrine-storing cells. The findings suggest that these peripheral segments of the adrenal central vein were sites of cortical hormonal effects on the adrenal medulla. The vessel structure does not support the hypothesis that medullary chromaffin-cell development is controlled by selective distribution of adrenal blood vessels.     

Architecture of blood vessels in human fetal gastric corpus: a corrosion casting study.

Vascular architecture of the gastric corpus was investigated in 16-24 wk human fetuses using a corrosion casting technique and the scanning electron microscopy. The general distribution of blood vessels seen in adults has already been established in the fetus, with three major vascular plexuses located in the serosa, submucosa and mucosa. The serosal plexus, supplied and drained by large extramural vessels, contained anastomosing, arcade-like arrays of arteries and veins with their branches piercing the muscularis and communicating with the compact submucosal plexus. Vertical arterioles and capillaries were sent by submucosal arteries to supply a very dense capillary plexus which surrounded the gastric pits and consisted of wide, sinusoidal vessels showing morphological manifestations of angiogenesis by intussusceptive growth. The plexus was drained by vertical venules emptying into submucosal veins. In contrast to the richly vascularized upper half of the mucosa, the lower half showed a relative paucity of blood vessels, probably due to the thinness of the fetal mucosa allowing an effective diffusion of oxygen and nutrients from the upper half. Neither arteriovenous anastomoses, nor end-arteries were found in the fetal stomach. Results of this study support one of the two existing models of mucosal vascularization in the human stomach: i.e. the model postulating the presence of short and long arterioles and two distinct, albeit interconnected capillary networks in the upper and lower zones of the mucosa respectively. In human fetuses, the latter network is absent; it probably develops by remodelling of the preexisting vertical capillaries in the last phase of pregnancy, prior to the onset of gastric gland function.     

The blood vascular architecture of the rat thyroid gland: a scanning electron microscope study of corrosion casts

The blood vascular bed of the rat thyroid gland was reproduced by injection of a methacrylate casting medium and observed with a scanning electron microscope. The rat thyroid gland received the superior and inferior thyroid arteries and emitted the superior and inferior thyroid veins. Anastomosis between the interlobular arteries or between the interlobular veins was frequently observed in the thyroid gland. The arteriovenous anastomosis was rarely observed between the terminal branches of the lobular arteries and veins. The thyroid blood vascular bed was divided into lobular units which consisted of basket-like capillary networks surrounding the thyroid follicles; a small lobular unit consisted of a few networks, whereas a large one of fifty or more networks. Sizes and forms of the networks varied widely in each case. However, the networks in the superficial layers of the lateral parts of the thyroid gland were typically most developed. Regardless of its size and form, each network always received a proper efferent vessel continuous with the lobular vein, though it was sometimes provided with an accessory afferent or efferent vessel. Only occasionally were the adjacent networks fused with each other or connected by transfollicular capillaries. Thus, the present data suggest that each follicular capillary network is a fairly independent functional-unit in the thyroid microcirculation. The capillaries of the network were sinusoidal in nature and sometimes protruded fine projections which indicated the neogenesis of capillaries. The blood vascular bed of the newborn rat thyroid gland was not always differentiated into basket-like capillary networks.