维持性腹膜透析患者血清总胆红素水平与全因死亡、心血管事件死亡的相关性

目的探讨血清总胆红素(total bilirubin,TBIL)水平与维持性腹膜透析患者全因死亡、心血管事件死亡的相关性。方法单中心、回顾性、队列研究。纳入2013年1月1日至2015年12月31日在昆明医科大学第二附属医院肾内科置管并开始腹膜透析3个月及以上患者126例。收集患者的人口学资料、基线临床及实验室检查资料。所有患者随访至2018年12月31日。按照血清TBIL二分位数水平分为两组。采用Kaplan-Meier法比较两组患者的生存率,COX回归模型分析血清TBIL与全因死亡及心血管事件死亡的相关性。对各研究因素与血清TBIL进行Spearman相关分析。结果本研究共纳入126例腹膜透析患者,患者年龄是(52.8±13.5)岁,男性83例(65.9%)。透析龄25(13,39)个月。42例患者在随访期间死亡。低血清TBIL组全因死亡率为43.1%(28/65),高血清TBIL组全因死亡率为23.0%(14/61),差异有统计学意义(P=0.017)。两组间的血清TBIL、BUN、肌酐、eGFR、磷、钙磷乘积水平差异均有统计学意义。而年龄、性别、合并高血压、收缩压、舒张压、合并糖尿病、合并心力衰竭、合并左心室肥厚、合并冠心病、合并脑血管意外、合并HBV、合并HCV、透析龄、血清白细胞、丙氨酸转氨酶、天冬氨酸转氨酶、碱性磷酸酶、谷氨酰基转移酶、总胆汁酸、尿酸、铁、总胆固醇、三酰甘油、白蛋白、血糖、红细胞压积、C反应蛋白、甲状旁腺素两组间差异均无统计学意义。Kaplan-Meier生存曲线显示,血清TBIL≤5.9 mmol/L组患者的生存率明显低于TBIL5.9 mmol/L组(P=0.001)。充分校正的多因素COX回归分析显示,低血清TBIL是持续性腹膜透析患者全因死亡(HR=2.855 95%CI:1.476～5.524,P=0.002)的独立危险因素,与心血管事件死亡相关(HR=3.5011 95%CI:1.442～8.498,P=0.006)。结论 TBIL与持续不卧床腹膜透析患者的全因死亡风险及心血管死亡风险相关。     

肾功能正常的男性2型糖尿病并发白蛋白尿患者骨密度变化

目的分析男性2型糖尿病(T2DM)并发白蛋白尿但肾功能正常患者的骨密度(BMD)变化。方法本研究为回顾性分析,纳入202例肾功能正常的男性T2DM患者和99例男性健康对照者(A组)。T2DM患者根据尿白蛋白与肌酐比值(UACR)分为正常白蛋白尿组(B组)、微量白蛋白尿组(C组)及大量白蛋白尿组(D组)。采用双能X线吸收法(DXA)测量所有受试者腰椎及髋部BMD值。结果 B组、C组腰椎BMD较A组升高(P0.05);D组腰椎BMD较A有升高趋势,较B组、C组间有降低趋势,但差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。大转子区(Troch)、转子间区(Inter)、髋部总体区(Total Hip)BMD在B组、C组较A组升高(P0.05),在D组较A、B、C组间均有升高趋势,但差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。股骨颈区(Neck)、Ward三角区(Ward)BMD在4组间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。L1-4BMD和Total Hip BMD在C较B组有升高趋势,但差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论男性T2DM患者BMD较健康人群升高,并发微量白蛋白尿时BMD可能继续升高,出现大量白蛋白尿后腰椎BMD有回降趋势,而髋部BMD有进一步升高趋势。     

中老年人群高胆固醇血症对慢性肾脏病发生风险的影响及性别差异

目的:探讨中老年人群高胆固醇血症对慢性肾脏病（chronic kidney disease,CKD）发生风险的影响及性别差异。方法:资料来源于"河南省城市社区成年人慢性肾脏病流行病学调查"数据,研究对象来自河南省城市20个社区年龄≥45岁的中老年人群。根据血总胆固醇水平四分位数和性别进行分组。采用多因素Logistic...     

