常规超声结合冠脉血流显像技术评价冠状动脉搭桥术后桥血管通畅性

目的应用常规超声结合冠脉血流显像技术评价冠状动脉搭桥术后桥血管通畅性.方法行冠状动脉搭桥术(左乳内动脉原位转流至左前降支)患者46例;术后检查乳内动脉桥起始段、桥血管远段(吻合口近端)、吻合口、远端及近端左前降支.分别测量各段收缩期峰值流速、舒张期峰值流速、收缩期流速时间积分、舒张期流速时间积分.结果乳内动脉原位转流术后, 桥血管起始段显示率95.65%;桥血管与自体左前降支吻合口显示率80.43%.通过测量并计算吻合口与吻合口近端桥血管流速时间积分比值以及舒张期峰值流速比值评价吻合口是否存在狭窄.结论常规超声结合冠脉血流显像技术可提供评价桥血管通畅性的直接证据,为临床随访提供一种新的无创的方法.     

冠状动脉血流显像评价冠状动脉搭桥术后胸廓内动脉桥通畅性的研究

目的探讨冠状动脉血流显像技术评价冠状动脉搭桥术后胸廓内动脉桥通畅性的价值。方法对左胸廓内动脉一冠状动脉搭桥术并行桥血管造影术的9例患者进行随访，其中转流至左前降支者8例，转流至对角支者1例。3例因桥血管狭窄或闭塞于造影术中行左前降支近中段支架术。在冠状动脉造影前超声探测胸廓内动脉桥起始段、冠状动脉左前降支远段，分别测量各段收缩期峰值流速、舒张期峰值流速、收缩期流速时间积分、舒张期流速时间积分。评价桥血管通畅性，并与冠状动脉造影结果进行对照分析。行支架术患者于支架术后再行超声检查，观察上述参数变化。结果超声根据桥血管起始段频谱形态诊断桥血管通畅3例，狭窄3例，桥血管功能不良2例，闭塞1例。行支架术的3例患者，2例为吻合口狭窄患者表现为支架术后桥血管舒张期流速降低，其中1例阻力增高；1例胸廓内动脉桥闭塞无改变。3例患者左前降支远段舒张期流速增高。结论常规超声结合冠状动脉血流显像技术是可行、可信、无创性探测桥血管通畅性的方法，可用于冠状动脉搭桥术后的随访。     

Assessment of coronary artery bypass graft patency by multidetector computed tomography and electron-beam tomography

This case report describes the use of retrospectively ECG-gated 16-slice multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) and electron-beam tomography (EBT) for assessing bypass graft patency in two patients with recurrent angina after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. The results of each tomographic modality were compared to the findings of traditional coronary angiography. In the first patient MDCT showed occlusion of the left internal mammary artery (LIMA) and saphenous vein graft after the second anastomosis. Coronary angiography confirmed these findings. In the second patient EBT showed patency of the LIMA and saphenous vein graft. After the first anastomosis of the saphenous vein graft, the connected vessel filled poorly. Coronary angiography confirmed both grafts to be patent, and detected an occlusion distal to the first anastomosis. These findings support the evidence that both MDCT and EBT are suitable techniques for establishing bypass graft patency by non-invasive means.     

桡动脉作为冠状动脉旁路移植术桥血管的安全性评估

目的比较二维及多普勒超声和Allen试验2种方法筛选冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)移植血管的准确性。方法51例患者CABG术前联合Allen试验与超声检查评价尺(UA)、桡动脉(RA)间侧支循环状况。结果47例经超声检查证实UA、RA间存在完善的侧支循环的患者,无论Allen试验结果阴性或阳性,术后均未发生手部缺血。2例Allen试验阴性结果,但超声检查认为UA不能代偿供血的患者,发生了不同程度的手部缺血表现。2例因不符合条件被排除。结论超声检查与Allen试验比较,对手掌部UA、RA间侧支循环评估的准确性更高,是一项很有意义的前瞻性检查。     

Pediatric coronary artery bypass grafting for Kawasaki disease: 20-years' outcome

The 20-year clinical outcome is excellent for the children with Kawasaki disease who underwent a bypass operation using the internal thoracic artery. This operation is feasible from 1 year-old children and in our experience with more than 110 patients, the operative and hospital mortality was 0%, and the 20-year survival was 98.4%. The recent patency rate was nearly 95% for the internal thoracic artery graft regardless of the patient's age, and the 20-year patency was 87.1%. Moreover, the wall characteristics of the internal thoracic artery was quite smooth and apparently well adapting to the somatic growth of children over 20 years after the operation. In contrast, vein grafts had a lower patency of 57% at 20 years. In addition, patent vein grafts showed irregularity of the wall and in some, atherosclerotic changes were observed. Pediatric coronary bypass operation utilizing the internal thoracic artery is proved to be a golden standard treatment modality for complicated coronary artery obstructive disease due to Kawasaki disease, based upon the 20-year clinical and angiographic follow-ups.     

