住院老年患者跌倒的根本原因分析与对策

目的 分析老年患者跌倒的原因,以探讨老年患者安全和老年病房风险管理的防范对策.方法 应用根本原因分析法(RCA)对2009年1月至2010年12月老年患者跌倒22例进行调查分析.结果 组织系统缺陷16例,占72.73%,是患者跌倒的根本原因,非系统因素6例,占27.27%.结论 更新管理理 念,加强组织管理,建立并实施...     

老年患者多重用药与肾功能不全

临床上老年共病患者的多重用药常会引发药物不良反应,容易导致肾损伤。其主要原因有多器官老化对药物代谢的影响、增龄改变导致肾储备功能降低、老年肾功能评估不够准确、对老年共病治疗缺乏统一管理以及临床医师对多重用药的危害认识不足。预防多重用药对老年患者的肾损伤应注意在用药前精确评估肾功能,用药过程中要注意用药个体化和密切监测药物的不良反应,必要时应与临床药师讨论精简患者的处方,尽最大可能保护老年患者的肾功能。     

老年人潜在不适当用药Beers标准2019修订版解读

Beers标准是一个用于避免老年人潜在不适当用药的实用工具。该标准于1991年由老年医学专家Beers首次公布,自2011年开始由美国老年医学会(American geriatrics society,AGS)管理,每3年更新一次,最近AGS更新发布了2019版。Beers标准的主要目的在于指导医务工作者为老年患者选择适当药物,确保老年人用药安全。     

重视肾功能不全老年患者的临床合理用药

随着年龄的增长,人体器官的功能储备趋于减少.老年人共病和合并用药增加,尤其肝肾功能减退,导致药物在机体中的吸收、分布、代谢、排泄发生改变,使老年人容易出现药物不良反应和药物相互作用.当老年人肾脏储备能力明显下降时,对各种肾损伤因素的敏感性增高.在应用各种药物时(尤其主要经肾脏代谢和排泄的药物),要首先估算患者的肾功能状...     

老年急性心肌梗死患者住院死亡危险因素分析

目的探讨入院时影响老年急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者住院病死率的危险因素。方法选取因AMI收住的356例老年患者为研究对象。分析病死组(45例)与存活组(311例)患者的临床特征、实验室化验指标、心血管并发症(心源性休克、心力衰竭、室速/室颤),以Logistic多因素逐步回归分析影响老年AMI患者住院病死率的相关因素。结果单因素分析显示:年龄、糖尿病史、陈旧性MI病史、脑卒中病史、肾功能不全、贫血、首发症状呼吸困难、并发心源性休克、心力衰竭、室速/室颤,入院时血清肌酐升高、肾小球滤过率(eGFR)及血红蛋白减低、肌酸激酶及其同工酶峰值水平与老年AMI患者住院病死率相关(均P0.05)。多因素分析显示:年龄、糖尿病史、陈旧性MI病史,并发心源性休克、心力衰竭、室速/室颤,入院时eGFR水平是影响老年AMI患者住院病死率的独立危险因素(均P0.05)。结论年龄、糖尿病及陈旧性MI病史、发生心血管并发症、入院时eGFR水平是影响老年AMI患者住院病死率的独立危险因素。     

内科老年住院患者营养状况及其影响因素分析

目的比较不同筛查工具评估282例内科老年住院患者营养状况差异,探讨营养筛查量表与患者临床指标、日常生活能力及疾病状况关系,分析影响老年营养状况的可能危险因素。方法采用营养风险筛查表(NRS2002)及微营养评定法简表(MNA-SF)对282例年龄≥65岁的住院患者进行营养筛查。同时测定血液营养代谢指标,对患者进行日常生活能力评估(Barthel指数),记录患者基础疾病情况、有无感染及住院天数等信息。结果 (1) NRS2002评估有营养风险169例(59. 9%); MNA-SF评估为营养不良38例(13. 5%),营养不良风险100例(35. 4%)。NRS2002与MNA-SF诊断营养异常结果基本一致(Kappa=0. 47,P 0. 001),NRS2002诊断阳性率高于MNA-SF(P 0. 001)。(2) NRS2002与MNA-SF评分结果均提示有营养风险组或营养不良/营养风险组相对无营养风险组的年龄较大,体质指数(BMI)、血红蛋白(Hb)、白蛋白(ALB)、前白蛋白(PA)、总胆固醇(TC)及Barthel指数较低,住院天数较长,同时患急性感染、认知功能障碍的比例较高。(3)急性感染、卒中、认知功能障碍是营养风险的危险因素,OR分别为4. 776(95%CI:2. 293～9. 950)、8. 747(95%CI:4. 450～17. 193)、7. 205(95%CI:2. 289～22. 677);急性感染、认知功能障碍是营养不良/营养不良风险的危险因素,OR分别为2. 021(95%CI:1. 158～3. 527)、6. 046(95%CI:2. 717～13. 453)。63. 48%的内科老年住院患者合并3种及以上基础疾病,其NRS2002评分低于合并0～2种基础疾病组,而MNA-SF评分较高。结论内科老年住院患者约半数存在营养问题,NRS2002、MNA-SF两种营养筛查方法诊断结果基本一致,NRS2002更适于内科住院老年患者。急性感染、卒中及认知功能障碍是内科老年住院患者营养不良的危险因素,合并3种及以上基础疾病的老年内科住院患者营养状况较差。     

