Management of cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction: The Henry Ford Hospital experience and review of the literature.

Cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction (MI) carries a high mortality which in some series prior to 1980 exceeded 80%. Neither the use of inotropic and vasopressor agents nor intraaortic balloon counterpulsation was found to improve survival in this group of patients. Intravenous thrombolytic agents improve survival in patients with acute MI, but their role in cardiogenic shock is unknown. Reports of the use of surgical and mechanical interventions in patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction were examined to determine if there was any benefit to be derived from restoring blood flow to ischemic areas of the myocardium. It was found that urgent placement of intraaortic balloon counterpulsation followed by coronary bypass surgery may improve survival rates and successful coronary angioplasty also appeared to benefit patients with cardiogenic shock. Similar improvement in survival has been reported after successful coronary reperfusion. In surgical series with predominantly nonmechanical causes of shock, survival has varied from 40% to 88%. Data from our five-year experience in the management of MI patients with cardiogenic shock suggest that coronary revascularization with coronary angioplasty or bypass surgery improves survival in patients with cardiogenic shock especially when performed within 24 hours of the onset of shock.     

左西孟旦治疗顽固性心力衰竭的临床疗效观察

目的 观察左西孟旦治疗顽固性心力衰竭的临床疗效与安全性.方法 选取顽固性心力衰竭患者100例,NYHA心功能分级Ⅲ～Ⅳ级,将患者按随机数字表法分为左西孟旦组和对照组,每组50例.两组均给予标准常规抗心力衰竭治疗,左西孟旦组加用左西孟旦治疗,对照组继续标准常规抗心力衰竭治疗.观察两组治疗12d后左室射血分数（LVEF）、血浆脑利钠肽（BNP）、每搏输出量（SV）、心输出量（CO）、心脏指数（CI）等变化.结果 左西孟旦组总有效率明显高于对照组[88％（44/50）比42％（21/50）],差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.两组治疗前血浆BNP、LVEF、SV、CO、CI比较差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.两组治疗后血浆BNP、LVEF、SV、CO、CI均较治疗前明显改善[左西孟旦组：（1 621.3±1 302.1） ng/L比（6 530.3±1 620.2） ng/L、（54.7±8.9）％比（38.5±8.7）％、（89.7±8.5） ml比（67.1±13.6） ml、（5.30±1.60） L/min比（3.65±2.10） L/min、4.65±0.92比2.82±0.95;对照组：（4 251.2±1 581.3） ng/L比（6 495.5±1 640.4） ng/L、（52.6±8.0）％比（39.1±9.2）％、（76.5±8.9） ml比（66.4±13.9） ml、（4.36±2.37） L/min比（3.71±2.35） L/rmin、3.11±0.73比2.87±0.96],且左西孟旦组改善更明显,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.两组不良反应发生情况比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.结论 左西孟旦可显著改善顽固性心力衰竭患者的心功能,提高LVEF、SV、CO及Cl,降低血浆BNP,安全可靠.     

主动脉球囊反搏联合机械通气治疗心源性休克的临床研究

[目的]探讨主动脉球囊反博联合机械通气治疗急性心肌梗死合并心源性休克的疗效。[方法]2010年8月～2011年5月期间,某科共收治急性心肌梗死合并心源性休克患者39例,联合应用主动脉球囊反博与机械通气对他们进行治疗,现回顾分析上述患者的临床资料。[结果]①39例急性心肌梗死合并心源性休克患者康复出院12例,治疗有效率为30.8%;院内死亡27例,死亡率69.2%。②康复出院的12例患者,治疗后平均动脉压、动脉血氧分压、pH显著高于治疗前,而中心静脉压显著低于治疗前,治疗前后比较差异具有统计学意义(P均﹤0.05)。③27例患者死亡原因包括多脏器功能衰竭16例,重症感染5例,室间隔穿孔4例,乳头肌断裂3例,左心室游离壁破裂1例。[结论应用主动脉球囊反博联合机械通气治疗急性心肌梗死合并心源性休克有一定的疗效,但死亡率仍然较高;多脏器功能衰竭是急性心肌梗死合并心源性休克患者的主要死亡原因。     