冠状动脉搭桥术前后内乳动脉桥及左前降支远段血流动力学改变的超声研究

目的应用常规超声结合冠脉血流显像技术观察分析冠状动脉搭桥术前后内乳动脉桥及远段左前降支血流动力学改变.方法行冠状动脉搭桥术患者46例,于手术前后超声检查左内乳动脉,其中38例患者检查左前降支远段.结果术后内乳动脉桥起始段显示率95.65%, 由术前收缩期优势型转变为术后舒张期优势型频谱.左前降支远段血流信号表现为流速及流速时间积分增加.结论常规超声结合冠脉血流显像技术可为冠状动脉搭桥术后随访提供一种无创的方法.     

Long-term internal thoracic artery bypass graft patency and geometry assessed by multidetector computed tomography

The left internal thoracic artery (LITA) undergoes vascular remodelling when used for coronary artery bypass grafting. In this study we tested the hypothesis that the extent of the LITA remodelling late after coronary artery bypass grafting assessed by multidetector computed tomography is related to the severity of stenosis in the native coronary vessel. One hundred and forty-two patients who had undergone coronary artery bypass grafting including implantation of LITA as conduit to the left anterior descending artery were studied 5 years after surgery. Arterial graft patency and geometry was assessed with 64-slice multidetector computed tomography. Quantitative volumetric assessment of the LITA was performed to measure the average vessel lumen area (mm²/m²). The native coronary vessel subtended by the LITA was evaluated by multidetector computed tomography and defined as a high-grade stenosis patient group, when the diameter stenosis was >70% and an intermediate grade stenosis patient group when <70%. Among patients with intermediate-grade stenosis of the native vessel 11 out of 65 patients (17%) had a totally occluded LITA, as opposed to none among the 77 patients with a high-grade stenosis. In patients with intermediate-grade stenosis of the proximal native vessel, the LITA lumen area was 4.9 compared to 5.3 mm²/m² in patients with a high-grade stenosis of the proximal native vessel (P = 0.0043). Lumen area of the LITA when used as a conduit in patients with coronary artery disease seems to be inversely correlated with the severity of disease in the native coronary vessel proximal to the anastomosis. Volumetric vessel multidetector computed tomography appears to be useful for evaluation of coronary bypass remodelling.     

CT血管造影分析体外循环与非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植后的桥血管通畅率

背景：近年来,非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植后桥血管通畅率是否与传统的体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植相同存在争议。目的：探讨体外循环与非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植后桥血管时间通畅率的差异性。方法：选取同一操作者行体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植患者100例,按其临床特征及桥血管病变危险因素匹配抽取非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植患者137例。采用64排多螺旋CT血管造影分析冠脉搭桥后1个月,1年,2年,3年,4年的桥血管通畅情况。结果与结论：共对641条桥血管进行评价,两组中左侧乳内动脉桥血管时间通畅率均高于大隐静脉桥,两组左侧乳内动脉桥和大隐静脉桥血管时间通畅率比较差异均无显著性意义。说明非体外循环与体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植后患者桥血管时间通畅率相似,对于某些适当的患者来说,非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植不失为一个良好的选择。     

Proteomic pattern of plasma in off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery

