造影剂肾病

1954年Bartels E等报道了首例白血病患者行静脉肾盂造影术后发生急性无尿.近半个世纪以来,随着各种诊断、治疗新技术的应用,如抗菌素、抗肿瘤化疗药物、器官及骨髓移植术、各种造影技术特别是血管造影术、心脏血管再通技术等,急性肾衰竭的发病率有所上升.     

Comparing Trimetazidine with Allopurinol in Prevention of Contrast Induced Nephropathy After Coronary Angiography

ObjectivesContrast-induced nephropathy is considered a serious complication following coronary angiography increasing morbidity and mortality. Various drugs have been assessed to reduce the incidence of contrast-induced nephropathy. In this study, we compared trimetazidine and allopurinol as a pharmacological measure to reduce the incidence of contrast-induced nephropathy.MethodsOne hundred and twenty patients undergoing coronary angiography with baseline creatinine clearance more than 30 ml/minute were divided into three groups, 40 patients each. Group 1 received standard parenteral intravenous hydration in the form of isotonic saline at a rate of 1 ml/kg body weight per hour started 12 hours before angiography and up to 12 hours after the procedure. Group 2 received trimetazidine 35 mg twice per day for 72 hours starting 48 hours before the procedure in addition to intravenous hydration. Group 3 received allopurinol 300 mg once daily for 72 hours starting 48 hours before the procedure in addition to intravenous hydration. Serum creatinine and creatinine clearance were measured before and 72 hours after the procedure in addition to the volume of contrast media used.ResultsTrimetazidine and allopurinol failed to reduce contrast-induced nephropathy significantly. Among patients with contrast-induced nephropathy volume of contrast media was significantly higher.ConclusionAdding trimetazidine or allopurinol in addition to regular intravenous hydration with isotonic saline without targeting selectively high-risk patients did not reduce contrast-induced nephropathy following coronary angiography     

水化对冠状动脉造影患者造影剂肾病的影响

目的观察水化对冠状动脉造影患者肾功能的影响及造影剂肾病的发生率。方法应用低渗非离子型造影剂碘海醇进行冠状动脉造影,将216例行冠状动脉造影或冠状动脉介入治疗患者随机分为两组:水化组112例,在常规补液基础上进行水化治疗;对照组104例,常规补液治疗,比较两组在造影前及造影后48 h、1周时血清肌酐、尿β2微球蛋白的浓度变化,观察两组造影剂肾病的发生率。结果水化组和对照组在造影后48 h血清肌酐、尿β2微球蛋白均升高,以对照组升高更显著。造影后1周两组均下降。水化组造影剂肾病发生率为4%,对照组为17%。结论加强水化能减轻肾功能伤害,减少造影剂肾病的发生率。     

超敏C反应蛋白与对比剂肾病关系的研究

目的:研究冠状动脉介入诊疗(包括冠状动脉造影及冠状动脉介入治疗)对对比剂肾病(CIN)的影响因素;进一步探讨超敏C反应蛋白(hsCRP)对对比剂肾病的预测价值.方法:入选我院择期行冠状动脉介入诊疗手术患者145例,记录患者基本资料,留取冠状动脉造影术前清晨空腹血常规及生化,记录术前血红蛋白(HGB)、白蛋白(ALB)、空腹血糖、血脂、尿酸、基础肌酐值以及hsCRP等资料;分别于术后24 h、48 h、72 h留取血样,测定血肌酐值.术后即刻记录手术所用对比剂剂量.结果:①冠状动脉介入诊疗术后对比剂肾病的发生率为10.3%,其中53.3%发生于术后24 h,26.7%发生于术后48 h,20.0%发生于术后72 h;②单因素分析发现有对比剂肾病的患者对比剂剂量及hsCRP明显高于无对比剂肾病患者,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);logistic回归分析发现,术前hsCRP对对比剂肾病的发生具有统计学意义(P<0.05);③经皮冠状动脉介入治疗患者对比剂肾病的发生率为16.1%,术前hsCRP在对比剂肾病患者中显著升高,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论:冠状动脉介入诊疗术前hsCRP水平对对比剂肾病的发生有重要临床意义.在冠状动脉介入诊疗过程中对比剂剂量是影响对比剂肾病的发生重要因素.     

