下颌第一磨牙种植固定桥的受载分析

目的 观察下颌第一磨牙种植固定桥的位移和应力分布规律。方法 采用了三维有限元法进行受载分析。结果 发现第二双尖牙的最大位移值较大;由于固定桥的支架作用,垂直分散载荷下天然基牙和种植基牙的位移均值之间差异无显著性。基牙颈部为应力集中区,第二双尖牙根尖的应力较小。集中载荷加于基牙时,位移和应力值明显增加。结论 提示应注意末端种植基牙的载荷和咬合状态,该设计是临床可使用的特殊固定桥。     

下颌后牙固定桥支持骨组织应力的三维有限元法分析——Ⅰ.固定桥基牙周围牙槽骨的表面应力分析

目的:研究下颌后牙固定桥基牙周围牙槽骨表面的应力状态。方法:以成人下颌骨为解剖学基础,建立固定桥及其基牙支持组织的三维有限元模型。分别在6种垂直向载荷和1种水平向载荷条件下,计算出基牙周围牙槽骨表面的最大主应力(εmax)、最小主应力(εmin)值。结果:垂直向载荷下,应力集中在根尖和颈部牙槽骨,颈部主要为拉应力,根尖区均为压应力;双尖牙周围牙槽骨应力最大值约为磨牙的2.1倍;水平向载荷下应力明显增加,约为垂直向载荷的3.5倍,且应力分布规律有明显的改变。结论:本实验结果为固定桥的设计提供了参考依据。     

下颌后牙固定桥支持骨组织应力的三维有限元法分析——Ⅱ.固定桥桥体下皮质骨的应力分布

目的:观察固定桥桥体下皮质骨应力的分布。方法:建立固定桥及其支持组织的三维有限元模型,分别在垂直向和水平向共6种载荷下,用三维有限元法计算出固定桥桥体下皮质骨的最大主应力(εmax)和最小主应力(εmin)值。结果:修复前缺牙区皮质骨存在极小的应力,固定桥修复后,应力有所增加,但仅为基牙牙槽骨应力的9.5%(垂直向载荷)和2.2%(水平向载荷)。结论:固定桥桥体下皮质骨的应力极小,固定桥所受的力绝大部分由基牙牙周支持组织承担     

下颌牙固定桥基牙牙周膜应力的三维有限元法分析

作者以成人下颌骨作为建立有限元模型的解剖学基础，根据固定桥及其基牙支持组织的性质及有限元划分的原则，建立了固定桥及其基牙支持组织的三维有限元模型。分别在６种垂直向栽荷和一种向载荷条件下，计算出基牙牙周膜的最大主应力（εｍａｘ）、最小主应力（εｍｉｎ）值，并绘制出应力线图。据此分析了固定桥修复前后基牙牙周膜应力的变化及其分布规律，加载条件改变对应力分布的影响。     

下颌固定义齿不同松动度基牙应力分布的三维有限元分析

目的建立不同动度基牙的下颌固定义齿模型,探讨松动牙作为固定义齿基牙的合理性,以期为进一步的临床应用提供实验依据和指导。方法采用螺旋CT扫描,应用PHOTOSHOP CS2与ANSYS 11.0软件相结合建立下颌复合式固定桥模型。结果当3Ⅰ°松动时各基牙应力值显著增大且能观察到明显应力集中现象;当5或7松动时各基牙应力值也有不同程度的增加,但应力变化过程中并未观察到突然的应力增大现象。结论复合固定桥当两端基牙松动时,尤其是单根牙松动时,对基牙应力分布影响较大不宜单独作为基牙;而多根牙对应力分布的影响较小,可单独作为基牙;复合固定桥中间基牙有松动时,其松动度不论是Ⅰ度还是Ⅱ度都不会引起明显的应力集中,可选作基牙。     