BACKGROUND: The aim of the present study was to identify, using proteomics, changes in the expression of proteins and protein isoforms mainly associated with inflammation and vascular damage in the coronary sinus of patients undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass (OPCAB) surgery. METHODS: Plasma from the coronary sinus of 18 patients undergoing OPCAB was obtained before the ischemic procedure and after revascularization of the left anterior descending artery (LAD) with an internal thoracic artery graft. The mean LAD ischemic time was 11.1+/-0.7 min. For the proteomic study, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis was performed. RESULTS: A significant decrease in the expression of three fibrinogen gamma-chain (FGC) isoforms, three vitamin D-binding protein (DBP) isoforms, six haptoglobin (HPT) isoforms, two apolipoprotein (apo)-AI isoforms, one ceruloplasmin (CP) isoform and apoAIV was found after revascularization. Before anastomosis, negative correlations between blood flow and FGC isoforms 2 and 3 and positive correlations between blood flow and apoAI isoform 5 were observed. After anastomosis, we observed positive correlations between haptoglobin isoform 3 and DBP isoform 2 and blood flow. Before anastomosis, positive correlation between DBP isoform 2 and troponin I was observed. After LAD grafting, positive correlations between troponin I and HPT isoform 6, CP isoform 1 and apoAI isoforms 2 and 4 were observed. After the procedure, positive correlations between creatine kinase-MB and coronary sinus expression of FGC isoforms 1, 2 and 3 and HPT isoforms 1 and 2 were also observed. conclusions: In blood from coronary sinus the expression of a number of proteins and protein isoforms associated with inflammation and vascular protection was modified after OPCAB.     

冠状动脉桥血管的多层螺旋CT和造影评价

目的:评价多层螺旋CT在显示冠状动脉桥血管中的临床应用价值。方法:21例冠状动脉血管旁路移植术后患者行多层螺旋CT血管成像及常规造影检查,分析CT诊断桥血管通畅性和狭窄的可靠性。结果:多层螺旋CT血管成像成功检测出21例患者共45支桥血管,15支桥血管闭塞,30支桥血管通畅,10支共16处狭窄,5支桥血管明显狭窄(>50%)8处,5支桥血管显示轻度狭窄(<50%)病变8处,MSCT评价桥血管闭塞和明显狭窄和导管造影完全符合。结论:多层螺旋CT尤其是64层CT能够准确地评价冠状动脉桥血管及吻合口的通畅性和狭窄情况,可以作为临床上对冠状动脉桥血管可疑病变的一种常规的无创性检查手段。     

Totally endoscopic coronary artery bypass on the beating heart

Our aim was to develop a technique for totally endoscopic coronary artery bypass on the beating heart for patients with coronary artery disease. For this procedure, operations were performed through four thoracoports. The left internal thoracic artery (LITA) was harvested thoracoscopically. The pericardium was then opened and the left anterior descending artery (LAD) identified. The endoscopic stabiliser was inserted and transformed into a coiled ring shape. After suction, sufficient immobilisation of the LAD was achieved. The proximal snare was placed using a 5-0 Prolene suture to give a bloodless field. After blunt dissection of the coronary artery, an arteriotomy was performed with a sharp blade and enlarged with endoscopic Potts scissors. Using an endoscopic needle holder and forceps via two thoracoports at the fourth intracostal space, a conventional end-to-side anastomosis was safely created with an 8-0 Prolene single running suture. Total endoscopic beating-heart bypass grafting, including ITA harvest, stabilisation, arteriotomy and performance of the anastomosis, was performed successfully in three patients. There were no intraoperative arrhythmias, and no postoperative haemorrhage. The patients required no intensive care management postoperatively. All patients were ready for discharge on the fourth postoperative day. Postoperative angiogram revealed that anastomoses are patent. We conclude that the endoscopic stabiliser can sufficiently immobilise the heart to enable endoscopic beating-heart coronary artery bypass grafting by means of an easily controllable instrumentation system.     

自体心包管道在冠脉搭桥术中应用的研究

目的采用实验犬的心包片制作心包管道替代冠脉搭桥术中的传统移植血管，希望为冠脉搭桥提供一种理想的血管替代物。方法随机选用杂种成年犬10头，雌雄不限，氯氨酮20mg／kg肌内注射麻醉诱导，行气管插管后机控呼吸，静脉注射氯氨酮和万可松分别维持麻醉和肌松。在非体外循环下所有犬开胸后取心包片制作心包管道行主动脉与右冠脉主干搭桥，术毕止血、膨肺、关胸。实验犬清醒后脱机，拔除气管插管，饲养至实验结束。记录实验犬的早期存活率，采用电磁血流量计测量搭桥前后心包管道的血流通畅度，观察大体及H-E染色光镜下心包管道的病理变化。结果实验犬的早期死亡率为10％，心包管道的血流通畅，冠脉搭桥术前后实验犬右冠脉的血流量变化无统计学意义，P〉0．05，心包管道的组织学形态改变良好。结论在非体外循环下采用心包管道替代传统的移植血管行冠脉搭桥创伤小，实验犬存活率高，冠脉血供效果令人满意，有希望成为理想的血管移植替代物。     