The Impella system for mechanical support and myocardial recovery

Mechanical circulatory support has become an increasingly important therapeutic option in the field of cardiology, both with regard to treatment of patients in cardiogenic shock and protection against haemodynamic instability during high-risk percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). The intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) is the current standard treatment for mechanical circulatory support. However, its efficacy seems limited, both in acute and elective settings. The Impella system is a new technique which may be a suitable alternative to IABP treatment. The Impella is a small micro-axial, catheter-mounted cardiac pump, which is inserted through the femoral artery. Safety and efficacy of Impella treatment have been demonstrated during elective high-risk PCI. In the setting of cardiogenic shock, mechanical support with the Impella may lead to partial recovery of left ventricular function, especially when Impella treatment is applied according to a carefully designed pre-specified protocol..     

In-hospital prognosis of right ventricular myocardial infarction

AIM: To identify prognostic risk factors for in-hospital outcome of right ventricular myocardial infarction (RVI). METHODS: A retrospective study of 20 patients admitted with acute myocardial infarction with a RVI defined by ST segment elevation > or = 1 mm in V3R and V4R leads. RESULTS: The mean age was 62 years. RVI was associated with an inferior myocardial infarction in 18 patients. Half of the patients had hemodynamic complication on admission (cardiogenic shock in 4 cases, right ventricular failure in 6 cases) and third degree atrio-ventricular block was present in 5 patients. Sixteen patients (80%) received thrombolysis and 3 went to an emergency angioplasty. The in-hospital mortality was 25% caused by a cardiogenic shock in 4 patients and a ventricular fibrillation in 1 patient. Statistic analysis showed that cardiogenic shock on admission, the absence of thrombolytic therapy and the low ejection fraction of the left ventricle were associated with a high in-hospital mortality (p = 0.004, p = 0.03, p = 0.03 respectively). CONCLUSION: In-hospital outcome of RVI is characterized by hemodynamic complications leading to a high incidence of mortality. Thus RVI must be diagnosed quickly and maximal therapeutic efforts must be done to procure the opening of the occluded coronary artery.     

A review of levosimendan in the treatment of heart failure

Heart failure is a relatively important public health problem due to its increasing incidence, poor prognosis, and frequent need of re-hospitalization. Intravenous positive inotropic agents play an important role in treating acute decompensation of patients with heart failure due to left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Although frequently used, the inotropic agents beta-adrenergic agonists and phosphodiesterase inhibitors seem effective for improving symptoms in the short term; it has been shown that they increase morbidity and mortality by elevating intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and calcium levels. Levosimendan is a new positive inotropic agent having ATP-dependent potassium-channel-opening and calcium-sensitizing effects. In studies on its effects without increasing intracellular calcium concentrations and on its effects that depend on available intracellular calcium levels, it has been shown to have favorable characteristics different from those of current inotropic agents, which exert their effects by increasing calcium concentrations. This study aims to review other important studies about levosimendan by revealing the underlying mechanisms of its activity, efficiency, and safety.     

急诊科心肌梗塞临床救治分析

目的:观察分析急诊科心肌梗塞的临床救治方法及救治效果,总结其临床意义。方法:选取某医院72例心肌梗塞患者,遵照患者和(或)家属意见,分为静脉溶栓组与未溶栓组,各36例,静脉溶栓组采取急诊科静脉溶栓治疗,未溶栓组未给予静脉溶栓治疗,观察比较两组效果,进行统计学分析。结果:两组患者治疗后的血管再通率、心功能改善率及病死率比较存在明显差异(P<0.05),具有统计学意义。静脉溶栓组死亡原因为心室颤动1例,心源性休克1例;未溶栓组死亡原因为心室颤动4例,心源性休克2例,心脏破裂1例。结论:急诊科对心肌梗塞患者收治后应及早诊断,并尽快采取急诊溶栓治疗,减少并发症发生,改善心功能,以争取时间抢救患者生命,对全面提高治愈率,减少病死率具有重要的临床意义。     