蛋白尿可以预测2型糖尿病患者10年内与肿瘤有关的死亡率

研究显示,糖尿病会提高特定恶性肿瘤患病率,且恶性肿瘤是威胁生命的重要因素。为了确定蛋白尿是否可以预测2型糖尿病患者的癌症相关死亡率,Yu TY等人开展群组研究,随访了1996年7月至2003年6月期间646例2型糖尿病患者。在平均10．4年随访中发现,共158例患者死亡,其中59例死于癌。在所有有关死亡因素中出现蛋白尿的患者死亡率的危险比是2．77（95％C,为1．82～4．21）,调整人口因素和医疗条件之后的癌症相关死亡率危险比为1．99（95％C／为1．00～3．94）。     

2型糖尿病患者不同蛋白尿期肾小球滤过率的变化及影响因素

目的 研究2型糖尿病（DM）患者不同蛋白尿期的肾小球滤过率并探讨其影响因素。 方法 根据尿白蛋白量（24 h）把630例2型糖尿病住院患者分成正常白蛋白尿组（A组）、微量白蛋白尿组（B组）及大量白蛋白尿组（C组），用放射性核素(99m Tc-DTPA)肾动态显像测定肾小球滤过率(GFR), 同时测定其体质量指数、血压、血糖、糖化血红蛋白、肾功能、血脂及尿白蛋白量（24 h）。 结果 （1）A组GFR值平均为（99.8±26.3） ml/min；B组为（96.1±31.2） ml/min；C组为（69.7±29.8） ml/min。C组的GFR显著低于A组和B组（P < 0.01）。（2）3组患者的GFR均与年龄呈负相关（A组r = -0.533，B组r = -0.612，C组r = -0.412，均P < 0.01）。（3）有高血压史者的GFR平均值均低于同组无高血压史者（P均< 0.05）。（4）控制年龄后的偏相关分析结果显示，在B组及C组，GFR与尿白蛋白量（24 h）呈负相关（r = -0.283 及-0.240，均P < 0.05）。多元逐步回归分析结果显示，尿白蛋白量（24 h）是影响异常蛋白尿组患者GFR的主要因素。 结论 放射性核素肾动态显像法测定GFR，同时联合尿白蛋白量检测，能更全面准确地评估糖尿病肾病的进展。应积极控制蛋白尿，尤其在微量白蛋白尿期。     

缬沙坦联合黄芪对糖尿病肾病患者蛋白尿、肾功能影响的观察

糖尿病肾病（DN）致肾衰竭是糖尿病患者重要的死亡原因。糖尿病患者一旦发生肾脏损害,病情则呈进行性加重,从持续性蛋白尿最后发展为肾衰竭。我科应用缬沙坦、黄芪注射液治疗DN患者58例,现报告如下。[第一段]     

血液透析患者血清肌钙蛋白Ⅰ检测对心血管病的预测价值

目的：维持性血液透析患者经常观察到肌钙蛋白T（cTnT）升高,且同心血管病发病率和死亡率密切相关。明确cTnI的升高是否有同样的临床意义。方法：我们研究了97例维持性血液透析患者,这些患者没有明显的急性冠状动脉疾病临床表现。血透前检测患者的cTnI,每3个月检测1次,一共检测5次。随访时间1年,监测患者的临床表现,X线片,心脏超声心动图。设定cTnI≥0.15ng/ml为阳性,而〈0.15ng/ml为阴性。结果：97例患者中有13例患者cTnI升高,9例（69%）在1年的随访期间出现了急性心血管事件。而在69例cTnI正常的患者中仅有7例（10.1%）患者出现急性心血管事件。在另外15例患者中,cTnI在正常值上下波动,有3例（20%）出现急性心血管事件。结论：基于以上的研究结果,无症状的维持性血液透析患者cTnI是一个有很强心血管病预测价值的血清标记物。cTnI持续升高提示患者早期进行全面的心血管病检测和治疗,预防急性心血管事件,并从中获益。     

激素治疗难治性肾病综合征对蛋白尿及肾脏高灌状态的加重作用

激素治疗难治性肾病综合征对蛋白尿及肾脏高灌状态的加重作用崔世维，邵亚男，钱桐荪ＡＣＣＥＬＥＲＡＴＥＩ，ＥＦＦＥＣＴＳＯＦＧＬＵＣＯＳ－ＴＥＲＯＩＤＳＯＮＰＲＯＴＥＩＮＵＲＩＡＡＮＤＨＹＰＥＲＦＩＬＴＲＡ－ＴＩＯＮＳＴＡＴＥＩＮＰＡＴＩＥＮＴＳＷＩＴＨ...     