Multicenter radial artery patency study (RAPS). Study design

The use of an internal thoracic artery rather than a saphenous vein graft for left anterior descending coronary artery bypass is associated with improved long-term outcome. Hence, expanded use of arterial conduits for other coronary targets has been advocated. The radial artery possesses a number of anatomic features that are technically advantageous compared with other arterial conduits. This study will determine the relative patency of the radial artery compared to the saphenous vein for right and circumflex coronary bypass. Patients with graftable multivessel coronary disease and an estimated left ventricular ejection fraction >/= 35% undergoing nonemergent primary isolated coronary bypass surgery are eligible. The right and circumflex vessels must have high-grade lesions (>/= 70% diameter stenosis), with target segments of reasonable quality >/= 1.5 mm in diameter. Patients serve as their own controls. The radial artery is randomly allocated to bypass the right or circumflex territory and a saphenous vein is used for the nonradial site. An internal thoracic artery is used for the left anterior descending coronary artery in all cases. Randomization is stratified by center. The primary study endpoint is graft patency as determined by angiography, 8-12 months postoperatively. The relative patency of the radial artery compared with the saphenous vein will be determined using McNemar's test. A sample size of 464 patients will provide 80% power for a two-tailed test (alpha = 0.05) for a 40% relative reduction in the rate of distal anastomotic occlusion from 12% in the saphenous vein to 7.2% in the radial arteries assuming a 20% within-patient correlation. A single interim analysis will be performed following completion of 232 angiograms. To allow for lack of follow-up angiography in up to 20% of enrolled patients, we plan to randomize a total of 560 patients. It is also our intention to assess the long-term patency (5-10 years) of radial artery relative to saphenous vein grafts in follow-up studies. Three hundred patients were recruited from 12 Canadian, university-affiliated sites from November 1996 until February 1999, of which 128 patients have undergone follow-up angiography. Approximately 80% of those who have been followed for more than 1 year have undergone follow-up angiography. This trial will determine the 8-12 month patency of the radial artery relative to the saphenous vein for non-left anterior descending coronary bypass using a novel study design which helps control for potential bias from individual patient and vessel factors. Positive results would support the use of the radial artery in particular, and multiple arterial grafts in general.     

Noninvasive assessment of left and right internal mammary artery graft patency with high-frequency transthoracic echocardiography.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was (1) to visualize internal mammary artery grafts (IMAG) on coronary artery by transthoracic echocardiography and (2) to assess the patency of the grafts. METHODS: Twenty-three patients (21 men, 56 +/- 6 years) with previous coronary artery bypass grafting were studied at baseline and after they underwent low-dose dipyridamole infusion. The parameters obtained were systolic (SPV) and diastolic (DPV) peak velocities and their ratio (DPV/SPV); the dipyridamole infusion to baseline ratio of DPV was an index of IMAG blood flow reserve (FR). Two groups of patients were selected at baseline: group A, (n = 12) with a DPV/SPV >1, and group B (n = 11), with a DPV/SPV <1. RESULTS: The IMAG was identified in all patients. Intraluminal flow signals obtained with pulsed wave Doppler showed a biphasic pattern (1 systolic and 1 diastolic wave). After dipyridamole infusion was administered, flow velocities increased in 11 of 12 patients in group A and in 5 of 11 patients in group B. In group A the DPV/SPV increased from 1.79 +/- 0.47 to 1.8 +/- 0.43 (P = not significant), and the FR was 1.8 +/- 0.4. In group B the DPV/SPV increased from 0. 46 +/- 0.05 to 0.5 +/- 0.09 (P = not significant), and the FR was 1. 3 +/- 0.41. Coronary angiography showed the graft patency in all patients in group A and in 5 patients in group B with increased flow velocity after dipyridamole infusion. In the identification of graft stenosis at baseline, DPV/SPV showed 100% sensibility and 58% specificity, and FR showed 92% sensibility and 84% specificity. CONCLUSION: Doppler echocardiographic evaluation of the IMAG is a simple noninvasive method to assess the functional impairment of the vessel.     

