脑电活动对高胆红素血症新生儿预后的评估

目的 研究高胆红素血症足月新生儿的脑电活动,检测和评估与高胆红素血症新生儿预后有关的参数,探讨这些参数对预后判断的价值.方法 对31例无高胆红素血症的非神经系统疾病患儿(对照组)和32例高胆红素血症患儿(高胆组)(受孕龄均为37～43周的足月适龄新生儿)的脑电图进行平行对照的前瞻性分析,出生第3个月和第6个月进行神经系统随访.采用判别分析方法,将患儿脑电活动参数值、临床资料与预后建立方程,利用SAS 6.12统计软件的逐步判别分析过程,遴选出对预后判断有意义的参数,推导出一组预后判别函数,并采用交叉考核法,判断该函数的正确性.结果 1.高胆组患儿脑电活动检查显示,交替性脑电活动期暴发间隔时间延长,清醒期及各睡眠状态下脑电活动振幅均值降低,清醒期前部节律紊乱增多,睡眠循环障碍发生率增高.2.高胆组患儿血浆总胆红素水平与脑电图活动中清醒期前部节律紊乱呈非常显著线性相关.3.对高胆红素血症患儿预后判断有重要意义的参数为患儿的受孕龄、出生体质量、血浆总胆红素水平、TA期暴发间隔、振幅均值、是否出现清醒期前部节律紊乱、非静态睡眠期阵发性活动及睡眠循环障碍.结论 脑电图背景活动是足月高胆红素血症新生儿预后判断的有效依据,结合患儿的临床资料及脑电图多项参数进行综合分析,是正确判断预后提的一条新的有效途径.     

新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病脑电图背景活动及血清神经元特异性烯醇化酶变化与临床意义

目的：新生儿期最常见的脑损伤疾病为新生儿重度窒息所致的缺氧缺血性脑病(HIE),可遗留神经系统后遗症。该研究通过检测新生儿HIE患儿脑电图（EEG）和血清神经元特异性烯醇化酶（NSE）,研究新生儿HIE脑电图背景活动及NSE的变化。探讨它们对HIE患儿病情进展、病情程度、预后判断的价值。方法：选择符合新生儿HIE诊断标准的病例58例,分轻度HIE组和中重度HIE组,同期选择产科健康新生儿30例为对照组;各组在生后12~24 h、7~10 d抽血行血清NSE检测;HIE组在生后24 h至8 d内（早期）、28~30 d（恢复期）行脑电图检查;同等条件与时间检测健康对照组脑电图,并对HIE患儿进行随访。结果：HIE组早期脑电图异常率 94.8%(55/58)显著高于健康对照组6.7%(2/30),差异有显著性意义（P<0.01）,中重度HIE组早期脑电图背景活动异常率90.0%(18/20)显著高于轻度HIE组5.2%(2/38),（P<0.01）,早期脑电图背景活动异常患儿预后不良率达 72.2％（13/18）,HIE组生后12~24 h血清NSE明显高于健康对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）,早期脑电图背景活动异常和生后12~24 h NSE显著升高与HIE患儿病情分度呈正相关,恢复期患儿脑电图背景活动异常者,绝大多数有神经系统后遗症,发生率达87.5%（7/8）。结论：脑电图背景活动和NSE可作为HIE患儿病情判断、临床分度和预后评估有力的依据。［中国当代儿科杂志,2009,11（3）：173-176］     

