口腔微生物群落在口腔与全身疾病预警中的作用

口腔微生物群落是指定植于人体口腔的微生物集合,多以生物膜形式行使微生物生理学功能。当微生物群落与宿主间生态关系失衡时,可诱发多种口腔感染性疾病,包括龋病、牙髓根尖周病、牙周病、智齿冠周炎、颌骨骨髓炎等,严重危害口腔健康。更为重要的是,口腔微生物群落与口腔肿瘤、糖尿病、类风湿性关节炎、心血管疾病及早产等系统性疾病紧密相关,口腔微生物群落结构特征可作为口腔及全身健康预警的重要标记。随着“人类微生物组计划”及其他微生物宏基因组学相关项目的开展,人们对口腔微生物群落的认识不断深入,已获得了海量大数据信息。在“后微生物组计划”时代如何有效地将微生物群落大数据转化为具有实际运用价值的临床诊疗手段,进而为患者提供有效的个体化医疗服务将是推动口腔疾病乃至全身疾病“精准医疗”的重大前沿问题。本文拟从常见口腔及相关系统性疾病微生物群落研究进展入手,阐述口腔微生物群落信息在疾病发生、发展及预后预警中的作用,提出建立基于口腔微生物群落疾病预警系统的必要性,为实现口腔疾病及相关系统性疾病的个性化诊疗提供新的思路。     

口腔微生物与口腔鳞状细胞癌关系的研究进展

口腔微生物群落在人类微生物群落和人类健康中发挥着重要作用,微生物与宿主的不平衡可导致口腔疾病和全身疾病。一些肿瘤已经被认为与细菌等微生物的存在相关,口腔肿瘤和微生物的关系也被逐渐认识。本文对口腔鳞状细胞癌与口腔微生物之间的关系进行综述,阐述口腔微生物导致口腔鳞状细胞癌发生的可能途径以及口腔鳞状细胞癌微环境对微生物的影响,为口腔微生物与肿瘤关系的进一步研究提供参考,以实现口腔鳞状细胞癌早期诊断,甚至辅助治疗的目的。     

口腔微生物组学与口腔个体化医疗研究进展

口腔精准医学的提出是建立在对微生物群落及其功能的认知基础上,然而口腔微生物种类繁多、体外培养困难等因素限制了口腔微生物的研究。近年来随着高通量基因测序等支持技术的发展而出现的口腔微生物组学研究,不仅能识别更多共生微生物,还能了解微生物数量、群落结构变化与口腔健康及疾病的关系,促进口腔个体化医疗发展。本文将对口腔微生物组学及其研究进展、口腔个体化医疗研究现状进行综述。     

噬菌体对口腔疾病发生发展和治疗的影响及机制

噬菌体是特异性感染细菌、真菌等微生物的病毒,是人类口腔生态系统中具有特异性的重要组成部分.在口腔微生物群落、牙菌斑和咽峡部微生物群落中均匀分布有多种噬菌体,与细菌群落相互作用,维持着口腔微生态系统的稳定.许多研究显示,噬菌体与口腔疾病的发生发展相关,并且在相关口腔疾病的治疗中发挥重要作用.本文对噬菌体在口腔微生物群落中的分布特点及其在口腔疾病发生发展和治疗的作用和机制进行综述,旨在为相关口腔疾病的发病机制及临床治疗提供新的思路.     

噬菌体对口腔疾病发生发展和治疗的影响及机制

噬菌体是特异性感染细菌、真菌等微生物的病毒,是人类口腔生态系统中具有特异性的重要组成部分.在口腔微生物群落、牙菌斑和咽峡部微生物群落中均匀分布有多种噬菌体,与细菌群落相互作用,维持着口腔微生态系统的稳定.许多研究显示,噬菌体与口腔疾病的发生发展相关,并且在相关口腔疾病的治疗中发挥重要作用.本文对噬菌体在口腔微生物群落中的分布特点及其在口腔疾病发生发展和治疗的作用和机制进行综述,旨在为相关口腔疾病的发病机制及临床治疗提供新的思路.     

健康儿童口腔微生物的定植

人体是一个由真核细胞和共生在体内的微生物群落共同构成的超级生物体.口腔,作为微生物进入身体的门户,其微生物群落的正常确立及平衡维持对口腔局部及全身系统的健康都有非常重要的作用.在母体内,婴儿就开始不断发生人与人或人与环境之间的紧密接触,从而与微生物之间建立密切联系.不同的生产方式,不同的喂养方式均能影响微生物在新生儿口腔中的定植.在乳牙列期,乳牙萌出为微生物的定植提供了新的生态位点,口腔微生物的构成随之发生变化.随着恒牙的萌出,口腔环境进一步变化,微生物的定植也发生变化直至成熟,即微生物定植种类更加丰富,牙周致病菌的定植也显著增加.     