曲美他嗪在PCI所致的对比剂肾病中的预防作用研究

目的评价血肌酐升高的患者行PCI后,曲美他嗪在对比剂肾病中的预防作用。方法治疗组口服曲美他嗪20mg,3次/d,术前48h开始口服,术后继续服用3d。所有患者在术前12h开始静脉输注0.9%氯化钠溶液〔1ml/(h.kg)〕,持续至术后12h。血肌酐于术后3d内升高44.2μmol/L以上或基础值的1/4以上定义为对比剂肾病(contrast-induced nephropathy,CIN)。结果在治疗组对比剂肾病发生率为2.9%(3/102),在对照组对比剂肾病发生率18.2%(21/115),两组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论肾损害的患者行PCI时,用0.9%氯化钠溶液水化的同时给予口服曲美他嗪来预防对比剂肾病,比单独水化更有效。     

等渗对比剂和低渗对比剂与冠心病介入治疗后对比剂肾病及远期预后的关系

目的:探讨等渗对比剂和低渗对比剂与经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)后对比剂肾病(CIN)及远期预后的关系。方法:连续纳入2013年1月1日至12月31日我院所有接受PCI的患者9903例,根据使用对比剂类型分为等渗对比剂组(n=1691)和低渗对比剂组(n=8212)。分析使用等渗对比剂对CIN的发生率及2年远期预后的影响。结果:等渗对比剂组和低渗对比剂组患者的CIN发生率分别为6.2%和9.0%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。经充分校正的多因素分析显示,应用等渗对比剂始终是CIN的独立预测因素(OR=0.629,95%CI:0.495~0.799,P<0.001)。经Cox回归分析显示,相比于低渗对比剂,等渗对比剂并不是2年全因死亡的独立危险因素(OR=0.744,95%CI:0.438~1.263,P=0.273)。结论:与低渗对比剂相比,使用等渗对比剂能显著降低PCI后CIN发生率,但对2年全因死亡率无显著影响。     

中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白在冠心病合并肾功能不全患者对比剂肾病的早期诊断价值

目的:评价血浆中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白(Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin,NGAL)在冠心病合并肾功能不全患者对比剂肾病(Contrast Induced Nephropathy,CIN)早期诊断价值.方法:连续入选拟行冠状动脉造影及支架植入术的患者311例.男性198例(63.7%),女性113例(36.3%),年龄(58.9±9.4)岁.按照适合中国人的肾脏疾病饮食调整公式计算估测的肾小球滤过率(eGFR)评价肾功能,30 结果:311例患者中39例(12.5%)患者发生了CIN.术后NGAL水平CIN组较non-CIN组明显升高[(85.2±28.8)ng/mL vs(71.9±27.6)ng/mL],差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).non-CIN组组内术后NGAL水平均较术前升高[(71.9±27.6)ng/mL vs(64.8±25.9)ng/mL],差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).以NGAL相对升高≥25%为切点,诊断CIN的敏感性和特异性分别为87.2%和80.8%.结论:NGAL相对升高25%可作为CIN早期诊断的切点,血浆NGAL可以作为CIN的早期诊断标志物.     

普罗布考对阿霉素肾病大鼠抗氧化作用的研究

目的：观察普罗布考对阿霉素肾病大鼠的抗氧化作用,并探讨其肾脏保护作用的机制。方法：雄性SD大鼠40只,随机分为正常对照组（A组）、造模后未治疗组（B组）、造模后普罗布考正常剂量治疗组（C组）、造模后普罗布考高剂量治疗组（D组）。尾静脉一次性注射阿霉素6mg/kg制备阿霉素肾病模型。1周后开始普罗布考药物干预,持续4周。检测大鼠24h尿蛋白定量,血清和肾组织中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、丙二醛（MDA）水平,同时观察肾组织病理学改变。结果：造模后C组、D组24h尿蛋白排泄量明显低于B组（P〈0.05）,C、D组血清和肾组织中SOD明显上升、MDA明显下降（P〈0.05）,肾组织病理损伤减轻。结论：普罗布考能提高阿霉素肾病大鼠血和肾组织中SOD活性,降低MDA水平,降低蛋白尿,减轻肾组织的病理改变,具有肾保护作用。     

Efficacy of Ascorbic Acid,N‐Acetylcysteine,or Combination of Both on Top of Saline Hydration versus Saline Hydration Alone on Prevention of Contrast‐Induced Nephropathy: A Prospective Randomized Study

Background

Antioxidant drugs such as N‐acetylcysteine (NAC) and ascorbic acid have been evaluated in interventional studies to prevent contrast‐induced nephropathy (CIN), however, there are limited data on comparing either or both, with background of standard intravenous saline hydration versus the standard intravenous saline hydration alone in preventing CIN.