新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病恢复期振幅整合脑电图背景活动特点

目的 探讨新生儿HIE恢复期振幅整合脑电图(aEEG)背景活动特点.方法 选择2009年3月-2010年12月在本院NICU住院的46例胎龄37～41周的HIE恢复期新生儿为研究组,另选28例在新生儿病区住院的非颅脑疾病的足月新生儿作为对照组,对2组新生儿进行脑功能监测,获取aEEG,对aEEG背景活动的连续性、睡眠-觉醒周期(SWC)、最高电压以及最低电压等4个指标进行比较.结果 HIE患儿恢复期脑电背景中,有30例为不连续性脑电图,而对照组新生儿均为连续性脑电图,2组比较差异有统计学意义(χ2=30.71,P＜0.05);HIE患儿恢复期脑电背景中,仅9例具备成熟的SWC,而对照组新生儿均具备成熟的SWC,2组比较差异有统计学意义(χ2=45.04,P＜0.05);HIE 组最高电压为(56.53±19.34) μV,对照组最高电压为(37.78±2.77) μV,2组比较差异有统计学意义(t=5.09,P＜0.05),且HIE组最高电压变异较大;HIE 组最低电压为(4.27±1.24) μV,对照组最低电压为(7.74±0.68) μV,2组比较差异有统计学意义(t=-13.62,P＜0.05).结论 HIE恢复期患儿脑电活动表现为不连续性脑电图,不具备SWC,最高电压较正常升高,而最低电压低下.通过对HIE患儿进行aEEG检查,分析aEEG的连续性、SWC、最高电压及最低电压,可为患儿预后判断提供临床依据.     

磁共振成像对新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病预后的早期评估

目的：了解足月新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病（HIE）的临床特点,探讨头颅磁共振成像对HIE预后的早期评估价值。方法：对近5年收治的348例足月新生儿HIE的临床资料进行回顾性分析,包括病史、临床表现、磁共振检查及随访结果等。结果：足月新生儿HIE占同期收治新生儿总数的8.25%,76.2%患儿由出生时窒息引起,其中轻度窒息占59.2%,重度窒息占40.8%。总的预后不良率为10.1%,其中重度脑病的预后不良率27.3%, 中度为10.0%, 轻度为1.5%。磁共振表现为弥漫性脑实质出血与脑梗死、基底节与内囊损伤、细胞毒性脑水肿时重度、中度、轻度脑病患儿的预后不良率分别是100%, 87.5%, 81.8%。结论：HIE仍是新生儿常见疾病,可导致死亡或遗留伤残;其中轻度窒息所占比例大,应引起重视。磁共振成像对预后具有早期判断价值,当出现弥漫性脑实质出血与脑梗死、基底节与内囊损伤、细胞毒性脑水肿时预后可能不良,尤其当两种或以上异常同时存在时。［中国当代儿科杂志,2007,9（5）：407-410］     

视频脑电图监测新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病68例临床分析

目的　探讨视频脑电图(VEEG)对新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病 (HIE)的诊断、分度及预后的价值。方法　对在天津市儿童医院住院的 68例HIE患儿进行VEEG监测,收集并储存图像信号及同步脑电信号,进行回放分析,确定HIE诊断及分度,并对 53例患儿进行随访,对预后进行评估。结果　在监测的 68例HIE中,VEEG异常率为 48 5%,主要表现为监测中惊厥发作同步脑电疒间性放电或阵发性θ节律、低电压δ节律,发作间期疒间样放电,背景波改变等。有 3例HIE有惊厥的伪发作,进行临床再分度。经统计学处理重度HIEVEEG的异常率明显高于轻度HIE患儿(P<0 01)。对 53例患儿进行随访,出现癫疒间11例,精神运动发育落后 4例,脑积水 1例,视神经萎缩 1例,有 1例出现睡眠纺锤波减少,仍需进一步观察。结论　VEEG能正确反映HIE患儿的临床表现与脑功能状态之间的关系,并可作为HIE的分度及脑损伤的一个重要监测指标,对于HIE的诊断及预后的评价具有重要意义。     

振幅整合脑电图在新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病诊断中的应用价值

新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病(hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy,HIE)是围产期窒息后引起的常见和严重的并发症。振幅整合脑电图(amplitude integrated electroencephalogram,aEEG)是一种无创脑功能监测技术,具有操作方便、图形直观、容易分析、能床旁连续监测等优点,在新生儿HIE的早期诊断与预后判断方面有重要价值。本课题拟对HIE患儿生后12h内aEEG的变化及其在HIE诊断中的应用价值进行初步研究。     

新生儿脑电图及其在新生儿惊厥诊断中的价值

正常新生儿脑电图包括睡眠结构、背景活动和阵发性活动三种类型.异常新生儿脑电图包括背景活动异常、阵发性异常、睡眠结构和成熟性异常.脑电图检查是确定新生儿惊厥发作不可缺少的诊断方法.新生儿惊厥发作的临床表现缺乏特征性,表现为不典型的、多变的、各种各样的发作形式.新生儿异常脑电图包括在正常背景活动上的局限性发作、限局性单一的周期性图形、多灶性发作异常伴有发作间期脑电异常活动和异常背景活动的限局性疴样发作等等.新生儿脑电图与脑的成熟度密切相关,脑电图的不同改变对新生儿预后的评价有指导意义.     