口腔微生物群落结构的影响因素

口腔微生物群落作为人体最多样化的微生物群落之一,其生态失衡不仅可以诱发多种口腔疾病,如龋病、牙髓根尖周病、牙周病等,还与心血管疾病、糖尿病等多种系统性疾病紧密相关。口腔微生物群落结构受多种因素影响,本文就口腔微生物群落结构的影响因素作一综述,文献复习结果表明:环境因素在口腔微生物群落的塑造中起重要作用,而遗传和饮食因素的影响目前尚有争议;此外,系统性疾病也可能影响口腔微生物群落结构。目前,高通量测序研究已确定一些“核心微生物群”,不同环境、不同遗传背景下的“核心微生物群”将是下一步的研究方向。     

口腔微生物译名(2023版)

口腔微生物群落作为人体微生物群落的重要组成部分, 与口腔健康及全身健康都有密切联系。口腔微生物研究已成为国际微生物研究领域的前沿。规范统一的口腔微生物中文译名对支撑口腔医学发展意义重大。规范的微生物译名是编写专业教材和参考书的基础, 有助于学生准确地掌握口腔微生物的特征与分类。统一的中文译名可为口腔医学研究人员之间的交流与合作提供语言基础。规范的中文译名对开展口腔健康教育和科普也具有重要作用, 有利于口腔微生物学知识的准确传播, 增强全民口腔健康意识。因此, 为规范口腔医学领域的科学研究、基金申报、专著教材编写、论著发表、学术交流、科学普及等, 专家学者对口腔微生物名称(2017版)和新近发现的口腔微生物译名进行了充分的讨论和修订, 达成共识, 形成口腔微生物译名(2023版)。     

低龄儿童龋微生物群落的研究进展

低龄儿童龋（ECC）的发生发展不仅仅是某几种特定致龋菌作用的结果,而是与整个口腔微生物群落的变化有关。在健康的生理状况下,口腔微生物群与宿主间保持着一种动态平衡,共同维系宿主的健康;若这种平衡若遭到破坏,口腔内某些健康的微生物将转变成致病微生物,导致龋病、牙周病和黏膜病等口腔感染性疾病。个体与个体之间,同一个体唾液和牙菌斑之间,微生物种群明显不同。无龋儿童的细菌多样性和复杂性高于重症低龄龋（SECC）儿童,而SECC儿童在龋发生前微生物多样性呈下降趋势,即龋病可能与微生物多样性降低相关。ECC儿童在治疗前后,其微生物群落构成会发生明显改变。益生菌可抑制致龋菌的活性,降低患龋率。了解口腔微生物菌群组的结构和组成,建立不同患龋风险儿童的微生物图谱,控制与管理儿童口腔微生态,ECC的防治将会呈现出一片曙光。     

口腔微生物与消化系统癌症关系的研究进展

口腔微生物组在人类健康和疾病状态中发挥着重要作用。近年来癌症患者体内复杂的微生物群落特征,微生物和癌症之间的相互作用以及微生物参与癌症发生、预防和治疗的可能机制等引起了广泛关注。大量研究结果表明,微生物菌群失调通过多种途径导致癌症易感性。因此,本文主要通过回顾口腔微生物群对消化系统癌症(包括食管癌、胃癌、胰腺癌和结肠直肠癌)的影响,为口腔菌群与消化系统癌症关系的进一步研究以及口腔微生物与全身系统疾病的进一步探索提供参考。     

The evolutionary history of the human oral microbiota and its implications for modern health

Numerous biological and cultural factors influence the microbial communities (microbiota) that inhabit the human mouth, including diet, environment, hygiene, physiology, health status, genetics, and lifestyle. As oral microbiota can underpin oral and systemic diseases, tracing the evolutionary history of oral microbiota and the factors that shape its origins will unlock information to mitigate disease today. Despite this, the origins of many oral microbes remain unknown, and the key factors in the past that shaped our oral microbiota are only now emerging. High throughput DNA sequencing of oral microbiota using ancient DNA and comparative anthropological methodologies has been employed to investigate oral microbiota origins, revealing a complex, rich history. Here, I review the current literature on the factors that shaped and guided oral microbiota evolution, both in Europe and globally. In Europe, oral microbiota evolution was shaped by interactions with Neandertals, the adaptation of farming, widespread integration of industrialization, and postindustrial lifestyles that emerged after World War II. Globally, evidence for a multitude of different oral microbiota histories is emerging, likely supporting dissimilarities in modern oral health across discrete human populations. I highlight how these evolutionary changes are linked to the development of modern oral diseases and discuss the remaining factors that need to be addressed to improve this embryonic field of research. I argue that understanding the evolutionary history of our oral microbiota is necessary to identify new treatment and prevention options to improve oral and systemic health in the future.     