不同基牙牙周状况下双侧游离缺损冠外附着体义齿的三维有限元分析

目的：探讨不同基牙牙周状况下,下颌后牙双侧游离缺损冠外附着体义齿支持组织的应力分布情况。方法：建赢下颌双侧67游离缺损冠外附着体义齿修复时基牙牙周健康和基牙牙周吸收的三维有限元模型,分析垂直载荷下基牙牙周状况不同时,基牙牙周组织及缺牙区牙槽嵴的VonMises应力分布。结果：与牙周健康的模型相比,当第二双尖牙牙周吸收1／3时,远中基牙牙周膜和牙槽骨的最大应力值均增加了两倍多;当第一和第二双尖牙牙周均吸收l／3时,远中基牙牙周膜和牙槽骨的最大应力值是基牙健康时的四到五倍。随着牙周吸收的基牙数目的增加,缺牙区牙嵴的最大应力值增加了47％。增加基牙数目可显著降低远中基牙的牙周组织和缺牙区牙嵴的应力,使义齿支持组织的应力分布更为均匀。结论：冠外附着体义齿修复下颌双侧后牙游离缺损时,若两侧只有第二双尖牙牙周吸收1／3时,修复设计时可考虑增加基牙数目,若第一和第二双尖牙牙周均有吸收则不建议再选作附着体义齿基牙。     

下颌后牙固定桥支持骨组织应力的三维有限元法分析：Ⅱ.固定桥 …

目的：观察固定桥桥体下皮质骨应力的分布。方法：建立固定桥及其支持组织的三维有限元模型,分别在垂直向和水平向共６种载荷下,用三维有限元法计算出固定桥桥下上质骨的最大主应力和最小主应力值。结果：修复前缺牙区皮质骨存在极小的应力,固定桥修复后,应力有所增加,但仅为基牙牙槽骨应力的９．５％（垂直向载荷）和２．２％（水平向载荷）。结论：固定桥桥体下皮质骨的应力极小,固定桥所受的力绝大部分由基牙牙周支持组织承     

下颌后牙固定桥支持骨组织应力的三维有限元法分析：Ⅰ.固定桥 …

目的：研究下颌后牙固定桥基牙周围牙槽骨表面的应力状态。方法：以成人下颌骨为解剖学基础,建立固定桥及基牙支持组织的三维有限元模型。分别在６种垂直向载荷和１种水平向载荷条件下,计算出基牙周围牙槽骨表面的最大主应力、最步主应力值。结果：垂直向载荷下,应力集中在根尖和颈部牙槽骨,颈部主要为拉应力,根尖区均为压应力;双尖牙周围牙槽骨应力最大值约为的２．１倍;水平向载荷下应力明显增加,约为垂直向载荷的３．５倍     

固定义齿倾斜基牙牙周应力分布的三维有限元研究

目的 :用三维有限元方法对近中倾斜的下颌第二磨牙单独受力及作为固定桥基牙后受力时牙周支持组织中的应力分布进行比较分析。方法 :采用薄层CT扫描技术和Ansys有限元分析软件建立下颌第一磨牙缺失、下颌第二磨牙近中倾斜 3 0°、行双端三单位固定桥修复前后的三维有限元模型 ,施加载荷计算并分析牙周支持组织中的应力分布状况。结果 :修复前 ,第二磨牙近中牙槽嵴顶、根尖处应力值较大 ,修复后 ,第二磨牙根周应力值减小 ,第二前磨牙颈部及根尖应力值增大 ,应力分布得到改善。结论 :在一定的倾斜角度内 ,从生物力学角度来评价固定修复有利于倾斜基牙的牙周健康。     

下颌固定桥基牙牙槽骨单侧吸收对基牙应力分布的影响

目的:研究双端固定桥基牙牙槽骨单侧吸收对基牙应力分布的影响。方法:采用螺旋CT扫描获取健康人下颌骨、牙齿、牙周支持组织的二维图像,通过图像合成软件建立三维数字模型,并应用三维有限元分析软件生成下颌后牙三单位固定桥的三维有限元分析模型。在相同垂直和水平载荷情况下,分析基牙牙槽骨单侧吸收时固定桥各基牙的应力分布。结果:当前磨牙端基牙牙槽骨单侧吸收达25%、磨牙端基牙牙槽骨无吸收时,前磨牙端基牙开始出现应力集中;当磨牙端基牙牙槽骨单侧吸收达35%、前磨牙端基牙牙槽骨无吸收时,磨牙端基牙开始出现应力集中。结论:下颌后牙双端固定桥基牙应力分布与基牙牙槽骨吸收形式密切相关,但二者之间不是线性关系而是存在临界区,基牙牙槽骨单侧吸收的程度对基牙应力分布的影响弱于多侧吸收。     