新生儿脑电图背景活动在判断神经发育预后中的作用

脑电图(EEG)有助于较大年龄儿童惊厥的诊断,而在新生儿,EEG除上述功能外,还能早期、准确地反映脑功能状况。通过分析EEG背景活动如脑电波的振幅、持续性、对称性、频率、同步性、成熟性、睡眠状态、脑电波形态等参数,可判断新生儿大脑功能是否存在异常。某些异常如脑电不活动或爆发抑制,高度预示不良预后;而另一些异常则预示着多种不同预后。患儿EEG中可能多种异常并存,若仅依据单一参数判断预后无法令人满意。连续EEG检查有助于判断预后。该文就新生儿EEG中各种异常背景活动的研究现状作一综述。     

新生儿窒息后及发生缺氧缺血性脑病早期临床表现演变

目的 探讨新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病(HIE)的发生率及早期诊断依据.方法 选择大连市妇产医院2001年出生的活产窒息新生儿作观察对象,调查HIE发生率.抽取其中305例足月窒息儿,于出生后72 h内按时段严密观察其神经系统症状及体征共18项,比较HIE患儿与单纯窒息儿18项指标的变化及出现频率.结果 2001年出生活产新生儿8 278例,足月儿7 899例,早产儿379例;发生窒息481例,诊断HIE 79例(79/8278,0.95%).305例足月窒息儿中,经观察至72h,55例诊断为HIE,余250例为单纯窒息儿;HIE和窒息儿生后兴奋、激惹发生率分别为61.8%,10.0%(X2=67.20,P＜0.010),HIE患儿生后24 h为32.7%,而窒息儿仅为1.6%;两者嗜睡、反应迟钝发生率分别为18.2%、6.8%(X2=19.43,P＜0.01),HIE患儿主要见于中重度者.生后30 min内,肌张力减弱和拥抱、握持反射减弱分别见于52.7%、63.6%的HIE患儿,生后72 h为40.0%、58.2%;而单纯窒息儿生后也有35.6%和45.6%发生改变,但在12 h仅为3.2%和2.8%.生后3～72 h发展为中重度HIE的患儿,异常的神经系统症状和体征常持续存在.抽搐、前囟张力增高在生后6 h出现,仅见于HIE患儿,发生率为5.0%.结论 窒息后发生HIE的新生儿,在生后不久即有明显的神经系统异常表现,持续的异常症状和体征对脏早期诊断有重要意义.     

新生儿HIE血清IL-1β、IL-6、IL-10表达及其临床意义

新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病(Hypoxicischemic encephalopathy,HIE)是新生儿窒息的严重并发症,病情重、病死率高,可导致智力低下、癫痫、脑性瘫痪等神经系统后遗症,是足月儿围产期脑损伤的最常见原因。IL1β、IL6、IL10是与炎性有关的细胞因子,为探讨其与新生儿HIE的相互关系,本研究应用ELISA法动态检测新生儿HIE及正常足月新生儿血清IL1β、IL6、IL10水平,现将结果报道如下。对象与方法一、对象HIE组为我院新生儿科2002年5月至2003年10月间收治住院的32例患儿,其中男22例,女10例,胎龄为37～42周,出生体重为2500～4000g,均有窒息史。…     

脑电图在窒息新生儿早期诊断脑损伤的应用研究

目的：探讨脑电图（EEG）在窒息新生儿超早期诊断脑损伤的价值。方法：对2003年9月至2005年6月收治住院的49例窒息新生儿生后6 h内进行EEG检查。结果：49例窒息新生儿中,诊断缺氧缺血性脑病（HIE）33例,EEG异常21例,异常率63.3%;单纯窒息16例,EEG仅1例异常,异常率6.3%,中重度HIE患儿EEG异常100%。EEG异常程度与HIE临床分度基本一致,EEG表现为电静息、爆发抑制改变且2周后持续不恢复者预后差。结论：新生儿窒息早期（6 h内）即可出现EEG改变,EEG可早期反映窒息后脑损伤及程度,EEG可作为窒息新生儿超早期诊断脑损伤的重要检查方法,值得推广应用。     