老年手术住院患者肺部感染相关危险因素分析

目的分析老年手术住院患者肺部感染的相关危险因素。方法回顾性分析我院2012年3月—2017年7月收治的120例老年手术住院患者的临床资料,根据是否发生术后肺部感染,分为肺部感染组(n=41)与非肺部感染组(n=79)。记录一般临床资料、合并基础疾病、实验室检查指标等,分析老年手术住院患者肺部感染发生的危险因素。结果多因素logistic回归分析显示,术前合并肺部相关疾病、吸烟支数≥400支/年、术前合并糖尿病、术前合并慢性呼吸系统疾病、术中失血量≥200 ml、手术时间≥3 h、术后需转入重症监护室、住院时间长为老年手术住院患者肺部感染发生的独立危险因素(P0.05)。结论临床要高度重视老年手术住院患者肺部感染的发生风险,积极制定应对措施,以最大限度降低肺部感染的发生率。     

住院老年患者跌倒的危险因素与护理

跌倒是不能控制或故意地倒在地上或其他较低的水平面上，不包括被猛烈的打击、碰撞、意识丧失、自然因素如地震或癫痫发病等原因。老年人跌倒往往导致机体致伤、功能状态衰退、自信心下降、社会活动能力受限，甚至危及生命，故跌倒已成为威胁老年人生命和健康的重要因素之一。本文现就老年住院患者跌倒的危险因素与护理作一总结。     

住院老年患者疾病谱分析

目的了解住院老年患者主要疾病构成。方法收集2000年6月至2006年12月住院的998例老年病例,计算疾病患病率及构成比,并进行排序。结果患病率在前十位的依次为原发性高血压病、冠心病、2型糖尿病、恶性肿瘤、慢性胆囊炎胆囊结石、脑梗死、肺部感染、慢性阻塞性肺病、前列腺增生症、慢性肾功能不全;死亡病例前五位疾病排序依次为恶性肿瘤、肺部感染、尿毒症、慢性阻塞性肺病、冠心病。结论心脑血管病、2型糖尿病、恶性肿瘤、肺部感染、慢性阻塞性肺病是老年人多发病,前列腺增生症是老年男性的多发病;恶性肿瘤、肺部感染是造成老年人疾病死亡的主要疾病;因此,这些疾病防治与筛查应做为老年人医疗保健重点。     

住院老年患者意外跌倒危险因素的分析与对策

减少意外跌倒发生 ,加强护理防护是我们在老年患者护理中不容忽视的问题。为此 ,我们对近 3年来我院发生的 16例意外跌倒导致摔伤患者危险因素进行了分析 ,并提出切实可行的防范措施 ,降低了意外的发生率。1　资料与方法1 1　临床资料　 1999年至 2 0 0 2年在我院各科住院 ,年龄在 60岁及以上 ,神志清 ,未完全丧失生活自理能力 ,住院期间发生意外摔伤的老年患者 16例。1 2　调查方法　资料由经过培训的护士收集 ,通过查阅 3年来所有老年患者的出院病历 ,抽调 16例在我院住院意外摔伤老年患者的的出院病历 ,按性别、年龄、发生意外时间段、原…     

某院门急诊老年患者潜在不适当用药的评价分析

目的 使用Beers标准(2019版)对某院门急诊老年患者潜在不适当用药(PIM)情况进行系统分析,为促进患者用药安全提供依据.方法 回顾性抽取某院2020年第四季度门急诊处方,对65岁及以上的老年患者用药情况进行统计分析,以Beers标准(2019版)为评判依据,评价老年患者PIM情况.结果 共收集该院2020年第四...     