Stress analysis of effects of nonrigid connectors on fixed partial dentures with pier abutments

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: In some patients, the pattern of missing teeth may require the use of a fixed partial denture (FPD) with an intermediate pier abutment. Information is needed regarding the biomechanical behavior and the position of a nonrigid connector for this treatment option. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate, by means of finite element method (FEM), the effects of rigid and nonrigid design types on stress distribution for 5-unit FPDs with pier abutments. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A 3-dimensional cross-section FEM model (SAP 2000) simulating a 5-unit metal ceramic FPD with a pier abutment with rigid or nonrigid designs (connector location at the mesial region of the second molar, at the distal region of the second premolar, at the mesial region of the second premolar, and at the distal region of the canine) was developed. In the model, the canine, second premolar, and second molar served as abutments. A supporting periodontal ligament and alveolar bone (cortical and trabecular) were modeled. A 50-N static vertical occlusal load was applied on the cusp of each abutment to calculate the stress distributions. Three different types of load were evaluated: loading of all cusps to simulate maximum centric occlusion contacts, loading of the canine to simulate a single anterior contact, and loading of the second molar to simulate a posterior contact. RESULTS: The analysis of the von Mises stress values revealed that maximum stress concentrations were located at the load areas for all models. Also, for all models, the highest stress values were located at connectors and cervical regions of abutment teeth, especially at the pier abutment. CONCLUSIONS: The area of maximum stress concentration at the pier abutment was decreased by the use of a nonrigid connector at the distal region of the second premolar.     

天然牙与种植体联合支持套简冠固定桥的骨组织应力分析

目的：研究天然牙与种植体联合支持式套筒冠固定桥牙周组织的应力分布情况。方法：选择1例左侧下颌第一磨牙缺失病例，分别设计以左侧下颌第二前磨牙与种植体（位于下颌第二磨牙）联合支持固定桥模型（模型Ⅰ）和套筒冠固定桥模型（模型Ⅱ）。在分散垂直和分散斜向2种载荷情况下，采用三维有限元法分析基牙及种植体周围骨组织的应力分布情况。结果：分散垂直载荷下，模型Ⅰ中的天然牙和种植体周围骨组织最大等效应力值分别为2．58MPa和43．92MPa；模型Ⅱ中，相应的最大等效应力值分别为2．17MPa和20．23MPa。分散斜向载荷下，模型Ⅰ中的天然牙和种植体周围骨组织最大等效应力值分别为2．23MPa和46．37MPa；模型Ⅱ中．相应的最大等效应力值分别为1．91MPa和21.19MPa。结论：套筒冠固位体能缓冲种植体周围骨组织的部分应力，但对垂直应力和侧向应力的缓冲能力差别不大。进行天然牙与种植体联合支持固定桥修复时，可在种植体端设计套筒冠固位体．以缓冲种植体周围骨组织的应力水平，防止或减轻种植体支持组织的损伤。     

The influence of implant location and length on stress distribution for three-unit implant-supported posterior cantilever fixed partial dentures

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM: The influence of implant location for an implant-supported cantilever fixed partial denture (FPD) on stress distribution in the bone has not been sufficiently assessed. PURPOSE: This study examined the influence of location and length of implants on stress distribution for 3-unit posterior FPDs in the posterior mandibular bone. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Each 3-D finite element model included an FPD, mesial and distal implants, and supporting bone. The mesial implant with a length of 10 mm or 12 mm was placed in locations where its long axis was 3 mm to 11 mm posterior to the remaining first premolar. The distal implant with a length of 10 mm was fixed at the same distance from the premolar on each model. A buccally-oriented oblique occlusal force of 100 N was placed on each occlusal surface of the FPD. RESULTS: The maximum equivalent stresses were shown at the cervical region in the cortical bone adjacent to the mesial or the distal implants. Relatively high stresses of up to 73 MPa were shown adjacent to the mesial implant located 9 mm or more posterior to the first premolar. The use of a 12-mm-long mesial implant demonstrated a relatively weak influence on stress reduction. CONCLUSION: The implant location in the cantilever FPDs was a significant factor influencing the stress created in the bone.     