Computerised tomography (CT) and electroencephalography (EEG) in the immediate evaluation of term infants with symptomatic birth asphyxia

Twelve full term asphyxiated neonates who exhibited evidences of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) were subjected to computerised tomography (CT) and electroencephalography (EEG), in order to evaluate the immediate prognostic values of these two, noninvasive techniques. CT scan was also done in one normal term newborn and EEG in ten normal term neonates to serve as controls. CT findings revealed normal scans in two, borderline normal scans in two, tentorial hemorrhages with hydrocephalus but without parenchymal bleeds in two, gross cerebral edema in four, cerebral atrophy and hydrocephalus in one each. Repeat scans done in both infants with tentorial hemorrhages, at 2 months, revealed complete resolution of bleeds and decrease in ventricular size. EEG were within normal limits in four and abnormal in the rest. Four infants died, three of asphyxia and one of pyogenic meningitis. The three who died of asphyxia had clinical evidences of a severe encephalopathy along with significant abnormalities on scan (gross cerebral edema) and on EEG (very low amplitude). Of the eight surviving infants, six are neurologically normal so far, while two have evidences of spastic cerebral palsy. Both neonates with tentorial bleeds are normal at 6 months, although both had a moderately severe neonatal neurological syndrome.     

Renal failure in asphyxiated neonates

A prospective case controlled study was conducted in the NICU of a tertiary level referral teaching hospital to determine the incidence of renal failure in asphyxiated neonates and to correlate severity and type of renal failure with Apgar score and hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) grading of the neonates. Ninety-eight neonates were enrolled 70 asphyxiated babies and 28 healthy controls. Renal functions were assessed using urinary output, urine microscopy, biochemical parameters and sonographic findings. Babies having renal failure were managed on a protocolised plan and followed up till 6 months of age to detect any residual impairment. Blood urea and serum creatinine were significantly higher in asphyxiated babies compared to the control group. Biochemical derangements correlated well with HIE staging and Apgar scores. There was no significant difference in urine output in the control and the study group as significant oliguria was seen in only 7 of the 70 asphyxiated babies and the output did not correlate with severity of asphyxia. Serum sodium level and fractional excretion of sodium showed significantly different values in the asphyxiated babies compared to control. Of the 70 asphyxiated babies 33 (47.1 %) had renal failure, which was of the non-oliguric type in 78 % cases and oliguric type in 22 % cases. Sonographic abnormalities were seen more often in oliguric babies and was associated with a bad prognosis. Renal parameters normalized in all neonates by 6 months of age. Mortality was higher in babies with oliguric renal failure. We conclude that renal failure is a significant problem in asphyxiated neonates with majority of babies having nonoliguric failure. Severity of renal function abnormality correlates well with degree of asphyxia. Oliguria, hyponatremia and abnormal sonographic scan are bad prognostic signs in renal failure secondary to birth asphyxia.     

Interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid of term newborn infants with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy

OBJECTIVES: To determine plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). STUDY DESIGN: A controlled, prospective study of 20 control neonates, 19 term newborn infants presenting with sepsis and no meningitis, and 19 asphyxiated term newborn infants. Blood and CSF samples were collected within 48 hours of birth for IL-6 and TNF-alpha determinations. RESULTS: Median plasma IL-6 was similar in sepsis and asphyxia but significantly higher than in control neonates. Median plasma TNF-alpha was similar in asphyxia and control neonates but significantly lower than in sepsis. In asphyxiated newborn infants, median CSF IL-6 and TNF-alpha were significantly higher than in sepsis and control neonates. Median CSF IL-6 was significantly higher in sepsis than in control neonates. Median CSF TNF-alpha was similar in newborn infants with sepsis and control neonates. IL-6 and TNF-alpha CSF/plasma ratios were similar in newborn infants with sepsis and control neonates but lower than in asphyxiated newborn infants. CONCLUSIONS: Term newborn infants with HIE have elevated CSF IL-6 and TNF-alpha levels. Plasma IL-6 is increased in asphyxia and sepsis. Plasma TNF-alpha is increased only in sepsis. High IL-6 and TNF-alpha CSF/plasma ratios in asphyxia suggest that these cytokines are produced in the brain of term newborn infants with HIE.     