中文版死亡焦虑量表的应用及对死亡教育的启示

目的 在大学二年级护生中应用中文版死亡焦虑量表,根据临终关怀课程前后得分变化分析量表的性能,并为死亡教育的改进提供参考.方法 采用中文版五级死亡焦虑量表对102名选修临终关怀课程的大学二年级本科生在开课前和课程后进行测量.结果 五级死亡焦虑量表内部一致性系数Cronbach＇s α为0.762;去除任一项,剩余条目组成的量表Cronbach＇s α均稳定在0.733～0.770;课程前后量表总分比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）,但条目1、13、15前后得分有统计学差异（P＜0.05,P＜0.01）.结论 五级死亡焦虑量表在大学生群体中应用性能较好;护生的死亡焦虑受到临终关怀课程的影响,但总体正性影响较小,提示应进一步深化死亡教育,相关课程的学时和内容可适当增加和调整.     

Endogenous plasma erythropoietin, cardiovascular mortality and all-cause mortality in renal transplant recipients

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the main cause of mortality in renal transplant recipients (RTR). Classical factors only partly explain the excess risk. We hypothesized that high EPO--a marker for inflammation, angiogenesis and hypoxia--is associated with CVD in RTR. A total of 568 RTR (51±12 years; 45% female; creatinine clearance (CrCl) 57±20 mL/min/1.73 m(2)) were included at median 6 [IQR 3-11] years after transplantation. Subjects on exogenous EPO and ferritin-depleted subjects were excluded. Median EPO level was 17.3 [IQR 11.9-24.2] IU/L. Gender-stratified tertiles of age-corrected EPO were positively associated with waist circumference (but not BMI), CVD history, time since transplantation, diuretics, azathioprine, CRP, mean corpuscular volume and triglyceride levels, and inversely with CrCl, RAAS-inhibition, cyclosporine, hemoglobin, total- and HDL-cholesterol. During follow-up for 7 [6-7] years, 121 RTR (21%) died, 64 of cardiovascular (CV) causes. Higher EPO (per 10 IU/L) was associated with total (HR1.16 [1.04-1.29], p = 0.01) and CV mortality (HR1.22 [1.06-1.40], p = 0.005), independent of age, gender, hemoglobin, inflammation, renal function and Framingham risk factors. Thus, EPO and mortality are linked in RTR, independent of potential confounders. This suggests that yet other mechanisms are involved. Dissecting determinants of EPO in RTR may improve understanding of mechanisms behind excess CV risk in this population.     

Effects of serum uric acid level on all-cause death and cardiovascular death in patients of maintaining peritoneal dialysis

Objective To investigate the effects of serum uric acid (SUA) on all-cause death and cardiovascular death in patients of maintaining peritoneal dialysis (PD). Methods One thousand and sixty-three PD patients in the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University Medical College were included. The SUA levels at 6 months after PD start were measured. Patients with SUA≥420 μmol/L were grouped in hyperuricemia group (492 cases) and patients with SUA＜420 μmol/L were grouped in normal uric acid group (571 cases). The effects on all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality were retrospectively analyzed. Results The median age of the patients was 51(41, 62) years; 557 cases were male (52.40%); the median follow-up time was 33(20, 54) months (6-96 months); 167 cases (15.71%) died during the follow-up period, including 64 cases (6.02%) with cardiovascular causes. The mortality in hyperuricemia group was 19.11%(94/492) and the cardiovascular mortality was 7.93%(39/492), both rates were higher than those in normal uric acid group, and the differences were statistically significant (P=0.005, P=0.015, respectively). Hyperuricemia (SUA≥420 μmol/L) at 6 months after PD start (HR=1.572, 95%CI 1.155-2.141, P=0.004), high uric acid level (continuous variable) at 6 months after PD start (HR=1.002, 95%CI 1.001-1.004, P=0.008), and age≥65 years (HR=3.571, 95%CI 2.556-4.990, P＜0.001), serum albumin≤30 g/L (HR=1.907, 95%CI 1.278-2.845, P=0.002), high Charlson comorbidity index (HR=1.209, 95%CI 1.032-1.417, P=0.019) at the beginning of PD start were independent risk factors for all-causes death in PD patients. Hyperuricemia (SUA≥420 μmol/L) at 6 months after PD start (HR=1.734, 95%CI 1.033-2.912, P=0.037) and age≥65 years (HR=1.761, 95%CI 1.024-3.209, P=0.041), with diabetes (HR=2.775, 95%CI 1.358-5.671, P=0.005) at the beginning of PD start were independent risk factors for cardiovascular death in PD patients. Conclusions SUA at 6 months after PD is an independent risk factor for all-cause death and cardiovascular death in PD patients.     