主动脉内气囊反搏术治疗急性心肌梗死心源性休克疗效分析

目的观察主动脉内球囊反搏术(IABP)辅助治疗急性心肌梗死(AMI)并心源性休克的效果。方法分析16例AM I并心源性休克患者应用IABP后的治疗效果。结果16例接受IABP治疗后,血流动力学稳定,其中的10例接受再血管化治疗,存活11例,死亡5例,存活率为68.8%。结论IABP可有效稳定血流动力学状态,提高了生存率,是有效的辅助治疗手段。     

主动脉内气囊反搏术治疗急性心肌梗死心源性休克疗效分析

目的观察主动脉内球囊反搏术（IABP）辅助治疗急性心肌梗死（AMI）并心源性休克的效果。方法分析16例AMI并心源性休克患者应用IABP后的治疗效果。结果16例接受IABP治疗后，血流动力学稳定，其中的10例接受再血管化治疗，存活11例，死亡5例，存活率为68．8％。结论IABP可有效稳定血流动力学状态，提高了生存率，是有效的辅助治疗手段。     

A systematic review of aluminium phosphide poisoning

Every year, about 300,000 people die because of pesticide poisoning worldwide. The most common pesticide agents are organophosphates and phosphides, aluminium phosphide (AlP) in particular. AlP is known as a suicide poison that can easily be bought and has no effective antidote. Its toxicity results from the release of phosphine gas as the tablet gets into contact with moisture. Phosphine gas primarily affects the heart, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and kidneys. Poisoning signs and symptoms include nausea, vomiting, restlessness, abdominal pain, palpitation, refractory shock, cardiac arrhythmias, pulmonary oedema, dyspnoea, cyanosis, and sensory alterations. Diagnosis is based on clinical suspicion, positive silver nitrate paper test to phosphine, and gastric aspirate and viscera biochemistry. Treatment includes early gastric lavage with potassium permanganate or a combination with coconut oil and sodium bicarbonate, administration of charcoal, and palliative care. Specific therapy includes intravenous magnesium sulphate and oral coconut oil. Moreover, acidosis can be treated with early intravenous administration of sodium bicarbonate, cardiogenic shock with fluid, vasopresor, and refractory cardiogenic shock with intra-aortic baloon pump or digoxin. Trimetazidine may also have a useful role in the treatment, because it can stop ventricular ectopic beats and bigeminy and preserve oxidative metabolism. This article reviews the epidemiological, toxicological, and clinical/pathological aspects of AlP poisoning and its management.     

Intramyocardial dissecting haematoma: an unusual form of cardiac rupture

The intramyocardial dissecting haematoma is an unusual rupture of the left ventricular wall, complicating acute myocardial infarction. The mechanism is an hemorrhagic dissection among the spiral myocardial fibres creating a neocavitation limited by the myocardium. It appears in 9% of left ventricular wall ruptures, complicating acute myocardial infarction. Diagnosis is often difficult and in most of the cases it is post-mortem. We present the case report of a 69 year old patient who suffered a posterolateral acute myocardial infarction treated with primary PTCA/Stent plus AAS, clopidogrel, unfractioned heparin bolus and GP IIb- IIIa inhibitors. In the following few hours he suffered this unusual form of cardiac rupture that took him into cardiogenic shock and finally led to his death. The pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of this lethal complication of acute myocardial infarction (90% mortality in the medically treated group) which is only effectively treated by surgery are also reviewed.     