Auditory brainstem response in neonates with hypoxic-ischemic-encephalopathy following perinatal asphyxia.

The technique of auditory brainstem evoked responses testing (ABR) was applied to twenty four new born infants with asphyxia complicated by hypoxic-ischemic-encephalopathy (HIE) in an attempt to study potential influence of HIE on hearing impairment. Twenty normal term neonates with no apparent neurological disorder, were also examined for comparison. Twenty two per cent (n = 5) of the patients with HIE showed some abnormality in the ABR pattern, the major one being a transient elevation in threshold of wave V (n = 4; 16.6%). ABR abnormalities, however, were found with greater frequency in neonates with Stage II HIE (75% vs 10%, p less than 0.001). Further ABR abnormalities were found in Stage II HIE only when duration of neurological abnormalities was greater than 5 days. There was no difference, however, between the ABR latencies of the asphyxiated and non-asphyxiated newborn infants (p greater than 0.05). One neonate (4%) with severe HIE, however, had persistent ABR abnormality in the form of bilateral absence of all waves in the later part of the ABR with preservation of wave I. This implied only cochlear functions and absence of any brainstem conduction. These results indicate that birth asphyxia complicated by HIE is a significant high risk factor for hearing impairment in the affected neonates. This justifies ABR testing of neonates with HIE (particularly Stage III), at the time of their discharge, as a screening procedure for early detection of permanent hearing loss.     

Prediction of neurological outcome after birth asphyxia from early continuous two-channel electroencephalography.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether two-channel continuous electroencephalography (EEG) applied within 12 h of birth can predict the severity of neurological complications and neurodevelopmental outcome following birth asphyxia. METHODS: A continuous two-channel EEG was performed within 12 h of birth in 22 infants suspected of having suffered birth asphyxia and 11 healthy control infants (22 infants at a general and 11 at a specialist paediatric unit). Criteria to categorise normal and abnormal EEG records were defined and compared with the severity of hypoxic/ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE) and with neurodevelopmental outcome, assessed at or after 12 months of age. RESULTS: EEG recordings were commenced at a median (range) of 2 h 50 min (1 h 45 min to 12 h) after birth. Technically satisfactory recordings were obtained in all but one infant. All control infants remained asymptomatic and had a normal EEG with discernible sleep/awake periods. 12 h after birth the EEG was normal in all 12 infants suspected of asphyxia who remained well or developed grade 1 HIE and was abnormal in six of nine infants with grade II or III HIE. Fifteen of 16 infants suspected of asphyxia with a normal neurodevelopmental outcome had a normal EEG at 12 h; transient abnormalities lasting not more than 8 h had been detected in three of these infants. All five infants who died or developed neurodevelopmental abnormalities had an abnormal EEG. At 12 h of age the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV) and likelihood ratio for predicting severe (grade II or III) HIE were: 67, 100, 100, 80% and infinity and for subsequent death or neurodevelopmental impairments: 100, 94, 83, 100 and 16%, respectively. Assessment of the EEG before 12 h of age altered prognostic accuracy: 4 h after birth the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values and the likelihood ratio for poor neurodevelopmental outcome were 100, 71, 33%, 100 and 3.7%, respectively (16 infants). CONCLUSION: Continuous two-channel EEG is an accurate tool for assessing the severity of neurological insult soon after birth asphyxia.     