Associations of low serum total bilirubin level with all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality in peritoneal dialysis patients

Objective To investigate the association of low serum total bilirubin (TBIL) level with all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality in peritoneal dialysis patients. Methods As a single-center, retrospective, cohort study, all the patients who underwent peritoneal dialysis catheterization in the Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University and started peritoneal dialysis for more than 3 months from January 1, 2006 to December 31, 2010 were included. Demographics, baseline clinical and laboratory test results were collected. All patients were followed up until December 31, 2012. Patients were divided into 4 groups according to their baseline serum TBIL levels (interquartile range). Kaplan-Meier method was used to compare the survival rate of each group. Cox regression model was used to analyze the association of TBIL with all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality. Logistic regression was used to analyze the influencing factors of low TBIL level. Results A total of 880 peritoneal dialysis patients with baseline TBIL data were enrolled in this study, with age of (48.0±15.4) years old, among whom 59.0% were male. Median TBIL was 4.5 μmol/L and interquartile range was 3.4-5.8 μmol/L. The comparison between TBIL quartile groups showed that the difference in proportion of diabetics, Charlson comorbidity index, hemoglobin, serum albumin, serum calcium, intact parathyroid hormone, urea nitrogen, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) was statistically significant (all P＜0.05), while the difference in body mass index (BMI), estimated glomerular filtration rate, serum creatinine, urea nitrogen, uric acid and phosphorus was not statistically significant. After a median follow-up of 31 months, 194 patients died, 104 of which were cardiovascular deaths. Kaplan-Meier curves showed higher all-cause mortality in patients with TBIL≤3.4 μmol/L (Q1 group) (P=0.032) and there was no statistical difference in the cardiovascular mortality among different groups. After adjusting for biochemical indicators such as demographics, comorbidities, and liver function, taking baseline TBIL Q2 level (3.4＜TBIL≤4.5 μmol/L) as a reference, the hazard ratio for all-cause death in patients with TBIL≤3.4 μmol/L was 1.702 (95%CI 1.093-2.650, P=0.019), and the hazard ratio for cardiovascular death was 1.760 (95%CI 0.960-3.227, P=0.068). Multiple logistic regression analysis results showed that diabetes (OR=1.065, 95%CI 1.010-1.122, P=0.019) and high BMI (OR=1.838, 95%CI 1.056-3.197, P=0.031) were risk factors for baseline serum TBIL≤3.4 μmol/L. However, high hemoglobin (OR=0.990, 95%CI 0.982-0.998, P=0.011), high serum albumin (OR=0.950, 95%CI 0.916-0.985, P=0.006) and high ALT (OR=0.998, 95%CI 0.976-0.999, P=0.036) were the protective factors for patients with baseline serum TBIL≤3.4 μmol/L. Conclusion Baseline serum TBIL≤3.4 μmol/L in peritoneal dialysis patients is independently associated with all-cause mortality, and is not significantly associated with cardiovascular mortality; and baseline serum TBIL≤3.4 μmol/L occurred is associated with diabetes, high body mass index, low levels of hemoglobin, serum albumin and ALT.     