Methods

We conducted a single‐center randomized trial among patients undergoing coronary angiography or percutaneous coronary intervention who had serum creatinine ≥ 1.3 mg/dL or were on diabetes mellitus medication. Eligible patients were randomly assigned to one of the following 4 groups: (1) NAC, (2) ascorbic acid, (3) combination of both drugs, and (4) control group. Additionally, all the groups received the standard intravenous saline hydration. Creatinine was measured 4–5 days after procedure.

Results

A total of 243 patients were randomized; 62 to NAC, 57 to ascorbic acid, 58 to both drugs, and 66 to placebo. The development of 0.5 mg/dL absolute increase of serum creatinine, 25% relative decrease of creatinine clearance, or either (CIN) were measured in the ascorbic acid group (3.6% for all), NAC group (6.8%, 3.4%, 8.5%, respectively), combined group (5.5%, 5.5%, 9.1%, respectively), and control group (6.2%, 6.2%, 7.7%, respectively). None of these differences were significant (P = 0.896 for serum creatinine, P = 0.863 for creatinine clearance, and P = 0.684 for CIN).

Conclusions

In a cohort of patients at risk of developing CIN, we could not detect any significant benefit of the use of ascorbic acid, NAC, or a combination of both drugs over the standard hydration regimen in preventing CIN. (J Interven Cardiol 2013;26:90–96)

     

冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞性病变介入治疗与造影剂肾病风险的相关性研究

目的探讨冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞性病变(chronic total occlusion,CTO)介入治疗与造影剂肾病发生风险的相关性。方法纳入2013年阜外医院所有接受介入治疗的患者,分为CTO组和非CTO组,分析其造影剂肾病的发生情况及危险因素。结果共入选9924例患者,CTO组(876例)和非CTO组(9048例)患者的造影剂肾病发生率分别为2.2%和1.8%(P=0.454)。经倾向性评分匹配后CTO组(850例)和非CTO组(850例)的造影剂肾病发生率分别为2.2%和1.4%(P=0.204)。经多因素分析,倾向性评分前后,CTO均不是造影剂肾病的独立危险因素(P>0.05)。结论CTO患者和非CTO患者接受介入治疗造影剂肾病发生风险相当。     

冠状动脉介入治疗造影剂肾病危险因素及发病机制研究进展

冠心病介入治疗术后造影剂肾病的发病机制十分复杂。与造影剂的直接细胞毒性效应、肾髓质缺血性损伤、氧自由基损伤及血管活性物质失衡、造影剂造成的细胞凋亡,免疫损伤及肾小管梗阻等因素有关。发病危险因素更涉及基础肾功能受损、糖尿病、造影剂的剂量和理化性质、脱水、慢性心力衰竭、高血压、高龄（〉70岁）、肝功能异常、低血钾、周围血管病变、使用肾毒性药物（如非甾体消炎药）及多发性骨髓瘤等。现就造影剂肾病的发病机制和相关危险因素的研究现状进行综述。     

IgA Nephropathy Associated With Castleman Disease With Cutaneous Involvement

A 35-year-old Japanese man developed systemic lymphadenopathy during the course of immunosuppressive therapy for IgA nephropathy associated with cutaneous nodules, polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia, and persistent increased serum C-reactive protein of unknown cause. Lymph node examination showed the plasmacytic type of Castleman disease (CD). A skin biopsy showed specific pathologic findings of CD cutaneous involvement. Considering the involvement of interleukin-6 in CD, we treated the patient with humanized anti-interleukin-6 receptor antibody. Thereafter, his symptoms and abnormal laboratory findings were improved. Cutaneous CD has rarely been described in Asian population, and renal complications in CD are uncommon and heterogeneous. To our knowledge, this is the first case of IgA nephropathy associated with multicentric CD with cutaneous involvement.     