Microbial protection and virulence in periodontal tissue as a function of polymicrobial communities: symbiosis and dysbiosis

This review discusses polymicrobial interactions with the host in both health and disease. As our ability to identify specific bacterial clonal types, with respect to their abundance and location in the oral biofilm, improves, we will learn more concerning their contribution to both oral health and disease. Recent studies examining host– bacteria interactions have revealed that commensal bacteria not only protect the host simply by niche occupation, but that bacterial interactions with host tissue can promote the development of proper tissue structure and function. These data indicate that our host‐associated polymicrobial communities, such as those found in the oral cavity, co‐evolved with us and have become an integral part of who we are. Understanding the microbial community factors that underpin the associations with host tissue that contribute to periodontal health may also reveal how dysbiotic periodontopathic oral communities disrupt normal periodontal tissue functions in disease. A disruption of the oral microbial community creates dysbiosis, either by overgrowth of specific or nonspecific microorganisms or by changes in the local host response where the community can now support a disease state. Dysbiosis provides the link between systemic changes (e.g. diabetes) and exogenous risk factors (e.g. smoking), and the dysbiotic community, and can drive the destruction of periodontal tissue. Many other risk factors associated with periodontal disease, such as stress, aging and genetics, are also likely to affect the microbial community, and more research is needed, utilizing sophisticated bacterial taxonomic techniques, to elucidate these effects on the microbiome and to develop strategies to target the dysbiotic mechanisms and improve periodontal health.     

菌斑微生物群落构成变化与儿童龋病相关研究进展

龋病作为多因素影响的疾病,细菌是龋病发生的始动因素,生态菌斑学说的提出以及现代分子生物学手段的应用,使得学者们能够从微生物角度对菌斑生物膜中细菌的种群分布、菌群多样性、菌斑微生物群落变化与儿童龋病之间的联系进行了更深入的探讨.菌群多样性的降低与龋病发生密切相关,早于龋病发生前的6个月就可以检测到菌群多样性水平的降低,这...     

Diet-induced obesity,gut microbiota and bone,including alveolar bone loss

Obesity is a major risk factor for several pathologies, including jaw bone resorption. The underlying mechanisms involved in pathological conditions resulting from obesity include chronic systemic inflammation and the development of insulin resistance. Although numerous studies have indicated the importance of the role of gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of inflammation and insulin resistance in obesity, only a few studies have established a relationship between obesity, gut microbiota and status of the jaw bone. This review aims to summarize current findings relating to these issues, focusing on the role of obesity and gut microbiota on jaw bone health, including possible mechanisms which can explain this link.     

General health risk of periodontal disease

The possibility that periodontal disease might influence the morbidity and mortality of systemic diseases constitutes a research topic of great current interest. Human periodontal disease is associated with a complex microbiota containing approximately 500 microbial taxa and various human viruses, many of which possess significant virulence potential. Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis and other periodontopathic bacteria that are unique to the oral cavity and may disseminate to other body sites comprise the best‐documented form of dental focal infection. However, systemically healthy individuals seem to be at low risk of acquiring acute non‐oral diseases from direct infections by periodontal pathogens. Research data from various laboratories point to periodontal infections as a risk factor for chronic medical disorders, including cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular accidents and low‐birth‐weight infants. However, recent epidemiological studies have failed to show a significant relationship between periodontal disease and cardiovascular disease. This review paper evaluates the current status of knowledge on dental focal infection and suggests avenues for further research into the topic of general health risks of periodontal disease.     

口腔微生物与肿瘤关系的研究进展

口腔幽门螺杆菌与胃部肿瘤关系的研究,引发了对口腔微生物与肿瘤之间关系研究的热潮。本文从口腔幽门螺杆菌与胃部肿瘤的关系,口腔微生物群落与口腔鳞状细胞癌的关系,以及人类免疫缺陷病毒感染患者口腔微生物群落与肿瘤的特殊且密切的关系三个方面对口腔微生物群落与肿瘤之间的关系进行综述,对口腔微生物与肿瘤关系的进一步研究提供参考,以实现通过检测口腔微生物对肿瘤患者进行早期诊断,甚至辅助治疗的目的。