The influence of mortality rate from membrane flux for end-stage renal disease: A meta-analysis

To evaluate the influence of the high-flux hemodialysis (HFHD) and the low-flux hemodialysis (LFHD) on mortality rate for end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Four electronic databases including PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, and ClinicalTrails were searched to identify relevant randomized clinical trials up to 31 August 2015. Seven studies enrolling a total of 4412 patients were included in this meta-analysis. For all-cause mortality comparing with LFHD, the result showed that there were significant difference (RR = 0.75; 95% CI [0.60–0.94]; I² = 84%; P < 0.00001). For death due to infection comparing with LFHD, the result showed that there was no significant difference (RR = 0.92; 95% CI [0.75–1.13]; I² = 0%; P = 0.86). For cardiovascular mortality, the overall meta-analysis result showed that there was a significant difference between the HFHD versus the LFHD (RR = 0.75; 95% CI [0.60–0.94]; I² = 55%; P = 0.11). Publication bias was not detected by funnel plot. Based on these results, our study suggests that the HFHD has superior effectiveness over LFHD for long-term survival in ESRD.     

Association of serum magnesium with cardiovascular mortality and all-cause mortality in peritoneal dialysis patients

Objective To investigate the association of serum magnesium with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all-cause mortality in peritoneal dialysis patients. Methods A retrospective study was performed in patients who initiated peritoneal dialysis from January 1, 2013 to July 31, 2019 in the Shaoxing People's Hospital. According to the standard of serum magnesium, the patients were divided into control group (Mg≥0.7 mmol/L) and low-magnesium group (Mg﹤0.7 mmol/L). The differences in baseline biochemical variables, comorbidities, medications, and clinical outcomes between the two groups were compared. Logistic regression was used to analyze the related factors of hypomagnesemia. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Fine-Gray model were used to compare the difference in cumulative survival rate between the two groups. Cox regression model and competitive risk model were used to analyze the risk factors of all-cause mortality and CVD mortality. Results A total of 381 peritoneal dialysis patients were enrolled in this study. Among them, 321 patients were in control group and 60 patients in low-magnesium group. The total median follow-up time was 27(15, 43) months. There were significant differences in serum albumin, magnesium, phosphorus, intact parathyroid hormone, low-density lipoprotein chloesterol, high sensitivity C-reactive protein and 4-hour dialysate-to-plasma creatinine (4 h D/Pcr) between the two groups. CVD was the main cause of death in patients on peritoneal dialysis. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that hypoalbuminemia (OR=0.901, 95%CI 0.831-0.976, P=0.011), hypophosphatemia (OR=0.217, 95%CI 0.080-0.591, P=0.003), higher hsCRP (OR=1.276, 95%CI 1.066-1.528, P=0.008), and higher 4 h D/Pcr (OR=1.395, 95%CI 1.014-1.919, P=0.041) were independent risk factors for patients with hypomagnesemia. Kaplan-Meier survival curve analysis showed the cumulative survival rate of patients in low-magnesium group was significantly lower than that of control group (Log-rank χ2=5.388, P=0.020). Fine-Gray model analysis showed the cumulative CVD survival rate of low-magnesium group was significantly lower than that of control group (Gray=6.915, P=0.009). Multivariate-corrected Cox regression model and competitive risk model analysis showed that higher serum magnesium level was a protective factor for all-cause mortality and CVD mortality when serum magnesium was used as a continuous variable (HR=0.137, 95%CI 0.020-0.946, P=0.044; SHR=0.037, 95%CI 0.002-0.636, P=0.023, respectively). Hypomagnesemia was an independent risk factor for all-cause mortality and CVD mortality when serum magnesium was used as categorical variable (HR=1.864, 95%CI 1.044-3.328, P=0.035; SHR=2.117, 95%CI 1.147-3.679, P=0.029, respectively). Conclusions Hypomagnesemia is susceptible to peritoneal dialysis patients with hypoalbuminemia, hypophosphatemia, higher hsCRP and higher peritoneal transport characteristics. Hypomagnesemia is an independent risk factor for CVD mortality and all-cause mortality in peritoneal dialysis patients.     

Association between microalbuminuria and cardiovascular risk factors in general population