Potentially inappropriate medication use in elderly Japanese patients

Background: Modified Beers criteria for elderly Japanese patients were developed in 2008 by consensus among 9 experts to reflect regional clinical practice and available medications in Japan. Since then, many physicians and pharmacists have expressed interest in obtaining more information about the criteria and alternative drug choices.Objective: This study examined the incidence, health care utilization, and costs associated with potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) in elderly patients based on the modified Beers criteria.Methods: A retrospective, observational cohort study was conducted using health insurance claims data in Japan. The study population included elderly patients aged ≥65 years who had at least 2 pharmacy claims in separate months over a 1-year period (April 2006 through March 2007). Use of the PIMs was identified using the modified criteria, and 1-year incidence rates were calculated for the total study population and for subgroups stratified by age and sex. A logistic regression model was used to examine demographic and clinical characteristics associated with PIMs. Health care utilization rates and costs were also analyzed and compared between patients with and without PIMs using generalized linear models. All models included dummy variables indicating age category, female sex, hospitalization, polypharmacy, index month, and number of Elixhauser comorbidities to adjust for potential confounders.Results: Among 6628 elderly patients, 71.2% (4721/6628) were female and 62.9% (4167/6628) were aged 65 to 74 years; 43.6% (2889/6628) were prescribed at least one PIM. The most commonly used PIMs were histamine-2 blockers (20.5% [1356/6628]), benzodiazepines (11.4% [756/6628]), and anticholinergics and antihistamines (7.9% [526/6628]). No significant differences in incidence rates were observed based on age or sex. Inpatient service use, polypharmacy, and comorbidities of peptic ulcer, depression, and cardiac arrhythmias were significant predictors of PIM use while controlling for other factors. PIM users had significantly higher hospitalization risk (1.68-fold), more outpatient visit days (1.18-fold), and higher medical costs (33% increase) than did nonusers.Conclusions: In a group of elderly Japanese patients, 43.6% used at least one PIM over a 1-year period in this study. PIM use was associated with greater health care utilization rates and costs.     

安徽省老年人潜在不适当用药的风险调查及相关因素分析

目的了解老年人潜在不适当用药（PIM）带来的健康风险,为有效实施老年人用药安全的风险管理与保护老年人的健康权益提供依据。方法采用分级抽样方法选择了安徽省8个代表性的城乡社区,用基于 Beers 准则设计的问卷进行实地调查。调查获得的数据用 Epidata 和 SPSS 软件进行分析。结果抽样地区的老年人群总体不适当使用药物种类较多,频率较高,排在前10名的药物不适当使用频率均高于30％。城乡地区老年人在治疗感冒、抗细菌性感染、防治高血压与冠心病等药物的不适当使用频率的差异在统计学上有意义（P ＜0．05）,其中农村社区老年人群在治疗感冒药物方面的不适当使用频率比城市社区低,而其他药物的不适当使用频率明显比城市社区高。在同一社区,受教育程度与家庭收入较高的老年人用药安全风险意识往往强些,其 PIM流行率也明显低于受教育程度与家庭收入较低的老年人。结论安徽省部分地区老年人不适当的用药情况较为普遍,老年人用药安全风险意识较低。     

Factors influencing the use of potentially inappropriate medication in older patients in Slovakia

Background: Although increasing attention has been given to the evaluation of use of potentially inappropriate medication in the older European Union (EU) member countries, information on this topic from Central and Eastern Europe is scarce. Objectives: The aims of the present study were: to identify risk factors enhancing the probability of use of potentially inappropriate medication in hospitalized older patients under the conditions of the Slovak healthcare system and to compare our results with previously published European studies. Methods: The evaluation was performed in 600 patients aged ≥65 years, hospitalized in a general hospital between 1 December 2003 and 31 March 2005. To identify the use of potentially inappropriate medication, the Beers 2003 criteria were applied. Particular socio‐demographic and clinical characteristics, as well as comorbid medical conditions were evaluated among possible factors enhancing the probability of use of potentially inappropriate medication. Results: At least one potentially inappropriate medication was prescribed to 126 (21%) of 600 patients. Multivariate analysis identified polypharmacy [odds ratio (OR) 2·38; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1·50–3·79], depression (OR 2·03; 95% CI: 1·08–3·82), immobilization (OR 1·87; 95% CI: 1·16–3·00) and heart failure (OR 1·73; 95% CI: 1·13–2·64) as factors associated with an increased risk of use of inappropriate medication. In contrast, patients aged ≥75 years had a lower risk of being prescribed potentially inappropriate medication (OR 0·58; 95% CI: 0·39–0·88). Conclusions: Polypharmacy, immobilization, heart failure and depression were documented as predictors of use of potentially inappropriate medication. In depressive patients, drugs other than antidepressants contributed to the extensive use of potentially inappropriate medication. The observed prevalence of use of potentially inappropriate medication in older hospitalized Slovak patients was lower than the prevalence previously documented in Poland and the Czech Republic, but higher than in Croatia and Turkey. The identified risk factors were consistent with previous findings from other parts of Europe.     

Surgical risk factors in geriatric perioperative patients

The geriatric population is growing in number, and risk factors commonly seen in this population of patients can seriously affect the outcomes of surgical interventions. Identification of surgical risk factors (eg, hearing and vision loss, inadequate nutrition, preexisting conditions) and early intervention by the perioperative nurse to plan for, correct, or accommodate physical limitations often can minimize or eliminate problems and potential complications.