主动脉内球囊反搏在心脏术后心源性休克中的应用

[目的]对应用主动脉内球囊反搏(IABP)治疗心脏术后心源性休克的疗效进行评估。[方法]对l3例心脏手术后并发心源性休克及低心排血量综合征的患者,应用IABP治疗。其中,单纯冠状动脉搭桥术9例,二尖瓣替换加冠状动脉搭桥术2例,再次行主动脉瓣替换术l例,再次行二尖瓣替换加三尖瓣替换术l例。[结果]9例患者心功能得到明显改善,度过围术期,顺利脱离IABP,成功率为69.2%(9/13)。[结论]IABP是心脏术后心源性体克的有效手段,能明显降低病死率。     

Permanent ventricular tachycardia: prognostic and therapeutic problems: three case reports

The permanent ventricular tachycardia (PVT) represent a rare and dangerous arrhythmia that causes prognostic and therapeutic difficulties. Three patients admitted during last year for PVT complicating ischemic cardiomyopathy in two cases and idiopathic cardiomyopathy in the last case. These patients were admitted from emergency department for sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia. The ECG showed wide QRS tachycardia of ventricular origin. The direct current shock (DCS) has revealed ECG criteria of old myocardial infarction in two cases. The transthoracic echocardiography displayed dilated left ventricule (LV) with 35% mean ejection fraction. It also showed the presence of LV aneurysm in one case. The cardiac catheterization showed proximal left anterior descending artery obstruction in one patient and left circomflex artery stenosis in other patient. There was no indication of revascularization because of the age of myocardial infarction. The follow-up of these patients demonstrated the persistence of the VT for at least 6 days with recurrence after the DCS and resistant to Lidoca?ne-Amiodarone association. The sinus rhythm was established by the propranolol-Amiodarone in one patient, Amiodarone added to treatment of congestive heart failure for the patient with ventricular aneurysm. The third patient died after one week of PVT complicated by cardiogenic shock just before a trial of radiofrequency ablation (RFA). We concluded through these cases that PVT is a troublesome arrhythmia for more than one reason. It appears of tewly in patients with advanced cardiomyopathy worsening the hemodynamic conditions oftenly the pharmacological treatment is mostly always difficult. The treatment of choice is RFA for those resistant to medical treatment.     

Percutaneous insertion of a left ventricular assist device for cardiogenic shock in a patient with a myocardial infarction

A 54-year-old man who was admitted due to cardiogenic shock as a result of a large anterior myocardial infarction 3 days previously was about to die, despite reperfusion therapy, application of an intra-aortic balloon pump, mechanical ventilation and maximal medical therapy. After insertion of a percutaneous left ventricular assist device, the patient was haemodynamically stable. After 11 days, the assist device was weaned and was removed. One day later, the patient died due to progressive heart failure. This case shows that a percutaneously inserted left ventricular assist device is effective in patients with severe, refractory cardiogenic shock, and is relatively simple to insert in the heart catheterisation room. However, it is still not clear what the recovery possibilities of the heart are following a large myocardial infraction, which factors may influence this recovery, and what the applicability of such a ventricular assist device might be in bridging the recovery period.     

影响冠状动脉旁路移植术手术死亡的危险因素分析

目的：观察分析影响冠状动脉旁路移植术手术死亡的危险因素,对预防检查和治疗方案提供针对性的帮助和改善。方法：回顾性分析本院心血管科2010年1月-2013年12月收治住院并接受冠状动脉旁路移植术的137例冠心病患者的临床资料,选择可能导致患者死亡的危险因素为研究对象并调查收集资料,进行单因素与多因素分析,选出影响冠状动脉旁路移植术手术死亡的危险因素。结果：137例接受冠状动脉旁路移植术的患者手术中有5例患者死亡,占总数的3.65%。单因素与多因素分析显示影响术后死亡的危险因素包括：年龄、围手术期心肌梗死、心功能不全、室壁瘤、心力衰竭、左主干病变大于50%、心律失常、肺动脉瓣反流、二尖瓣反流、心源性休克、左心室射血分数、术前血红蛋白值、术前肌酐值和合并主动脉瘤手术。手术前后针对带有以上单个或多个危险因素的患者进行重点监测,以减少患者死亡率。结论：影响冠状动脉旁路移植术手术死亡的危险因素较多,需及时干预。     