Objective To investigate the association between microalbuminuria and cardiovascular risk factors in a general Chinese population. Methods A multi-stage cluster randomized sampling method was used to select 2400 residents (18-69 years old) in four counties in Shandong and Jiangsu provinces in October 2013 to March 2014. 24-hour MAU were measured for each subject. The prevalence of MAU in different groups was analyzed. The relationship between the aggregation of risk factors and MAU was analyzed. Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the association between MAU and cardiovascular risk factors. Results A total of 2265 subjects were included in the analysis. The prevalence of MAU was 8.96%(203/2265, 95%CI: 7.82-10.21). The prevalence of MAU in obesity, hypertension, diabetes, hypertriglyceridemia, and low HDL-C group were 14.65%(63/430), 12.53%(104/830), 20.22%(36/178), 15.57%(64/411), 11.99%(53/442) respectively, which were significantly higher than the corresponding healthy population (all P＜0.01). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that obesity, hypertension, diabetes, and hypertriglyceridemia were risk factors for MAU. The OR(95%CI) values were 1.491(1.016-2.265), 1.660(1.190-2.314), 2.291(1.494-3.515) and 1.734(1.205-2.495) respectively. With the increase in the number of influencing factors, urinary albumin levels and the prevalence of MAU all showed an upward trend. Conclusion MAU was associated with cardiovascular risk factors such as obesity, hypertension, diabetes, and hypertriglyceridemia.     

Effect of the interaction between estimated glomerular filtration rate and serum uric acid on all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in patients on peritoneal dialysis

Objective To explore the effect of the interaction between estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and serum uric acid (SUA) on all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD). Methods Patients who performed PD catheterization at the PD center of the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University and had initiated PD therapy for over 3 months from January 2006 to December 2016 were enrolled and followed up until December 2018. Demographic data, baseline clinical and laboratory examination results of the patients were collected. Kaplan-Meier survival curve and Cox regression analysis were used to explore the correlation between SUA and all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality in different eGFR groups of PD patients. Results A total of 2 124 PD patients were enrolled with age of (47.0±15.2) years, among whom 1 269 patients were male and 536 patients had diabetes. The SUA level was (429±96) μmol/L and the median level of eGFR was 6.69(5.17, 8.61) ml?min-1?(1.73 m2)-1. After a median follow-up time of 42 months, 554 patients died, among whom 275 patients were cardiovascular death. The Cox regression analysis revealed that there was a significant interaction between eGFR and SUA on all-cause mortality (P=0.043). The Kaplan-Meier curve showed that the tertile 1 (SUA＜384 μmol/L) and tertile 3 (SUA＞460 μmol/L) group had significantly higher all-cause mortality (P=0.009) than the reference group of tertile 2 (SUA 384-460 μmol/L) in the higher eGFR group [eGFR＞6.69 ml?min-1?(1.73 m2)-1]but not in the lower eGFR. After adjusting for relevant demographic data, complications, biochemical results and other variables, in patients with higher eGFR, the risk of all-cause mortality increased by 0.2% (HR=1.002, 95%CI 1.000-1.003, P=0.019) for every 1 μmol/L increase in SUA. In addition, compared with the tertile 2 reference group, the tertile 3 group was independently correlated with higher risk of all-cause mortality (HR=1.670, 95%CI 1.242-2.245, P=0.001). Conclusions The eGFR and SUA level significantly interacts with all-cause mortality, and the higher SUA level in higher eGFR group is an independent risk factor for all-cause mortality in PD patients.     

Abdominal aortic calcification score can predict all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in maintenance hemodialysis patients

Purpose: Abdominal aortic calcification (AAC) assessed by using standard lateral lumbar radiographs can be graded, and composite summary scores (range, 0–24) have been shown to be highly predictive of subsequent cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hemodialysis (HD) patients. However, few studies have sought to determine the optimal AAC score cutoff values for the prediction of mortality among HD patients.Methods: This retrospective cohort study included 408 hemodialysis patients. AAC severity was quantified by the AAC score, which was measured by lateral lumbar radiography with complete follow-up data from January 2015 to December 2021. We used receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis to find the cutoff AAC value for the prediction of mortality. The Kaplan–Meier method was used to analyze all-cause and cardiovascular mortality.Results: The cutoff calcification score for the prediction of mortality was 4.5 (sensitivity, 67.3%; specificity, 70.4%). The patients with AAC scores above 4.5 had significantly higher all-cause (log-rank p < 0.001) and cardiovascular (log-rank p < 0.001) mortality rates than those with AAC scores below 4.5. In the multivariate regression analyses, an AAC score above 4.5 was a significant factor associated with all-cause mortality (HR: 2.079, p = 0.002) and cardiovascular mortality (HR: 2.610, p < 0.001).Conclusions: AAC is a reliable aortic calcification marker. HD patients with an AAC score > 4.5 have significantly elevated all-cause and cardiovascular mortality compared with those with an AAC score ≤ 4.5. AAC was a better predictor than cardiac valve calcification for mortality in HD patients.     