窒息新生儿脑干听觉诱发电位与血清神经元特异性烯醇化酶的相关性分析

目的：通过研究窒息患儿脑干听觉诱发电位（BAEP）异常与神经元特异性烯醇化酶（NSE）的相关性,探讨NSE对早期了解窒息患儿听神经损害的临床意义和应用前景。方法：选择该院窒息足月新生儿52例作为研究组,根据Apgar评分以及是否合并缺氧缺血性脑病(HIE)分为单纯轻度窒息组23例、单纯重度窒息组15例和窒息合并HIE组14例。采用双盲试验在生后7 d同一时间检测BAEP和NSE,初次BAEP检测异常者在生后3个月同一时间进行第2次BAEP和NSE检测。正常足月新生儿30例作为对照组。结果：窒息患儿两次听力损伤检出率分别为50.0%,21.2%。BAEP两次检出异常率,重度窒息组(63.3%,26.3%)与轻度窒息组(36.9%,5.9%)比较,差异均有显著性意义(P<0.05),HIE组(57.1%,31.3%)与重度窒息组比较差异无显著性意义。各研究组NSE水平均明显高于对照组(P<0.01),重度窒息组为26.70±2.34 μg/L明显高于轻度窒息组的17.18±3.16 μg/L,差异有显著性意义(P<0.01),HIE组为27.00±2.01 μg/L,与重度窒息组比较差异无显著性意义。BAEP异常组NSE水平为25.69±4.12 μg/L高于BAEP正常组的17.15±3.09 μg/L(P<0.01),NSE水平随着V波反应阈值的增高而增高(P<0.05)。结论：血清NSE水平与BAEP密切相关,可作为早期评估窒息患儿听神经损害和判断预后的指标之一。     

Cerebral blood flow velocity pattern in healthy and asphyxiated newborns: a controlled study

In a controlled study serial determinations of cerebral blood flow velocity using Doppler ultrasound and repeated real-time ultrasonographic- or computerized axial tomographic studies of the brain were performed in 17 (nearly) full-term newborns who experienced perinatal asphyxia and in 17 healthy matched controls during the first week of life. A higher cerebral blood flow velocity was found during the first 4 days of life, indicating a lower cerebrovascular resistance in the asphyxiated infants compared to the control infants. These haemodynamic changes coincided with cerebral oedema and neurological abnormalities. It is speculated that the changes in the cerebral circulation in asphyxiated infants are at least partly caused by cerebral oedema-induced increase of intracranial pressure due to severe perinatal asphyxia. Serial Doppler ultrasound investigations of the brain may be a useful non-invasive method for early detection and follow-up of the consequences of severe perinatal asphyxia.Abbreviations ACA anterior cerebral artery - AUVC area under the velocity curve - CT computerized axial tomography - EDFV end diastolic flow velocity - HIE hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy - PI pulsatility index - PSFV peak systolic flow velocity     

Can tissue oxygenation index (TOI) and cotside neurophysiological variables predict outcome in depressed/asphyxiated newborn infants?

BACKGROUND: Diagnostic tools of birth asphyxia provide only an uncertain prediction of neurological outcome. AIMS: To assess whether TOI and DeltaCBV, combined with a set of biochemical and neurophysiological variables, have any diagnostic and prognostic value in birth depression or asphyxia. STUDY DESIGN: Case control study at the nursery and NICU of the Padova University Children's Hospital. SUBJECTS: 22 term neonates with an Apgar score < or = 6 at 5', a 1-h umbilical artery pH value < or = 7.25 with an increased base deficit and a gestational age > or = 36 weeks; 15 healthy term infants with an Apgar score > or = 9 at 5'. OUTCOME MEASURES: Troponin I and NIRS measurements (TOI and DeltaCBV) were assessed in both groups. Blood gases, neurological evaluation, US, NIRS, EEG and SEP were evaluated in the infants with depression or asphyxia. RESULTS: Troponin I was higher in the study group than in controls (p=0.04), showing a correlation with base excess values. In the depressed/asphyxiated neonates with an abnormal outcome at 1 year, TOI rose to 80.1% vs 66.4% in controls (p=0.04) and 74.7% in infants with a normal 1-year outcome. A multiple regression model showed a significant multiple correlation coefficient, R=0.79, p<0.001, where the predictive variables significantly associated with outcome were SEP and BE. CONCLUSIONS: Troponin I is a useful short-term index of birth asphyxia or perinatal depression. An increased TOI suggests a risk of abnormal neurological outcome at 1 year. Among the cotside variables, BE and evoked potential abnormalities were the best predictors of abnormal outcome in this study.