Influence of Abutment Selection in Maxillary Kennedy Class II RPD on Elastic Stress Distribution in Oral Mucosa: An FEM Study

PURPOSE: The aim was to study the influence of abutment selection on elastic stress distribution in oral mucosa in a maxillary removable partial denture (RPD) by means of 3-dimensional finite element models. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Four RPD framework models of an equal size (by area) and underlying oral mucosa were produced for a Kennedy Class II arch. Each framework included an occlusal rest as part of a clasp assembly on one of four abutments (canine, first, and second premolars, and first molar) on the side contralateral to the edentulous ridge (tooth-supported side). Movement of the alveolar surface of the mucosa and the occlusal rest on the abutment adjacent to the ridge were fixed in a vertical direction. Movement of the rest on the tooth-supported side was restricted in all directions. Vertical or buccally oblique biting force was applied simultaneously on each of the locations representing three missing teeth. RESULTS: The frameworks with the contralateral side rest on the canine or the first premolar were less resistant to lateral forces than other framework designs, showing greater saddle displacements under the oblique force than the vertical force. The framework with the rest on the second premolar demonstrated relatively good resistance to deflection; however, both vertical saddle intrusion and the maximum equivalent stress in mucosa shown in all the models were within small ranges. CONCLUSION: The saddle movement was influenced by the abutment selection on the tooth-supported side, although resultant stress in the mucosa was insensitive to the abutment location.     

不同基牙数目附着体义齿对支持组织应力分布的影响

目的探讨铰链式冠外附着体修复末端游离缺损时,不同基牙数目对支持组织应力分布的影响。方法以铰链式附着体为固位体,修复右下第二磨牙游离缺损,分别制作以第一磨牙为基牙的单基牙附着体义齿的三维光弹模型和以第一磨牙及第二前磨牙为基牙的双基牙附着体义齿的三维光弹模型。采用光弹性应力分析法,定性分析不同基牙数目时,该附着体义齿对基牙牙周支持组织应力分布的影响。结果附着体义齿在正中咬合情况下,单基牙时,在该附着体义齿的缺牙区牙槽骨内、基牙的远中根尖和近中根尖处,可见应力集中;双基牙时,得到的结果相似。结论用该附着体修复第二磨牙末端游离缺损时,在正中咬合情况下,基牙数目对支持组织的应力分布无明显影响,提示临床可采用单基牙;在正中咬合情况下,基牙与牙槽嵴黏膜应力分布均匀,提示该附着体适用于基牙条件稍差、而牙槽嵴黏膜条件较好的患者。     

ALL-CERAMIC AND PORCELAIN-FUSED-TO-METAL FIXED PARTIAL DENTURES: A COMPARATIVE STUDY BY 2D FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSES

All-ceramic fixed partial dentures (FPDs) have an esthetic approach for oral rehabilitation. However, metal-ceramic FPDs are best indicated in the posterior area where the follow-up studies found a lower failure rate. This 2D finite element study compared the stress distribution on 3-unit all-ceramic and metal-ceramic FPDs and identified the areas of major risk of failure. Three FPD models were designed: (1) metal-ceramic FPD; (2) All-ceramic FPD with the veneering porcelain on the occlusal and cervical surface of the abutment tooth; (3) All-ceramic FPD with the veneering porcelain only on the occlusal surface. A 100 N load was applied in an area of 0.5 mm² on the working cusps, following these simulations: (1) on the abutment teeth and the pontic; (2) only on the abutment teeth; and (3) only on the pontic. Relative to the maximum stress values found for the physiological load, all-ceramic FPD with only occlusal veneering porcelain produced the lowest stress value (220 MPa), followed by all-ceramic FPD with cervical veneering porcelain (322 MPa) and metal-ceramic FPD (387 MPa). The stress distribution of the load applied on the abutments was significantly better compared to the other two load simulations. The highest principal stress values were low and limited in a small area for the three types of models under this load. When the load was applied on the pontic, the highest stress values appeared on the connector areas between the abutments and pontic. In conclusion, the best stress values and distribution were found for the all-ceramic FPD with the veneering porcelain only on the occlusal surface. However, in under clinical conditions, fatigue conditions and restoration defects must be considered.     

动态载荷下种植体位置和直径对悬臂梁种植固定义齿应力影响的三维有限元研究

目的 应用三维有限元法分析动态加载下种植体植入位置和直径对悬臂梁种植固定义齿应力的影响。方法 建立左下颌第二前磨牙、第一磨牙、第二磨牙缺失种植固定义齿的三维有限元模型,远中种植体的位置和直径保持不变;近中种植体依次向远中移动形成中轴与第一前磨牙远中面距离D分别为5.5、8.0、10.5、13.0 mm的悬臂梁种植固定义齿,分别采用4.1和4.8 mm两种直径的种植体;以250 N 牙合力模拟咀嚼周期0.875 s的动态载荷加载于颊尖和舌尖上,应用有限元分析软件MSC.Marc和Partran分析种植体-骨组织界面的Von Mises应力情况。结果 随着近中种植体逐渐向远中移动,近远中种植体Von Mises应力均有不同程度增高,近中种植体中轴与第一前磨牙远中面距离D≤8.0 mm范围内种植体最大Von Mises应力增幅缓和,D>8.0 mm时应力急剧加大;近中种植体直径增大,则近远中种植体的应力减小;各加载阶段最大Von Mises应力均处于近远中种植体颈部与皮质骨交界处;斜向加载种植体应力显著大于垂直加载。结论 种植体植入位置是影响悬臂梁种植固定义齿应力的重要因素,悬臂梁长度不超过前磨牙宽度时行种植固定义齿设计是可行的,直径的选择要考虑骨量和悬臂梁长度双重因素。     

SJ—1型插销式附着体义齿支持组织的应力分析Ⅱ基牙牙槽骨不同程？…

目的 观察ＳＪ－１型插销式附着体用于牙列末端游离缺损磨牙缺失修复时，基牙牙周组织伴有不同程度吸收对支持组织应力分布的影响。方法 采用有限元分析法。结果 基牙牙周组织吸收导致支持组织应力增加，但其分布形式没有改变。结果 当第一双尖牙牙周组织的吸收大于第二双尖牙，且吸收不超过３０％，仍可作为首选基牙。     

垂直载荷下分割式可摘局部义齿与套筒冠义齿的有限元分析

目的研究并比较分割式可摘局部义齿与缓冲圆锥型套筒冠义齿在垂直载荷下的应力情况。方法选择上颌双侧第二前磨牙、第一磨牙缺失并伴有基牙有Ⅰ度松动的患者1名,通过螺旋CT扫描,利用Materialise Mimics、Pro/Engineer WF 2.0软件和ANSYS Workbench软件建立精确的上颌三维有限元模型,并在其上进行垂直方向加载,分析比较分割式可摘局部义齿与缓冲圆锥型套筒冠义齿缺牙区黏膜及基牙牙周膜应力情况。结果垂直载荷下,分割式可摘局部义齿缺牙区黏膜所受von Mises力值大于缓冲圆锥型套筒冠义齿缺牙区黏膜所受力值;分割式可摘局部义齿基牙牙周膜von Mises力值接近或小于缓冲圆锥型套筒冠义齿基牙牙周膜所受力值。结论在垂直载荷下,通过与缓冲圆锥型套筒冠义齿相比,分割式可摘局部义齿具有减少基牙受力,保护基牙的功能。