CT血管造影分析体外循环与非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植后的桥血管通畅率

背景:近年来,非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植后桥血管通畅率是否与传统的体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植相同存在争议.目的:探讨体外循环与非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植后桥血管时间通畅率的差异性.方法:选取同一操作者行体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植患者100例,按其临床特征及桥血管病变危险因素匹配抽取非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植患者137例.采用64排多螺旋CT血管造影分析冠脉搭桥后1个月,1年,2年,3年,4年的桥血管通畅情况.结果与结论:共对641条桥血管进行评价,两组中左侧乳内动脉桥血管时间通畅率均高于大隐静脉桥,两组左侧乳内动脉桥和人隐静脉桥血管时间通畅率比较差异均无显著性意义.说明非体外循环与体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植后患者桥血管时间通畅率相似,对于某些适当的患者来说,非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植不失为一个良好的选择.     

心外膜超声在非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术中对吻合口的评价

目的探讨心外膜超声技术在非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术中对吻合口的评价及临床意义.方法应用GE公司的新型心外膜超声探头对32例非体外循环左乳内动脉左前降支动脉旁路移植术中吻合口进行检测.应用二维超声显像法(2D)和彩色多普勒显像法(CDFI)获得吻合口的二维声像图并显示血流通畅情况,同时测量吻合口的相关径线.结果所有病例均获得质量好的吻合口2D声像图, CDFI显示吻合口均通畅.2D结合CDFI对吻合口的评价结果与术中瞬时测血流量技术(TTFM)的结果相一致,与术后立即进行的造影结果对比,符合率为100%.结论应用新型探头的心外膜超声技术对左乳内动脉左前降支动脉旁路移植术中吻合口的评价具有重要的临床意义.     

应变率成像对冠状动脉搭桥前后左心室形变及同步性的评价

目的 采用应变率成像(SRI)定量评价冠状动脉搭桥(CABG)前、后左室局部心肌收缩形变及同步性的变化,判断手术疗效,预测再狭窄.方法 60例冠心病患者(病例组)分别于CABG术前1 d、术后10 d、1个月,3个月及6个月测量左前降支参与供血的室壁节段的收缩期应变率(SRsys)和应变(Ssys),计算收缩后应变指数(PSI).40例健康志愿者作为对照组.比较术前与对照组及CABG术前、术后各时间点间SRsys、Ssys和PSI的变化情况.结果 病例组SRsys和Ssys值较对照组显著减低.52例患者CABG术后1个月开始搭桥节段SRsys和Ssys逐渐增大,多数节段术后3个月和6个月时差异有统计学意义.病例组术前PSI较对照组明显增高,术后6个月,所有节段PSI值均明显回缩.超声检出8例患者发生术后再狭窄,其阳性预测值为75%.SRI参数法诊断室壁运动异常的敏感性高于传统的二维超声目测法,Ssys的敏感性高于SRsys.结论 SRI可定量评价左室壁局部收缩形变及同步性,动态观察CABG手术前、后局部心肌功能的变化,判定术后疗效,发现术后再狭窄.     

冠脉搭桥术后桥管的超声检查方法研究

目的探讨经胸超声检查冠脉搭桥术后桥管的显像方法及血流状态。方法采用经胸超声冠脉血流显像与高频血管显像相结合对左乳内动脉原位转流至左前降支、大隐静脉-右冠状动脉及大隐静脉-左回旋支桥管进行检查。结果左乳内动脉桥管、大隐静脉-右冠状动脉及大隐静脉-左回旋支桥管显示率分别为100%、93.75%和20%。左乳内动脉及大隐静脉桥管的血流均为舒张期为主的双期血流;左乳内动脉桥管的舒张期血流速度及流速时间积分大于大隐静脉桥管（P〈0.05）。结论经胸超声是术后桥管检查的较好方法,可用于无创的评估术后桥管血流状态。     

Use of tissue Doppler imaging following coronary artery bypass surgery

This study assessed the effect of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) on myocardial systolic functions using tissue Doppler imaging (TDI). Fourteen patients (three women and 11 men) who had undergone isolated coronary bypass surgery were included in the study. Their mean age was 61 +/- 8 years. TDI systolic velocity measures were obtained from four different sites on the left ventricular wall (anterior, septal, lateral and inferior) at the papillary muscle level in the parasternal short axis view before CABG, and then at 1 and 6 weeks post-operatively. There were significant increases in the myocardial wall velocities at all left ventricular sites 1 week after CABG. This increase persisted to week 6 after CABG, but the velocities were lower than week 1 values. We conclude that the ischaemic myocardium responded to surgical revascularization with marked increases in myocardial segmental systolic velocities in the early post-operative period.