Safe Contrast Volumes for Preventing Contrast-Induced Nephropathy in Elderly Patients With Relatively Normal Renal Function During Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

The aim of this study was to evaluate contrast media volume to creatinine clearance (V/CrCl) ratio for predicting contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) and to determine a safe V/CrCl cut off value to avoid CIN in elderly patients with relatively normal renal function during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).We prospectively enrolled 1020 consecutive elderly patients (age ≥65 years) with relative normal renal function (baseline serum creatinine <1.5 mg/dL) undergoing PCI. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to identify the optimal cut off value of V/CrCl for detecting CIN. The predictive value of V/CrCl for CIN was assessed with a multivariate logistic regression.Thirty-nine patients (3.8%) developed CIN. There was a significant association between a higher V/CrCl ratio and CIN risk (P < 0.001). ROC curve analysis indicated that a V/CrCl ratio of 2.74 was a fair discriminator for CIN (C statistic = 0.68). After adjusting for other known CIN risk factors, V/CrCl ratios >2.74 remained significantly associated with CIN (odds ratio = 3.21, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.45–7.09, P = 0.004) and worse long-term mortality (hazard ratio = 1.96, 95% CI 1.14–3.38, P = 0.016).A V/CrCl ratio >2.74 was a significant independent predictor of CIN and was independently associated with long-term mortality in elderly patients with relatively normal renal function.     

水化和他汀类药物预防对比剂肾病的临床观察

目的探讨他汀类药物在预防对比剂肾病(contras-t induced nephropathy,CIN)中的作用。方法选择行经皮冠状动脉造影病人115例,采用随机数字表法将病人分为他汀组(n=40)、水化组(n=34)以及对照组(n=41)。他汀组于冠状动脉造影术前3d开始每晚顿服阿托伐他汀20mg,水化组予0.9%氯化钠注射液静脉滴注,速度为1ml/(kg.h),一般于术前4h开始至术后12h结束,对照组未服用阿托伐他汀及其他调脂类药物亦未应用水化处理。观察患者术前1d、术后36～48h血清肌酐(Scr)、内生肌酐清除率(Ccr)、尿白蛋白肌酐比(UACR)以及超敏C反应蛋白(hsCRP)的改变情况。结果他汀组及对照组两组患者术后血hsCRP、Scr,UACR较术前均升高(均P<0.05),而血Ccr较术前降低(P<0.05)。对照组患者术后血hsCRP、UACR较他汀组术后明显升高(P<0.05),对照组对比剂肾病发生率(9.76%)高于他汀组(5.00%)。水化组术后血hsCRP、Scr、UACR及血Ccr与术前相比差异无统计学意义,对比剂肾病发生率明显小于他汀组及对照组。结论造影剂可造成轻微的肾功能损害;术前3d使用他汀药物,可能具有减轻炎症反应、预防造影剂肾病发生的作用,但相比之下水化处理更能明显减少对比剂肾病的发生。     

Incidence,Predictors and Outcomes of Contrast Induced Nephropathy in Patients with ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction Undergoing Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Background:Contrast induced nephropathy (CIN) is considered one of the most common causes of hospital acquired renal failure and severely affects morbidity and mortality. Our objective was to investigate incidence, predictors and outcomes of CIN in patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI).Methods:The study was conducted on 550 patients with STEMI subjected to PPCI. Patients were classified into two groups according to the occurrence of CIN; group I (Patients without CIN) and group II (Patients with CIN). The two groups were assessed for the clinical outcomes including mortality and major adverse cardiac events (MACE).Results:Incidence of CIN was 10.6%, multivariate regression analysis identified the independent predictors of CIN including; age > 60 years OR 6.083 (CI95% 3.143–11.77, P = 0.001), presence of diabetes mellitus OR 2.491 (CI95% 1.327–4.675, P = 0.005), non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) use OR 2.708 (CI95% 1.393–5.263, P = 0.003), the volume of contrast agent >200 ml OR 6.543 (CI95% 3.382–12.65, P = 0.001) and cardiogenic shock OR 4.514 (CI95% 1.738–11.72, P = 0.002). Mortality was higher in group II than group I (11.9% vs. 4.4% respectively, P = 0.015). The incidence of MACE were higher in group II than group I (heart failure; 18.6% vs. 7.3%, cardiac arrest; 8.5% vs. 2.8% and cardiogenic shock; 16.9% vs. 6.9% with P. value = 0.003, 0.024, 0.007 respectively).Conclusion:Contrast induced nephropathy was associated with increased morbidity and mortality. The independent predictors of CIN were advanced age, diabetes mellitus, NSAIDs use, the volume of contrast agent >200 ml and cardiogenic shock.