慢性肺源性心脏病患者急性心肌梗死特征及临床分析

目的探索慢性肺源性心脏病患者并发急性心肌梗死的临床特征。方法将笔者所在科室2007年3月～2010年9月期间收治的54例慢性肺源性心脏病伴发AMI患者与48例单纯AMI患者的临床诊疗资料进行回顾性对照分析。结果在室性早搏及传导阻滞方面，慢性肺源性心脏病组较非慢性肺源性心脏病组有着较高的发生率，均P〈0．05；在并发心律失常及心力衰竭方面，慢性肺源性心脏病组的发生率显著高于非慢性肺源性心脏病组，P〈0.05；两组患者在其他并发症的发生率方面比较差异无统计学意义，P〉0．05。结论慢性肺源性心脏病患者突发心律失常、急性左心衰或心源性休克时，应高度重视伴发AMI的可能性。     

Hospital costs for treatment of acute heart failure: economic analysis of the REVIVE II study

Background  

Acute heart failure (AHF) is the leading cause of hospital admission among older Americans. The Randomized EValuation of Intravenous Levosimendan Efficacy (REVIVE II) trial compared patients randomly assigned to a single infusion of levosimendan (levo) or placebo (SOC), each in addition to local standard treatments for AHF. We report an economic analysis of REVIVE II from the hospital perspective.     

Successful surgical treatment of ruptured left ventricular aneurysm

Authors report on the successful surgical treatment of a ruptured left ventricular aneurysm that resulted in cardiogenic shock. Pathogenesis and complications of left ventricular aneurysm as well as the diagnostic and treatment modalities are summarized. Authors emphasize that the quick and close co-operation between their departments was a prerequisite of the success.     

左西孟旦治疗老年急慢性重度心力衰竭患者的疗效分析

目的评价左西孟旦注射液对常规治疗疗效不佳的老年急、慢性重度心力衰竭患者的有效性及安全性。方法采用随机、平行对照临床研究。人选老年急、慢性重度心力衰竭患者随机分成两组。试验组71例,对照组70例,分别接受左西孟旦和多巴酚丁胺治疗,综合评价药物的疗效和安全性。结果试验组临床有效率为32．4％（23／71）,对照组临床有效率为17．1％（12／70）（P〈0．01）;治疗24h后试验组和对照组的左心室射血分数（LVEF）上升均值分别为6．2％和4．5％（P〉0．05）;治疗24h后试验组与对照组每博心输出量（sV）上升均值分别为11．8ml和3．2ml（P〈0．05）;试验组患者呼吸困难和全身临床状况显著改善。两组均未发生严重不良事件,试验组不良反应发生率显著低于对照组（P〈0,05）,常见的不良反应为低血钾、低血压以及室性早搏等。结论与多巴酚丁胺相比,左西盂旦注射液治疗老年急、慢性重度心力衰竭疗效确切,安全性及患者耐受性良好。     

急性失代偿性心力衰竭治疗中的临床用药指导教学体会

目的以左西孟旦用于急性失代偿性心力衰竭(ADHF)的治疗,探讨临床用药指导实习教学的体会。方法以2018年1-12月在该院实习的学生24名作为研究对象,随机分成对照组和观察组,每组12名。对照组选用传统带教方式完成临床教学,观察组采用以左西孟旦治疗ADHF的临床用药指导教学模式,比较两组患者的临床治疗效果、两组实习生的考试成绩及对不同教学模式的满意度。结果观察组学生出科考试成绩明显高于对照组,观察组学生对新教学方式满意度更高,观察组患者心衰症状缓解情况、心功能提高程度明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论左西孟旦治疗ADHF的教学中,以临床用药指导教学,既可提高实习生对ADHF相关疾病知识、治疗方法、常用药物及禁忌的掌握程度,还可增强学生交流、沟通的能力,启发探索理论学习与临床实践融合的能力,使学生在新型教学方式下获益更多,教学效果理想。