Lower estimated glomerular filtration rate and higher albuminuria are associated with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. A collaborative meta-analysis of high-risk population cohorts

Screening for chronic kidney disease is recommended in people at high risk, but data on the independent and combined associations of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and albuminuria with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality are limited. To clarify this, we performed a collaborative meta-analysis of 10 cohorts with 266,975 patients selected because of increased risk for chronic kidney disease, defined as a history of hypertension, diabetes, or cardiovascular disease. Risk for all-cause mortality was not associated with eGFR between 60-105 ml/min per 1.73 m2, but increased at lower levels. Hazard ratios at eGFRs of 60, 45, and 15 ml/min per 1.73 m2 were 1.03, 1.38 and 3.11, respectively, compared to an eGFR of 95, after adjustment for albuminuria and cardiovascular risk factors. Log albuminuria was linearly associated with log risk for all-cause mortality without thresholds. Adjusted hazard ratios at albumin-to-creatinine ratios of 10, 30 and 300 mg/g were 1.08, 1.38, and 2.16, respectively compared to a ratio of five. Albuminuria and eGFR were multiplicatively associated with all-cause mortality, without evidence for interaction. Similar associations were observed for cardiovascular mortality. Findings in cohorts with dipstick data were generally comparable to those in cohorts measuring albumin-to-creatinine ratios. Thus, lower eGFR and higher albuminuria are risk factors for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in high-risk populations, independent of each other and of cardiovascular risk factors.     

Correlation of body weight and its change with albuminuria in physical examination population

Objective To study the effect of baseline weight and its change on new-onset albuminuria or increased urine albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR) in the physical examination population. Methods The subjects of this study were those who completed two or more physical examinations at the Physical Examination Center of Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital from September 1, 2013 to September 1, 2018. The general information and laboratory examination results at the first and last physical examinations were collected. According to body mass index (BMI), they were divided into normal BMI group and overweight/obese group. The differences in general clinical data and laboratory test results between the two groups were compared. The primary endpoint events were new-onset albuminuria or urine ACR increase≥30%. Stepwise multiple linear regression method was used to analyze the influencing factors for ACR increase, and Cox proportional hazard model method was used to analyze the impact of baseline weight and its change on new-onset albuminuria or ACR increase≥30%. Results A total of 1 761 physical examination subjects were included in this study. The follow-up time was (16.54±7.87) months. There were 59 patients with new-onset albuminuria, 30 patients with ACR increase≥30%, and 35 patients with albuminuria reversal. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that BMI was an independent influencing factor for ACR ( β=0.127, P＜0.001). Cox regression analysis showed that the older age (HR=1.041, 95%CI 1.018-1.064, P＜0.001), hypertension (HR=2.035, 95%CI 1.278-3.242, P=0.003), diabetes (HR=2.081, 95%CI 1.310-3.305, P=0.002) and hyperuricemia (HR=1.700, 95%CI 1.084-2.668, P=0.021) were independent influencing factors for new-onset albuminuria or ACR increase≥30%, while BMI (HR=1.053, 95%CI 0.975-1.137, P=0.191) and weight change rate (HR=1.030, 95%CI 0.972-1.092, P=0.322) were not independent influencing factors for endpoint events. Subgroup analysis indicated that overweight/obesity had interactions with age, hypertension, diabetes, and hyperuricemia, respectively (P for interaction＜0.05), and the effects of overweight/obesity on the pre-set primary endpoint events in each subgroup were basically consistent. There were interactions between weight gain and hypertension and diabetes (P for interaction＜0.05). Weight gain increased the risk of the primary endpoint events of women (HR=3.355, 95%CI 1.164-9.670, P=0.025), and the effects of overweight/obesity on the pre-set primary endpoint events of each subcomponent were basically the same (all P﹥0.05). The incidence of albuminuria reversal in the group with obvious weight loss was slightly higher than that in the group with obvious weight gain, but the difference was not statistically significant (P﹥0.05), which might be related to the small weight loss range (-6.08%±3.51%). Conclusions Overweight or obesity may increase the risk of albuminuria, and people with diabetes, hypertension, and hyperuricemia may be more likely to occur. Mild weight loss is not enough to reverse albuminuria.